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Zahidy M, Ribezzo D, De Lazzari C, Vagniluca I, Biagi N, Müller R, Occhipinti T, Oxenløwe LK, Galili M, Hayashi T, Cassioli D, Mecozzi A, Antonelli C, Zavatta A, Bacco D. Practical high-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol over deployed multicore fiber. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1651. [PMID: 38395964 PMCID: PMC10891113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication scheme for sharing symmetric cryptographic keys based on the laws of quantum physics, and is considered a key player in the realm of cyber-security. A critical challenge for QKD systems comes from the fact that the ever-increasing rates at which digital data are transmitted require more and more performing sources of quantum keys, primarily in terms of secret key generation rate. High-dimensional QKD based on path encoding has been proposed as a candidate approach to address this challenge. However, while proof-of-principle demonstrations based on lab experiments have been reported in the literature, demonstrations in realistic environments are still missing. Here we report the generation of secret keys in a 4-dimensional hybrid time-path-encoded QKD system over a 52-km deployed multicore fiber link forming by looping back two cores of a 26-km 4-core optical fiber. Our results indicate that robust high-dimensional QKD can be implemented in a realistic environment by combining standard telecom equipment with emerging multicore fiber technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Zahidy
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Pl., Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Domenico Ribezzo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Firenze, 50125, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ronny Müller
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Pl., Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Leif K Oxenløwe
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Pl., Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Michael Galili
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Pl., Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Optical Communications Laboratory, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Yokohama, 244-8588, Japan
| | - Dajana Cassioli
- Department of Information Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- National Laboratory of Advanced Optical Fibers for Photonics (FIBERS), CNIT, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Mecozzi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- National Laboratory of Advanced Optical Fibers for Photonics (FIBERS), CNIT, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristian Antonelli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- National Laboratory of Advanced Optical Fibers for Photonics (FIBERS), CNIT, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zavatta
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Firenze, 50125, Italy
- QTI S.r.l., Firenze, 50125, Italy
| | - Davide Bacco
- QTI S.r.l., Firenze, 50125, Italy.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Firenze, 50019, Italy.
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Murtaza G, Colautti M, Hilke M, Lombardi P, Cataliotti FS, Zavatta A, Bacco D, Toninelli C. Efficient room-temperature molecular single-photon sources for quantum key distribution. Opt Express 2023; 31:9437-9447. [PMID: 37157515 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows the distribution of cryptographic keys between multiple users in an information-theoretic secure way, exploiting quantum physics. While current QKD systems are mainly based on attenuated laser pulses, deterministic single-photon sources could give concrete advantages in terms of secret key rate (SKR) and security owing to the negligible probability of multi-photon events. Here, we introduce and demonstrate a proof-of-concept QKD system exploiting a molecule-based single-photon source operating at room temperature and emitting at 785 nm. With an estimated maximum SKR of 0.5 Mbps, our solution paves the way for room-temperature single-photon sources for quantum communication protocols.
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Agnesi C, Da Lio B, Cozzolino D, Cardi L, Ben Bakir B, Hassan K, Della Frera A, Ruggeri A, Giudice A, Vallone G, Villoresi P, Tosi A, Rottwitt K, Ding Y, Bacco D. Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between independent III-V on silicon waveguide integrated lasers. Opt Lett 2019; 44:271-274. [PMID: 30644878 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The versatility of silicon photonic integrated circuits has led to a widespread usage of this platform for quantum information-based applications, including quantum key distribution (QKD). However, the integration of simple high-repetition-rate photon sources is yet to be achieved. The use of weak-coherent pulses (WCPs) could represent a viable solution. For example, measurement device independent QKD (MDI-QKD) envisions the use of WCPs to distill a secret key immune to detector side channel attacks at large distances. Thus, the integration of III-V lasers on silicon waveguides is an interesting prospect for quantum photonics. Here we report the experimental observation of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with 46±2% visibility between WCPs generated by two independent III-V on silicon waveguide integrated lasers. This quantum interference effect is at the heart of many applications, including MDI-QKD. This Letter represents a substantial first step towards an implementation of MDI-QKD fully integrated in silicon and could be beneficial for other applications such as standard QKD and novel quantum communication protocols.
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Wang J, Paesani S, Ding Y, Santagati R, Skrzypczyk P, Salavrakos A, Tura J, Augusiak R, Mančinska L, Bacco D, Bonneau D, Silverstone JW, Gong Q, Acín A, Rottwitt K, Oxenløwe LK, O’Brien JL, Laing A, Thompson MG. Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics. Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bacco D, Ding Y, Dalgaard K, Rottwitt K, Oxenløwe LK. Space division multiplexing chip-to-chip quantum key distribution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12459. [PMID: 28963480 PMCID: PMC5622211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum cryptography is set to become a key technology for future secure communications. However, to get maximum benefit in communication networks, transmission links will need to be shared among several quantum keys for several independent users. Such links will enable switching in quantum network nodes of the quantum keys to their respective destinations. In this paper we present an experimental demonstration of a photonic integrated silicon chip quantum key distribution protocols based on space division multiplexing (SDM), through multicore fiber technology. Parallel and independent quantum keys are obtained, which are useful in crypto-systems and future quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bacco
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yunhong Ding
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kjeld Dalgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten Rottwitt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Bacco D, Christensen JB, Castaneda MAU, Ding Y, Forchhammer S, Rottwitt K, Oxenløwe LK. Two-dimensional distributed-phase-reference protocol for quantum key distribution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36756. [PMID: 28004821 PMCID: PMC5177871 DOI: 10.1038/srep36756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum communication enable the secure exchange of information between remote parties. Currently, the distributed-phase-reference (DPR) protocols, which are based on weak coherent pulses, are among the most practical solutions for long-range QKD. During the last 10 years, long-distance fiber-based DPR systems have been successfully demonstrated, although fundamental obstacles such as intrinsic channel losses limit their performance. Here, we introduce the first two-dimensional DPR-QKD protocol in which information is encoded in the time and phase of weak coherent pulses. The ability of extracting two bits of information per detection event, enables a higher secret key rate in specific realistic network scenarios. Moreover, despite the use of more dimensions, the proposed protocol remains simple, practical, and fully integrable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bacco
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Yunhong Ding
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Forchhammer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten Rottwitt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Photonics Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Vallone G, Dequal D, Tomasin M, Schiavon M, Vedovato F, Bacco D, Gaiarin S, Bianco G, Luceri V, Villoresi P. Satellite quantum communication towards GEO distances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2228613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Vallone G, Bacco D, Dequal D, Gaiarin S, Luceri V, Bianco G, Villoresi P. Experimental Satellite Quantum Communications. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:040502. [PMID: 26252672 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum communication (QC), namely, the faithful transmission of generic quantum states, is a key ingredient of quantum information science. Here we demonstrate QC with polarization encoding from space to ground by exploiting satellite corner cube retroreflectors as quantum transmitters in orbit and the Matera Laser Ranging Observatory of the Italian Space Agency in Matera, Italy, as a quantum receiver. The quantum bit error ratio (QBER) has been kept steadily low to a level suitable for several quantum information protocols, as the violation of Bell inequalities or quantum key distribution (QKD). Indeed, by taking data from different satellites, we demonstrate an average value of QBER=4.6% for a total link duration of 85 s. The mean photon number per pulse μ_{sat} leaving the satellites was estimated to be of the order of one. In addition, we propose a fully operational satellite QKD system by exploiting our communication scheme with orbiting retroreflectors equipped with a modulator, a very compact payload. Our scheme paves the way toward the implementation of a QC worldwide network leveraging existing receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vallone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Davide Bacco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Daniele Dequal
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Simone Gaiarin
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Matera 75100, Italy
| | - Paolo Villoresi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
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