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Ramos RL, Embriaco A, Carante MP, Ferrari A, Sala P, Vercesi V, Ballarini F. Radiobiological damage by space radiation: extension of the BIANCA model to heavy ions up to iron, and pilot application to cosmic ray exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:021523. [PMID: 35453133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Space research seems to be object of a renewed interest, also considering that human missions to the Moon, and possibly Mars, are being planned. Among the risks affecting such missions, astronauts' exposure to space radiation is a major concern. In this work, the question of the evaluation of biological damage by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) was addressed by a biophysical model called BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosome Aberrations (BIANCA), which simulates the induction of cell death and chromosome aberrations by different ions. While previously BIANCA has been validated for calculating cell death along hadrontherapy beams up to oxygen, herein the approach was extended up to Fe ions. Specifically, experimental survival curves available in literature for V79 cells irradiated by Si-, Ne-, Ar- and Fe-ions were reproduced, and a reference radiobiological database describing V79 cell survival as a function of ion type (1 ⩽Z⩽ 26), energy and dose was constructed. Analogous databases were generated for Chinese hamster ovary hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts, finding good agreement between simulations and data. Concerning chromosome aberrations, which are regarded as radiation risk biomarkers, dicentric data in human lymphocytes irradiated by heavy ions up to iron were reproduced, and a radiobiological database allowing calculation of lymphocyte dicentric yields as a function of dose, ion type (1 ⩽Z⩽ 26) and energy was constructed. Following interface between BIANCA and the FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code, a feasibility study was performed to calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different GCR spectrum components, for both dicentrics and cell death. Fe-ions, although representing only 10% of the total absorbed dose, were found to be responsible for about 35%-40% of the RBE-weighted dose. Interestingly, the RBE for dicentrics was higher than that for cell survival. More generally, this work shows that BIANCA can calculate RBE values for cell death and lymphocyte dicentrics not only for ion therapy, but also for space radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Embriaco
- INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- ENEA, Istituto Nazionale di Metrologia delle Radiazioni Ionizzanti, Roma, Italy
| | - Mario P Carante
- INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ferrari
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- INFN-Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Sala
- INFN-Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Ballarini
- INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Sato T, Matsuya Y, Hamada N. Microdosimetric modeling of relative biological effectiveness for skin reactions: Possible linkage between in vitro and in vivo data. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 114:153-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kalholm F, Grzanka L, Traneus E, Bassler N. A systematic review on the usage of averaged LET in radiation biology for particle therapy. Radiother Oncol 2021; 161:211-221. [PMID: 33894298 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is widely used to express the radiation quality of ion beams, when characterizing the biological effectiveness. However, averaged LET may be defined in multiple ways, and the chosen definition may impact the resulting reported value. We review averaged LET definitions found in the literature, and quantify which impact using these various definitions have for different reference setups. We recorded the averaged LET definitions used in 354 publications quantifying the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of hadronic beams, and investigated how these various definitions impact the reported averaged LET using a Monte Carlo particle transport code. We find that the kind of averaged LET being applied is, generally, poorly defined. Some definitions of averaged LET may influence the reported averaged LET values up to an order of magnitude. For publications involving protons, most applied dose averaged LET when reporting RBE. The absence of what target medium is used and what secondary particles are included further contributes to an ill-defined averaged LET. We also found evidence of inconsistent usage of averaged LET definitions when deriving LET-based RBE models. To conclude, due to commonly ill-defined averaged LET and to the inherent problems of LET-based RBE models, averaged LET may only be used as a coarse indicator of radiation quality. We propose a more rigorous way of reporting LET values, and suggest that ideally the entire particle fluence spectra should be recorded and provided for future RBE studies, from which any type of averaged LET (or other quantities) may be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Kalholm
- Medical Radiation Physics, Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Medical Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leszek Grzanka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Niels Bassler
- Medical Radiation Physics, Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Medical Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Rich T, Pan D, Chordia M, Keppel C, Beylin D, Stepanov P, Jung M, Pang D, Grindrod S, Dritschilo A. 18Oxygen Substituted Nucleosides Combined with Proton Beam Therapy: Therapeutic Transmutation In Vitro. Int J Part Ther 2021; 7:11-18. [PMID: 33829069 PMCID: PMC8019575 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-d-20-00036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proton therapy precisely delivers radiation to cancers to cause damaging strand breaks to cellular DNA, kill malignant cells, and stop tumor growth. Therapeutic protons also generate short-lived activated nuclei of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms in patients as a result of atomic transmutations that are imaged by positron emission tomography (PET). We hypothesized that the transition of 18O to 18F in an 18O-substituted nucleoside irradiated with therapeutic protons may result in the potential for combined diagnosis and treatment for cancer with proton therapy. Materials and Methods Reported here is a feasibility study with a therapeutic proton beam used to irradiate H218O to a dose of 10 Gy produced by an 85 MeV pristine Bragg peak. PET imaging initiated >45 minutes later showed an 18F decay signal with T1/2 of ∼111 minutes. Results The 18O to 18F transmutation effect on cell survival was tested by exposing SQ20B squamous carcinoma cells to physiologic 18O-thymidine concentrations of 5 μM for 48 hours followed by 1- to 9-Gy graded doses of proton radiation given 24 hours later. Survival analyses show radiation sensitization with a dose modification factor (DMF) of 1.2. Conclusions These data support the idea of therapeutic transmutation in vitro as a biochemical consequence of proton activation of 18O to 18F in substituted thymidine enabling proton radiation enhancement in a cancer cell. 18O-substituted molecules that incorporate into cancer targets may hold promise for improving the therapeutic window of protons and can be evaluated further for postproton therapy PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyvin Rich
- The University of Virginia, Radiation Oncology and Diagnostic Radiology, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Georgetown University, Radiation Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Rockville, MD, USA.,Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Dongfeng Pan
- The University of Virginia, Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mahendra Chordia
- The University of Virginia, Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cynthia Keppel
- Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute, Hampton, VA, USA.,Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Mira Jung
- Georgetown University, Radiation Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dalong Pang
- Georgetown University, Radiation Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Anatoly Dritschilo
- Georgetown University, Radiation Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Rockville, MD, USA
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Van Delinder KW, Khan R, Gräfe JL. Neutron activation of gadolinium for ion therapy: a Monte Carlo study of charged particle beams. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13417. [PMID: 32770174 PMCID: PMC7414875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the photon production from thermal neutron capture in a gadolinium (Gd) infused tumor as a result of secondary neutrons from particle therapy. Gadolinium contrast agents used in MRI are distributed within the tumor volume and can act as neutron capture agents. As a result of particle therapy, secondary neutrons are produced and absorbed by Gd in the tumor providing potential enhanced localized dose in addition to a signature photon spectrum that can be used to produce an image of the Gd enriched tumor. To investigate this imaging application, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed for 10 different particles using a 5-10 cm spread out-Bragg peak (SOBP) centered on an 8 cm3, 3 mg/g Gd infused tumor. For a proton beam, 1.9 × 106 neutron captures per RBE weighted Gray Equivalent dose (GyE) occurred within the Gd tumor region. Antiprotons ([Formula: see text]), negative pions (- π), and helium (He) ion beams resulted in 10, 17 and 1.3 times larger Gd neutron captures per GyE than protons, respectively. Therefore, the characteristic photon based spectroscopic imaging and secondary Gd dose enhancement could be viable and likely beneficial for these three particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W Van Delinder
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Rao Khan
- Medical Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - James L Gräfe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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Girard N, Lhuissier E, Aury-Landas J, Cauvard O, Lente M, Boittin M, Baugé C, Boumédiene K. Heterogeneity of chondrosarcomas response to irradiations with X-rays and carbon ions: A comparative study on five cell lines. J Bone Oncol 2020; 22:100283. [PMID: 32211283 PMCID: PMC7082554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chondrosarcomas are malignant bone tumors considered as resistant to radiotherapy. To unravel mechanisms of resistance, we compared biological responses of several chondrosarcomas to X-ray irradiations in normoxia and hypoxia. Since hadrontherapy with Carbon-ions gave interesting clinical outcomes, we also investigated this treatment in vitro. Methods Five human chondrosarcoma cell lines were used and cultured in normoxia or hypoxia. Their sensitivities to irradiations were determined by carrying out survival curves. DNA damage was monitored by γH2AX expression. Apoptosis was assessed by cell cycle analysis and Apo2.7 expression, and by evaluating PARP cleavage. Senescence was evaluated using SA β-galactosidase assay. Necrosis, and autophagy, were evaluated by RIP1 and beclin-1 expression, respectively. Mutations in relevant biological pathways were screened by whole-exome sequencing. Results X-ray radiations induced death in some chondrosarcomas by both apoptosis and senescence (CH2879), or by either of them (SW1353 and JJ012), whereas no death was observed in other cell lines (FS090 and 105KC). Molecularly, p21 was overexpressed when senescence was elicited. Genetic analysis allowed to identify putative genes (such as TBX3, CDK2A, HMGA2) permitting to predict cell response to irradiations. Unexpectedly, chronic hypoxia did not favor radioresistance in chondrosarcomas, and even increased the radiosensitivity of JJ012 line. Finally, we show that carbon ions triggered more DNA damages and death than X-rays. Conclusions Chondrosarcomas have different response to irradiation, possibly due to their strong genetic heterogeneity. p21 expression is suggested as predictive of X-ray-induced senescence. Surprisingly, hypoxia does not increase the radioresistance of chondrosarcomas, but as expected Carbon ion beams are more effective that X-rays in normoxia, whereas their efficiency was also variable depending on cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Girard
- Normandie Univ., Unicaen, EA 7451 Bioconnect, Caen, France
| | - Eva Lhuissier
- Normandie Univ., Unicaen, EA 7451 Bioconnect, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Marion Lente
- Normandie Univ., Unicaen, EA 7451 Bioconnect, Caen, France
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Elming PB, Sørensen BS, Oei AL, Franken NAP, Crezee J, Overgaard J, Horsman MR. Hyperthermia: The Optimal Treatment to Overcome Radiation Resistant Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E60. [PMID: 30634444 PMCID: PMC6356970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regions of low oxygenation (hypoxia) are a characteristic feature of solid tumors, and cells existing in these regions are a major factor influencing radiation resistance as well as playing a significant role in malignant progression. Consequently, numerous pre-clinical and clinical attempts have been made to try and overcome this hypoxia. These approaches involve improving oxygen availability, radio-sensitizing or killing the hypoxic cells, or utilizing high LET (linear energy transfer) radiation leading to a lower OER (oxygen enhancement ratio). Interestingly, hyperthermia (heat treatments of 39⁻45 °C) induces many of these effects. Specifically, it increases blood flow thereby improving tissue oxygenation, radio-sensitizes via DNA repair inhibition, and can kill cells either directly or indirectly by causing vascular damage. Combining hyperthermia with low LET radiation can even result in anti-tumor effects equivalent to those seen with high LET. The various mechanisms depend on the time and sequence between radiation and hyperthermia, the heating temperature, and the time of heating. We will discuss the role these factors play in influencing the interaction between hyperthermia and radiation, and summarize the randomized clinical trials showing a benefit of such a combination as well as suggest the potential future clinical application of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille B Elming
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Brita S Sørensen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Arlene L Oei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolaas A P Franken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Crezee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Michael R Horsman
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Ray S, Cekanaviciute E, Lima IP, Sørensen BS, Costes SV. Comparing Photon and Charged Particle Therapy Using DNA Damage Biomarkers. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:15-24. [PMID: 31773017 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment modalities for cancer radiation therapy have become increasingly diversified given the growing number of facilities providing proton and carbon-ion therapy in addition to the more historically accepted photon therapy. An understanding of high-LET radiobiology is critical for optimization of charged particle radiation therapy and potential DNA damage response. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary and comparison of these types of therapy monitored primarily by using DNA damage biomarkers. We focus on their relative profiles of dose distribution and mechanisms of action from the level of nucleic acid to tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayoni Ray
- USRA/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
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Carante MP, Aimè C, Cajiao JJT, Ballarini F. BIANCA, a biophysical model of cell survival and chromosome damage by protons, C-ions and He-ions at energies and doses used in hadrontherapy. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:075007. [PMID: 29508768 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aab45f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An upgraded version of the BIANCA II biophysical model, which describes more realistically interphase chromosome organization and the link between chromosome aberrations and cell death, was applied to V79 and AG01522 cells exposed to protons, C-ions and He-ions over a wide LET interval (0.6-502 keV µm-1), as well as proton-irradiated U87 cells. The model assumes that (i) ionizing radiation induces DNA 'cluster lesions' (CLs), where by definition each CL produces two independent chromosome fragments; (ii) fragment (distance-dependent) mis-rejoining, or un-rejoining, produces chromosome aberrations; (iii) some aberrations lead to cell death. The CL yield, which mainly depends on radiation quality but is also modulated by the target cell, is an adjustable parameter. The fragment un-rejoining probability, f, is the second, and last, parameter. The value of f, which is assumed to depend on the cell type but not on radiation quality, was taken from previous studies, and only the CL yield was adjusted in the present work. Good agreement between simulations and experimental data was obtained, suggesting that BIANCA II is suitable for calculating the biological effectiveness of hadrontherapy beams. For both V79 and AG01522 cells, the mean number of CLs per micrometer was found to increase with LET in a linear-quadratic fashion before the over-killing region, where a less rapid increase, with a tendency to saturation, was observed. Although the over-killing region deserves further investigation, the possibility of fitting the CL yields is an important feature for hadrontherapy, because it allows performing predictions also at LET values where experimental data are not available. Finally, an approach was proposed to predict the ion-response of the cell line(s) of interest from the ion-response of a reference cell line and the photon response of both. A pilot study on proton-irradiated AG01522 and U87 cells, taking V79 cells as a reference, showed encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pietro Carante
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Alotaibi M, Sharma K, Saleh T, Povirk LF, Hendrickson EA, Gewirtz DA. Radiosensitization by PARP Inhibition in DNA Repair Proficient and Deficient Tumor Cells: Proliferative Recovery in Senescent Cells. Radiat Res 2016; 185:229-45. [PMID: 26934368 PMCID: PMC4821451 DOI: 10.1667/rr14202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy continues to be a primary modality in the treatment of cancer. In addition to promoting apoptosis, radiation-induced DNA damage can promote autophagy and senescence, both of which can theoretically function to prolong tumor survival. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that autophagy and/or senescence could be permissive for DNA repair, thereby facilitating tumor cell recovery from radiation-induced growth arrest and/or cell death. In addition, studies were designed to elucidate the involvement of autophagy and senescence in radiosensitization by PARP inhibitors and the re-emergence of a proliferating tumor cell population. In the context of this work, the relationship between radiation-induced autophagy and senescence was also determined. Studies were performed using DNA repair-proficient HCT116 colon carcinoma cells and a repair-deficient ligase IV(-/-) isogenic cell line. Exposure to radiation promoted a parallel induction of autophagy and senescence that was strongly correlated with the extent of persistent H2AX phosphorylation in both cell lines, however, inhibition of autophagy failed to suppress senescence, indicating that the two responses were dissociable. Exposure to radiation resulted in a transient arrest in the HCT116 cells while arrest was prolonged in the ligase IV(-/-) cells, however, both cell lines ultimately recovered proliferative function, which may reflect maintenance of DNA repair capacity. The PARP inhibitors, olaparib and niraparib, increased the extent of persistent DNA damage induced by radiation exposure as well as the extent of both autophagy and senescence. Neither cell line underwent significant apoptosis by radiation exposure alone or in the presence of the PARP inhibitors. Inhibition of autophagy failed to attenuate radiosensitization, indicating that autophagy was not involved in the action of the PARP inhibitors. As with radiation alone, despite sensitization by PARP inhibition, proliferative recovery was evident within a period of 10-20 days. While inhibition of DNA repair via PARP inhibition may initially sensitize tumor cells to radiation via the promotion of senescence, this strategy does not appear to interfere with proliferative recovery, which could ultimately contribute to disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moureq Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lawrence F. Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center
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Diallyl disulfide attenuated carbon ion irradiation-induced apoptosis in mouse testis through changing the ratio of Tap73/ΔNp73 via mitochondrial pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16020. [PMID: 26526304 PMCID: PMC4630619 DOI: 10.1038/srep16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a major organosulfur compound derived from garlic, has various biological properties, including anti-cancer effects. However, the protective mechanism of DADS against radiation-induced mouse testis cell apoptosis has not been elucidated. In this study, the magnitude of radiation effects evoked by carbon ion irradiation was marked by morphology changes, significant rise in apoptotic cells, activation expression of p53, up regulation the ratio of pro-apoptotic Tap73/anti-apoptotic ΔNp73, as well as alterations of crucial mediator of the mitochondrial pathway. Interestingly, pretreatment with DADS attenuated carbon ion irradiation-induced morphology damages and apoptotic cells. Additionally, DADS elevated radiation-induced p53 and p21 expression, suggesting that p53 might be involved in the inhibition of cell cycle progression through up regulation of p21. Furthermore, administration with DADS prevented radiation-induced Tap73/ΔNp73 expression and consequently down regulated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 expression, indicating that the balance between Tap73 and ΔNp73 had potential to activate p53 responsive genes. Thus, our results showed that radio protection effect of DADS on mouse testis is mediated by blocking apoptosis through changing the ratio of Tap73/ΔNp73 via mitochondrial pathway, suggesting that DADS could be used as a potential radio protection agent for the testis against heavy-ion radiation.
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12
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Shmatov ML. An expected increase in the efficiency of antiproton cancer therapy with the use of gold nanoparticles. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:N383-90. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/20/n383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Carante MP, Altieri S, Bortolussi S, Postuma I, Protti N, Ballarini F. Modeling radiation-induced cell death: role of different levels of DNA damage clustering. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2015; 54:305-316. [PMID: 25956821 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some open questions on the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced cell death were addressed by a biophysical model, focusing on DNA damage clustering and its consequences. DNA "cluster lesions" (CLs) were assumed to produce independent chromosome fragments that, if created within a micrometer-scale threshold distance (d), can lead to chromosome aberrations following mis-rejoining; in turn, certain aberrations (dicentrics, rings and large deletions) were assumed to lead to clonogenic cell death. The CL yield and d were the only adjustable parameters. The model, implemented as a Monte Carlo code called BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosome Aberrations (BIANCA), provided simulated survival curves that were directly compared with experimental data on human and hamster cells exposed to photons, protons, α-particles and heavier ions including carbon and iron. d = 5 μm, independent of radiation quality, and CL yields in the range ~2-20 CLs Gy(-1) cell(-1), depending on particle type and energy, led to good agreement between simulations and data. This supports the hypothesis of a pivotal role of DNA cluster damage at sub-micrometric scale, modulated by chromosome fragment mis-rejoining at micrometric scale. To investigate the features of such critical damage, the CL yields were compared with experimental or theoretical yields of DNA fragments of different sizes, focusing on the base-pair scale (related to the so-called local clustering), the kbp scale ("regional clustering") and the Mbp scale, corresponding to chromatin loops. Interestingly, the CL yields showed better agreement with kbp fragments rather than bp fragments or Mbp fragments; this suggests that also regional clustering, in addition to other clustering levels, may play an important role, possibly due to its relationship with nucleosome organization in the chromatin fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Carante
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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14
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Van den Heuvel F. A closed parameterization of DNA-damage by charged particles, as a function of energy - a geometrical approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110333. [PMID: 25340636 PMCID: PMC4207739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a closed formalism calculating charged particle radiation damage induced in DNA. The formalism is valid for all types of charged particles and due to its closed nature is suited to provide fast conversion of dose to DNA-damage. METHODS The induction of double strand breaks in DNA-strings residing in irradiated cells is quantified using a single particle model. This leads to a proposal to use the cumulative Cauchy distribution to express the mix of high and low LET type damage probability generated by a single particle. A microscopic phenomenological Monte Carlo code is used to fit the parameters of the model as a function of kinetic energy related to the damage to a DNA molecule embedded in a cell. The model is applied for four particles: electrons, protons, alpha-particles, and carbon ions. A geometric interpretation of this observation using the impact ionization mean free path as a quantifier, allows extension of the model to very low energies. RESULTS The mathematical expression describes the model adequately using a chi-square test ([Formula: see text]). This applies to all particle types with an almost perfect fit for protons, while the other particles seem to result in some discrepancies at very low energies. The implementation calculating a strict version of the RBE based on complex damage alone is corroborated by experimental data from the measured RBE. The geometric interpretation generates a unique dimensionless parameter [Formula: see text] for each type of charged particle. In addition, it predicts a distribution of DNA damage which is different from the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Van den Heuvel
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for experimental radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Hyland WB, McMahon SJ, Butterworth KT, Cole AJ, King RB, Redmond KM, Prise KM, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. Investigation into the radiobiological consequences of pre-treatment verification imaging with megavoltage X-rays in radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20130781. [PMID: 24472729 PMCID: PMC4067021 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment verification imaging with megavoltage X-rays on cancer and normal cell survival in vitro and to compare the findings with theoretically modelled data. Since the dose received from pre-treatment imaging can be significant, the incorporation of this dose at the planning stage of treatment has been suggested. METHODS The impact of imaging dose incorporation on cell survival was investigated by clonogenic assay of irradiated DU-145 prostate cancer, H460 non-small-cell lung cancer and AGO-1522b normal tissue fibroblast cells. Clinically relevant imaging-to-treatment times of 7.5 and 15 min were chosen for this study. The theoretical magnitude of the loss of radiobiological efficacy due to sublethal damage repair was investigated using the Lea-Catcheside dose protraction factor model. RESULTS For the cell lines investigated, the experimental data showed that imaging dose incorporation had no significant impact on cell survival. These findings were in close agreement with theoretical results. CONCLUSION For the conditions investigated, the results suggest that allowance for the imaging dose at the planning stage of treatment should not adversely affect treatment efficacy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE There is a paucity of data in the literature on imaging effects in radiotherapy. This article presents a systematic study of imaging dose effects on cancer and normal cell survival, providing both theoretical and experimental evidence for clinically relevant imaging doses and imaging-to-treatment times. The data provide a firm foundation for further study into this highly relevant area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Hyland
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, UK
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