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Hu XM, Zhang C, Guo Y, Wang FX, Xing WB, Huang CX, Liu BH, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC, Gao X, Pivoluska M, Huber M. Pathways for Entanglement-Based Quantum Communication in the Face of High Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:110505. [PMID: 34558943 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement-based quantum communication offers an increased level of security in practical secret shared key distribution. One of the fundamental principles enabling this security-the fact that interfering with one photon will destroy entanglement and thus be detectable-is also the greatest obstacle. Random encounters of traveling photons, losses, and technical imperfections make noise an inevitable part of any quantum communication scheme, severely limiting distance, key rate, and environmental conditions in which quantum key distribution can be employed. Using photons entangled in their spatial degree of freedom, we show that the increased noise resistance of high-dimensional entanglement can indeed be harnessed for practical key distribution schemes. We perform quantum key distribution in eight entangled paths at various levels of environmental noise and show key rates that, even after error correction and privacy amplification, still exceed 1 bit per photon pair and furthermore certify a secure key at noise levels that would prohibit comparable qubit based schemes from working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Cen-Xiao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Gao
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matej Pivoluska
- Institute of Computer Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcus Huber
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Boucher P, Defienne H, Gigan S. Engineering spatial correlations of entangled photon pairs by pump beam shaping. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4200-4203. [PMID: 34469974 DOI: 10.1364/ol.425372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to engineer the properties of quantum optical states is essential for quantum information processing applications. Here, we demonstrate tunable control of spatial correlations between photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion, and measure them using an electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera. By shaping the spatial pump beam profile in a type-I collinear configuration, we tailor the spatial structure of coincidences between photon pairs entangled in high dimensions without effect on intensity. The results highlight fundamental aspects of spatial coherence and hold potential for the development of quantum technologies based on high-dimensional spatial entanglement.
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3
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He W, Guha S, Shapiro JH, Bash BA. Performance analysis of free-space quantum key distribution using multiple spatial modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:19305-19318. [PMID: 34266042 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the diffraction-limited near-field propagation regime, free-space optical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems can employ multiple spatial modes to improve their key rate. This improvement can be effected by means of high-dimensional QKD or by spatial-mode multiplexing of independent QKD channels, with the latter, in general, offering higher key rates. Here, we theoretically analyze spatial-mode-multiplexed, decoy-state BB84 whose transmitter mode set is either a collection of phase-tilted, flat-top focused beams (FBs) or the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes. Although for vacuum propagation the FBs suffer a QKD rate penalty relative to the LG modes, their potential ease of implementation make them an attractive alternative. Moreover, in the presence of turbulence, the FB modes may outperform the LG modes.
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4
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Lopez Grande IH, Etcheverry S, Aldama J, Ghasemi S, Nolan D, Pruneri V. Adaptable transmitter for discrete and continuous variable quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:14815-14827. [PMID: 33985195 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a versatile transmitter capable of performing both discrete variable and continuous variable quantum key distribution protocols (DV-QKD and CV-QKD, respectively). Using this transmitter, we implement a time-bin encoded BB84 DV-QKD protocol over a physical quantum channel of 47 km and a GG02 CV-QKD protocol with true local oscillator over a 10.5 km channel, achieving secret key rates of 4.1 kbps and 1 Mbps for DV- and CV-QKD, respectively. The reported transmitter scheme is particularly suitable for re-configurable optical networks where the QKD protocol is selected to optimize the performance according to the parameters of the links.
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5
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Control over the transverse structure and long-distance fiber propagation of light at the single-photon level. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9015. [PMID: 31227733 PMCID: PMC6588692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum entanglement is arguably the cornerstone which differentiates the quantum realm from its classical counterpart. While entanglement can reside in any photonic degree of freedom, polarization permits perhaps the most straightforward manipulation due to the widespread availability of standard optical elements such as waveplates and polarizers. As a step towards a fuller exploitation of entanglement in other degrees of freedom, in this work we demonstrate control over the transverse spatial structure of light at the single-photon level. In particular we integrate in our setup all the technologies required for: (i) fibre-based photon pair generation, (ii) deterministic and broadband single-photon spatial conversion relying on a passive optical device, and (iii) single-photon transmission, while retaining transverse structure, over 400 m of few-mode fibre. In our experiment, we employ a mode selective photonic lantern multiplexer with the help of which we can convert the transverse profile of a single photon from the fundamental mode into any of the supported higher-order modes. We also achieve conversion to an incoherent or coherent addition of two user-selected higher order modes by addressing different combinations of inputs in the photonic lantern multiplexer. The coherent nature of the addition, and extraction of usable orbital angular momentum at the single-photon level, is further demonstrated by far-field diffraction through a triangular aperture. Our work could enable studies of photonic entanglement in the transverse modes of a fibre and could constitute a key resource quantum for key distribution with an alphabet of scalable dimension.
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6
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Utreras-Alarcón A, Rivera-Tapia M, Niklitschek S, Delgado A. Stochastic optimization on complex variables and pure-state quantum tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16143. [PMID: 31695070 PMCID: PMC6834649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-valued functions of complex arguments violate the Cauchy-Riemann conditions and, consequently, do not have Taylor series expansion. Therefore, optimization methods based on derivatives cannot be directly applied to this class of functions. This is circumvented by mapping the problem to the field of the real numbers by considering real and imaginary parts of the complex arguments as the new independent variables. We introduce a stochastic optimization method that works within the field of the complex numbers. This has two advantages: Equations on complex arguments are simpler and easy to analyze and the use of the complex structure leads to performance improvements. The method produces a sequence of estimates that converges asymptotically in mean to the optimizer. Each estimate is generated by evaluating the target function at two different randomly chosen points. Thereby, the method allows the optimization of functions with unknown parameters. Furthermore, the method exhibits a large performance enhancement. This is demonstrated by comparing its performance with other algorithms in the case of quantum tomography of pure states. The method provides solutions which can be two orders of magnitude closer to the true minima or achieve similar results as other methods but with three orders of magnitude less resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Utreras-Alarcón
- Instituto Milenio de Investigación en Óptica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M Rivera-Tapia
- Instituto Milenio de Investigación en Óptica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - S Niklitschek
- Instituto Milenio de Investigación en Óptica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A Delgado
- Instituto Milenio de Investigación en Óptica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. .,Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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7
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Li W, Wang L, Zhao S. Phase Matching Quantum Key Distribution based on Single-Photon Entanglement. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15466. [PMID: 31664069 PMCID: PMC6820753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two time-reversal quantum key distribution (QKD) schemes are the quantum entanglement based device-independent (DI)-QKD and measurement-device-independent (MDI)-QKD. The recently proposed twin field (TF)-QKD, also known as phase-matching (PM)-QKD, has improved the key rate bound from O(η) to O[Formula: see text] with η the channel transmittance. In fact, TF-QKD is a kind of MDI-QKD but based on single-photon detection. In this paper, we propose a different PM-QKD based on single-photon entanglement, referred to as single-photon entanglement-based phase-matching (SEPM)-QKD, which can be viewed as a time-reversed version of the TF-QKD. Detection loopholes of the standard Bell test, which often occur in DI-QKD over long transmission distances, are not present in this protocol because the measurement settings and key information are the same quantity which is encoded in the local weak coherent state. We give a security proof of SEPM-QKD and demonstrate in theory that it is secure against all collective attacks and beam-splitting attacks. The simulation results show that the key rate enjoys a bound of O[Formula: see text] with respect to the transmittance. SEPM-QKD not only helps us understand TF-QKD more deeply, but also hints at a feasible approach to eliminate detection loopholes in DI-QKD for long-distance communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing, 210003, China
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Lab Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network, Ministy of Education, Nanjing, 210003, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Le Wang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing, 210003, China
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Lab Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network, Ministy of Education, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Shengmei Zhao
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing, 210003, China.
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Lab Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network, Ministy of Education, Nanjing, 210003, China.
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8
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Lee C, Bunandar D, Zhang Z, Steinbrecher GR, Ben Dixon P, Wong FNC, Shapiro JH, Hamilton SA, Englund D. Large-alphabet encoding for higher-rate quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:17539-17549. [PMID: 31252711 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.017539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of high-dimensional degrees of freedom provides new opportunities for more efficient quantum information processing. It has recently been shown that high-dimensional encoded states can provide significant advantages over binary quantum states in applications of quantum computation and quantum communication. In particular, high-dimensional quantum key distribution enables higher secret-key generation rates under practical limitations of detectors or light sources, as well as greater error tolerance. Here, we demonstrate high-dimensional quantum key distribution capabilities both in the laboratory and over a deployed fiber, using photons encoded in a high-dimensional alphabet to increase the secure information yield per detected photon. By adjusting the alphabet size, it is possible to mitigate the effects of receiver bottlenecks and optimize the secret-key rates for different channel losses. This work presents a strategy for achieving higher secret-key rates in receiver-limited scenarios and marks an important step toward high-dimensional quantum communication in deployed fiber networks.
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9
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Nape I, Otte E, Vallés A, Rosales-Guzmán C, Cardano F, Denz C, Forbes A. Self-healing high-dimensional quantum key distribution using hybrid spin-orbit Bessel states. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:26946-26960. [PMID: 30469772 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.026946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using spatial modes for quantum key distribution (QKD) has become highly topical due to their infinite dimensionality, promising high information capacity per photon. However, spatial distortions reduce the feasible secret key rates and compromise the security of a quantum channel. In an extreme form such a distortion might be a physical obstacle, impeding line-of-sight for free-space channels. Here, by controlling the radial degree of freedom of a photon's spatial mode, we are able to demonstrate hybrid high-dimensional QKD through obstacles with self-reconstructing single photons. We construct high-dimensional mutually unbiased bases using spin-orbit hybrid states that are radially modulated with a non-diffracting Bessel-Gaussian (BG) profile, and show secure transmission through partially obstructed quantum links. Using a prepare-measure protocol we report higher quantum state self-reconstruction and information retention for the non-diffracting BG modes as compared to Laguerre-Gaussian modes, obtaining a quantum bit error rate (QBER) that is up to 3× lower. This work highlights the importance of controlling the radial mode of single photons in quantum information processing and communication as well as the advantages of QKD with hybrid states.
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10
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Niu JN, Sun YM, Cai C, Ji YF. Optimized channel allocation scheme for jointly reducing four-wave mixing and Raman scattering in the DWDM-QKD system. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:7987-7996. [PMID: 30462070 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.007987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conducting quantum key distribution (QKD) through existing optical fibers together with conventional communication signals is a viable way to expand its practical application, but weak quantum signals can be severely disrupted by co-propagating classical signals. In this paper, the suppression of four-wave mixing (FWM) noise and Raman noise is considered simultaneously for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, and the joint optimized channel allocation (JOCA) scheme is proposed. In the JOCA scheme, the quantum channels and classical channels are interleaved with each other to avoid FWM noise and optimal quantum channel positions are chosen in variable conditions according to the Raman scattering spectrum. Experimental measurements of the noise photons show that the JOCA scheme can effectively reduce the impairments on quantum signals compared with the single-target schemes. Additionally, simulation results verify that the JOCA scheme can increase the secure key generation rate and transmission distance, and that it also enables the DWDM-QKD system to tolerate higher-power classical signals and more classical channels, which improve the compatibility with a high-capacity communication system.
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11
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Varga JJM, Rebón L, Pears Stefano Q, Iemmi C. Characterizing d-dimensional quantum channels by means of quantum process tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4398-4401. [PMID: 30211874 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a simple optical architecture based on phase-only programmable spatial light modulators, in order to characterize general processes on photonic spatial quantum systems in a d>2 Hilbert space. We demonstrate the full reconstruction of typical noises affecting quantum computing, such as amplitude shifts, phase shifts, and depolarizing channels in dimension d=5. We have also reconstructed simulated atmospheric turbulences affecting a free-space transmission of qudits in dimension d=4. In each case, quantum process tomography was performed in order to obtain the matrix χ that fully describes the corresponding quantum channel, E. Fidelities between the states are experimentally obtained after going through the channel, and the expected ones are above 97%.
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12
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Aguilar EA, Farkas M, Martínez D, Alvarado M, Cariñe J, Xavier GB, Barra JF, Cañas G, Pawłowski M, Lima G. Certifying an Irreducible 1024-Dimensional Photonic State Using Refined Dimension Witnesses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:230503. [PMID: 29932702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.230503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new class of dimension witnesses, based on quantum random access codes, which are a function of the recorded statistics and that have different bounds for all possible decompositions of a high-dimensional physical system. Thus, it certifies the dimension of the system and has the new distinct feature of identifying whether the high-dimensional system is decomposable in terms of lower dimensional subsystems. To demonstrate the practicability of this technique, we used it to experimentally certify the generation of an irreducible 1024-dimensional photonic quantum state. Therefore, certifying that the state is not multipartite or encoded using noncoupled different degrees of freedom of a single photon. Our protocol should find applications in a broad class of modern quantum information experiments addressing the generation of high-dimensional quantum systems, where quantum tomography may become intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Aguilar
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, National Quantum Information Centre, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Máté Farkas
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, National Quantum Information Centre, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Daniel Martínez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Matías Alvarado
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Cariñe
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Guilherme B Xavier
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Institutionen för Systemteknik, Linköpings Universitet, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna F Barra
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Cañas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad del Bio-Bio, Avenida Collao 1202, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcin Pawłowski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, National Quantum Information Centre, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gustavo Lima
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
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13
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Sua YM, Fan H, Shahverdi A, Chen JY, Huang YP. Direct Generation and Detection of Quantum Correlated Photons with 3.2 um Wavelength Spacing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17494. [PMID: 29235534 PMCID: PMC5727511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum correlated, highly non-degenerate photons can be used to synthesize disparate quantum nodes and link quantum processing over incompatible wavelengths, thereby constructing heterogeneous quantum systems for otherwise unattainable superior performance. Existing techniques for correlated photons have been concentrated in the visible and near-IR domains, with the photon pairs residing within one micron. Here, we demonstrate direct generation and detection of high-purity photon pairs at room temperature with 3.2 um wavelength spacing, one at 780 nm to match the rubidium D2 line, and the other at 3950 nm that falls in a transparent, low-scattering optical window for free space applications. The pairs are created via spontaneous parametric downconversion in a lithium niobate waveguide with specially designed geometry and periodic poling. The 780 nm photons are measured with a silicon avalanche photodiode, and the 3950 nm photons are measured with an upconversion photon detector using a similar waveguide, which attains 34% internal conversion efficiency. Quantum correlation measurement yields a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 54, which indicates the strong correlation with the extremely non-degenerate photon pairs. Our system bridges existing quantum technology to the challenging mid-IR regime, where unprecedented applications are expected in quantum metrology and sensing, quantum communications, medical diagnostics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Meng Sua
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Amin Shahverdi
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jia-Yang Chen
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.
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14
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De Assis PL, Carvalho MAD, Berruezo LP, Ferraz J, Pádua S. Generation of two pairs of qudits using four photons and a single degree of freedom. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:30149-30163. [PMID: 28059292 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Qudits, d-level quantum systems, have been shown to provide a better resource for quantum key distribution and other Quantum Information protocols. It is customary to generate photonic qudits using more than one degree of freedom of the same photon. In much the same way, multi-qubit states are generated using only a pair of photons and ingenious ways to manipulate more than one degree of freedom independently. In contrast to such costly implementations in terms of quantum resources, we present the controlled generation of two copies of two-qudit states using four photons and a single degree of freedom, transverse momentum. The degree of entanglement within each pair was inferred by exploiting the availability of two copies of the same state, without the need of a full tomographic reconstruction of the states, and both highly-entangled and separable states were generated. We show theoretically that the set of states obtainable using our setup is very diverse, ranging from maximally entangled states of qudits to separable states.
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15
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Hwang WY, Su HY, Bae J. N-dimensional measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with N + 1 un-characterized sources: zero quantum-bit-error-rate case. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30036. [PMID: 27452275 PMCID: PMC4958947 DOI: 10.1038/srep30036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We study N-dimensional measurement-device-independent quantum-key-distribution protocol where one checking state is used. Only assuming that the checking state is a superposition of other N sources, we show that the protocol is secure in zero quantum-bit-error-rate case, suggesting possibility of the protocol. The method may be applied in other quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Hwang
- Department of Physics Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yi Su
- Department of Physics Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwoo Bae
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hanyang University (ERICA), Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
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16
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Privacy Preserving Quantum Anonymous Transmission via Entanglement Relay. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26762. [PMID: 27247078 PMCID: PMC4887793 DOI: 10.1038/srep26762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anonymous transmission is an interesting and crucial issue in computer communication area, which plays a supplementary role to data privacy. In this paper, we put forward a privacy preserving quantum anonymous transmission protocol based on entanglement relay, which constructs anonymous entanglement from EPR pairs instead of multi-particle entangled state, e.g. GHZ state. Our protocol achieves both sender anonymity and receiver anonymity against an active adversary and tolerates any number of corrupt participants. Meanwhile, our protocol obtains an improvement in efficiency compared to quantum schemes in previous literature.
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17
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Vallone G, Dequal D, Tomasin M, Schiavon M, Vedovato F, Bacco D, Gaiarin S, Bianco G, Luceri V, Villoresi P. Satellite quantum communication towards GEO distances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2228613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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18
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Goyeneche D, Cañas G, Etcheverry S, Gómez ES, Xavier GB, Lima G, Delgado A. Five Measurement Bases Determine Pure Quantum States on Any Dimension. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:090401. [PMID: 26371631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.090401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing problem in quantum mechanics is the minimum number of observables required for the characterization of unknown pure quantum states. The solution to this problem is especially important for the developing field of high-dimensional quantum information processing. In this work we demonstrate that any pure d-dimensional state is unambiguously reconstructed by measuring five observables, that is, via projective measurements onto the states of five orthonormal bases. Thus, in our method the total number of different measurement outcomes (5d) scales linearly with d. The state reconstruction is robust against experimental errors and requires simple postprocessing, regardless of d. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of our scheme through the reconstruction of eight-dimensional quantum states, encoded in the momentum of single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goyeneche
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - G Cañas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - S Etcheverry
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - E S Gómez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - G B Xavier
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - G Lima
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - A Delgado
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 4016, Concepción, Chile
- MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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19
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Vallone G, Bacco D, Dequal D, Gaiarin S, Luceri V, Bianco G, Villoresi P. Experimental Satellite Quantum Communications. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:040502. [PMID: 26252672 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum communication (QC), namely, the faithful transmission of generic quantum states, is a key ingredient of quantum information science. Here we demonstrate QC with polarization encoding from space to ground by exploiting satellite corner cube retroreflectors as quantum transmitters in orbit and the Matera Laser Ranging Observatory of the Italian Space Agency in Matera, Italy, as a quantum receiver. The quantum bit error ratio (QBER) has been kept steadily low to a level suitable for several quantum information protocols, as the violation of Bell inequalities or quantum key distribution (QKD). Indeed, by taking data from different satellites, we demonstrate an average value of QBER=4.6% for a total link duration of 85 s. The mean photon number per pulse μ_{sat} leaving the satellites was estimated to be of the order of one. In addition, we propose a fully operational satellite QKD system by exploiting our communication scheme with orbiting retroreflectors equipped with a modulator, a very compact payload. Our scheme paves the way toward the implementation of a QC worldwide network leveraging existing receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vallone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Davide Bacco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Daniele Dequal
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Simone Gaiarin
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Matera 75100, Italy
| | - Paolo Villoresi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
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20
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Wei CY, Gao F, Wen QY, Wang TY. Practical quantum private query of blocks based on unbalanced-state Bennett-Brassard-1984 quantum-key-distribution protocol. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7537. [PMID: 25518810 PMCID: PMC4269884 DOI: 10.1038/srep07537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, the only kind of practical quantum private query (QPQ), quantum-key-distribution (QKD)-based QPQ, focuses on the retrieval of a single bit. In fact, meaningful message is generally composed of multiple adjacent bits (i.e., a multi-bit block). To obtain a message from database, the user Alice has to query l times to get each ai. In this condition, the server Bob could gain Alice's privacy once he obtains the address she queried in any of the l queries, since each ai contributes to the message Alice retrieves. Apparently, the longer the retrieved message is, the worse the user privacy becomes. To solve this problem, via an unbalanced-state technique and based on a variant of multi-level BB84 protocol, we present a protocol for QPQ of blocks, which allows the user to retrieve a multi-bit block from database in one query. Our protocol is somewhat like the high-dimension version of the first QKD-based QPQ protocol proposed by Jacobi et al., but some nontrivial modifications are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wei
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China [2] School of Mathematical Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Qiao-Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Tian-Yin Wang
- School of Mathematical Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China
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21
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Cañas G, Arias M, Etcheverry S, Gómez ES, Cabello A, Xavier GB, Lima G. Applying the simplest Kochen-Specker set for quantum information processing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:090404. [PMID: 25215966 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.090404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Kochen-Specker (KS) sets are key tools for proving some fundamental results in quantum theory and also have potential applications in quantum information processing. However, so far, their intrinsic complexity has prevented experimentalists from using them for any application. The KS set requiring the smallest number of contexts has been recently found. Relying on this simple KS set, here we report an input state-independent experimental technique to certify whether a set of measurements is actually accessing a preestablished quantum six-dimensional space encoded in the transverse momentum of single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cañas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and MSI-Nucleus for Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio Arias
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and MSI-Nucleus for Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Sebastián Etcheverry
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and MSI-Nucleus for Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Esteban S Gómez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and MSI-Nucleus for Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Adán Cabello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guilherme B Xavier
- Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and MSI-Nucleus for Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Lima
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile and MSI-Nucleus for Advanced Optics, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
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22
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Radwell N, Brickus D, Clark TW, Franke-Arnold S. High speed switching between arbitrary spatial light profiles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:12845-12852. [PMID: 24921481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.012845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex images, inscribed into the spatial profile of a laser beam or even a single photon, offer a highly efficient method of data encoding. Here we present a prototype system which can quickly modulate between arbitrary images. We display an array of holograms, each defined by its phase and intensity profile, on a spatial light modulator. The input beam is then steered by an acousto-optic modulator to one of these holograms, where it is converted into the desired light mode. We demonstrate switching between characters within three separate alphabets at a switching rate of up to10 kHz. This rate is limited by our detection system, and we anticipate that the system is capable of far higher rates. Furthermore our system is not limited in efficiency by channel number, making it ideal for quantum communication applications.
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23
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D'Ambrosio V, Bisesto F, Sciarrino F, Barra JF, Lima G, Cabello A. Device-independent certification of high-dimensional quantum systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:140503. [PMID: 24765933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An important problem in quantum information processing is the certification of the dimension of quantum systems without making assumptions about the devices used to prepare and measure them, that is, in a device-independent manner. A crucial question is whether such certification is experimentally feasible for high-dimensional quantum systems. Here we experimentally witness in a device-independent manner the generation of six-dimensional quantum systems encoded in the orbital angular momentum of single photons and show that the same method can be scaled, at least, up to dimension 13.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Bisesto
- Dipartimento di Fisica, "Sapienza" Universitá di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, "Sapienza" Universitá di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO-CNR), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Johanna F Barra
- Center for Optics and Photonics, MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Lima
- Center for Optics and Photonics, MSI-Nucleus on Advanced Optics, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Adán Cabello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
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24
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Solís-Prosser MA, Arias A, Varga JJM, Rebón L, Ledesma S, Iemmi C, Neves L. Preparing arbitrary pure states of spatial qudits with a single phase-only spatial light modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4762-4765. [PMID: 24322126 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial qudits are D-dimensional (D ≥ 2) quantum systems carrying information encoded in the discretized transverse momentum and position of single photons. We present a proof-of-principle demonstration of a method for preparing arbitrary pure states of such systems by using a single phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM). The method relies on the encoding of the complex transmission function corresponding to a given spatial qudit state onto a preset diffraction order of a phase-only grating function addressed at the SLM. Fidelities of preparation above 94% were obtained with this method, which is simpler, less costly, and more efficient than those that require two SLMs for the same purpose.
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