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Different Curcumin-Loaded Delivery Systems for Wound Healing Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010038. [PMID: 36678665 PMCID: PMC9862251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin or turmeric is the active constituent of Curcuma longa L. It has marvelous medicinal applications in many diseases. When the skin integrity is compromised due to either acute or chronic wounds, the body initiates several steps leading to tissue healing and skin barrier function restoration. Curcumin has very strong antibacterial and antifungal activities with powerful wound healing ability owing to its antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, its poor oral bioavailability, low water solubility and rapid metabolism limit its medical use. Tailoring suitable drug delivery systems for carrying curcumin improves its pharmaceutical and pharmacological effects. This review summarizes the most recent reported curcumin-loaded delivery systems for wound healing purposes, chiefly hydrogels, films, wafers, and sponges. In addition, curcumin nanoformulations such as nanohydrogels, nanoparticles and nanofibers are also presented, which offer better solubility, bioavailability, and sustained release to augment curcumin wound healing effects through stimulating the different healing phases by the aid of the small carrier.
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Shi W, Park AH, Kwon YU. Scalable synthesis of (Pd,Cu)@Pt core-shell catalyst with high ORR activity and durability. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Renzi M, Nobili F, Miecznikowski K, Kostuch A, Wadas A, Rutkowska IA, Kulesza PJ. Activation of bimetallic PtFe nanoparticles with zeolite-type cesium salts of vanadium-substituted polyoxometallates toward electroreduction of oxygen at low Pt loadings for fuel cells. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe catalytic activity of commercial carbon-supported PtFe (PtFe/C) nanoparticles admixed with mesoporous polyoxometalate Cs3H3PMo9V3O40, (POM3-3–9), has been evaluated towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid medium. The polyoxometalate cesium salt co-catalyst/co-support has been prepared by titration using the aqueous solution of phosphovanadomolibdic acid. The synthesized material has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results confirm formation of the polyoxometalate salt with the characteristic Keggin-type structure. The composite catalyst has been prepared by mixing the POM3-3–9 sample with the commercial PtFe/C by sonication. The diagnostic rotating ring-disk voltammetric studies are consistent with good performance of the system with low Pt loading during ORR. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) utilizing the PtFe/POM-based cathode has exhibited comparable or better performance (at relative humidity on the level of 100, 62, and 17%), in comparison to the commercial MEA with higher Pt loading at the cathode. Furthermore, based on the cell potential and power density polarization curves, noticeable improvements in the fuel cell behavior have been observed at the low relative humidity (17%). Finally, the accelerated stress test, which uses the potential square wave between 0.4 V and 0.8 V, has been performed to evaluate MEA stability for at least 100 h. It has been demonstrated that, after initial losses, the proposed catalytic system seems to retain stable performance and good morphological rigidity.
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Park AH, Shi W, Jung JU, Kwon YU. Mechanism study of Single-Step synthesis of Fe(core)@Pt(shell) nanoparticles by sonochemistry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 77:105679. [PMID: 34315059 PMCID: PMC8326433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal (TM) core-platinum (Pt) shell nanoparticles (TM@Pt NPs) are attracting a great deal of attention as highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. However, most of the reported synthesis methods of TM@Pt NPs are multistep in nature, a significant disadvantage for real applications. In this regard, our group has reported a single-step method to synthesize TM@Pt NPs for TM = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni by using sonochemistry, namely the UPS (ultrasound-assisted polyol synthesis) method. Previously, we proposed the mechanism of the formation of these TM@Pt NPs by UPS method, but rather in a rough sense. Some details are missing and the optimal conditions have not been established. In the present work, we performed detailed studies on the formation mechanism of UPS reaction by using Fe@Pt NPs as the model system. Effects of synthesis parameters such as the nature of metal precursor, conditions of ultrasound, and temperature profile as a function of reaction time were assessed, along with the analyses of intermediates during the UPS reaction. As results, we verified our previously proposed mechanism that, under appropriate conditions, Fe core is formed through the cavitation and implosion of the solvent, induced by the ultrasound, and the Pt shell is formed by the chemical reaction between Fe core and Pt reagent, independent from the direct effect of ultrasound. In addition, we established the optimal conditions to obtain a high purity Fe@Pt NPs in a high yield (>90% based on Pt), which may enable the increase of synthesis scale of Fe@Pt NPs, a necessary step for the real application of TM@Pt NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Jong-Un Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Young-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419 Korea.
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Kwon S, Lee HT, Lee JH. Exfoliated Single Layers of Layered Cobalt Hydroxide for Ultrafine Co 3 O 4 Nanoparticles on Graphene Nanosheets as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction. Chemistry 2020; 26:14359-14365. [PMID: 32557928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly effective way to produce an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst was developed through the self-assembly of exfoliated single layers of cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2 ) and graphene oxide (GO). These 2D materials have complete contact with one another because of their physical flexibility and the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged GO and positively charged Co(OH)2 layers. The strong coupling induces transformation of the Co(OH)2 single layer into a discrete nanocrystal of spinel Co3 O4 with an average size of 8 nm on reduced GO (RGO) during calcination, which could not be obtained with bulk-layered cobalt hydroxide because of its rapid layer collapse. The ultrafine Co3 O4 /RGO hybrid exhibited not only comparable performance in the oxygen reduction reaction but also higher durability compared with the commercial 20 wt % Pt/C catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunglun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Hyung Tae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
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Gong S, Zhang YX, Niu Z. Recent Advances in Earth-Abundant Core/Noble-Metal Shell Nanoparticles for Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Kwon S, Lee JH. A cobalt hydroxide nanosheet-mediated synthesis of core-shell-type Mn 0.005Co 2.995O 4 spinel nanocubes as efficient oxygen electrocatalysts. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1652-1659. [PMID: 31950121 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a topotatic growth method involving an exfoliated cobalt hydroxide nanosheet, which allows water-based mild reaction conditions (90 °C) for the formation of the homogeneous cubic structure of MnxCo3-xO4 spinel oxides with Mn(ii)/Co(ii) salts. The size of the nanocubes increased as the Mn content increased, e.g., 13 nm (x = 0.0), 23 nm (x = 0.005), 50 nm (x = 0.05), and 140 nm (x = 1.0). The incorporation of Mn into Co3O4 dramatically increased the ORR performance because the catalytically active Mn cations exclusively substitute the less active Co2+ in the MnxCo3-xO4 structure. We effectively reduced the Mn content in the spinel Co3O4 structure to a value of 0.005, representing the Mn0.005Co2.995O4 spinel nanocubes that unexpectedly exhibited the best ORR activity among the samples. In addition, the XPS and ICP characterizations suggest an Mn-rich shell/Co-rich core for the MnxCo3-xO4 nanocubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunglun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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8
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Gao J, Mao M, Li P, Liu R, Song H, Sun K, Zhang S. Segmentation and Re-encapsulation of Porous PtCu Nanoparticles by Generated Carbon Shell for Enhanced Ethylene Glycol Oxidation and Oxygen-Reduction Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6298-6308. [PMID: 31927902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical porous carbon-encapsulated ultrasmall PtCu (UsPtCu@C) nanoparticles (NPs) were constructed based on segmentation and re-encapsulation of porous PtCu NPs by using glucose as a green biomass carbon source. The synergistic electronic effect from the bimetallic elements can enhance the catalytic activity by adjusting the surface electronic structure of Pt. Most importantly, the generated porous carbon shell provided a large contact surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and structural stability, and the ultrasmall PtCu NPs exhibited an increased electrochemical performance compared with their PtCu matrix because of the exposure of more catalytically active centers. This synergistic relationship between the components resulted in enhanced catalytic activity and better stability of the obtained UsPtCu@C for ethylene glycol oxidation reaction and the oxygen-reduction reaction in alkaline electrolyte, which was higher than the PtCu NPs and commercial Pt/C (20 wt % Pt on Vulcan XC-72). The electrochemically active surface areas of the UsPtCu@C, PtCu NPs, and commercial Pt/C were calculated to be approximately 230.2, 32.8, and 64.0 m2/gPt, respectively; the mass activity of the UsPtCu@C for the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction was 8.5 A/mgPt, which was 14.2 and 8.5 times that of PtCu NPs and commercial Pt/C, respectively. The specific activity of UsPtCu@C was 3.7 mA/cmpt2, which was 2.1 and 2.3 times that of PtCu NPs and commercial Pt/C, respectively. The onset potential (Eon-set) of UsPtCu@C for the oxygen-reduction reaction was 0.96 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), which was 110 and 60 mV higher than PtCu and commercial Pt/C, respectively. The half-wave potentials (E1/2) of UsPtCu@C, PtCu, and Pt/C were 0.88, 0.56, and 0.82 V (vs RHE), respectively, which indicated that the UsPtCu@C catalyst had an excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yancheng Institute of Technology , Yancheng 224051 , P. R. China
| | - Mengxi Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China
| | - Peiwen Li
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China
| | - Rumeng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China
| | - Haiou Song
- School of Environment , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210097 , P. R. China
| | - Kuan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy & Power Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , P. R. China
| | - Shupeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , P. R. China
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Kong Z, Maswadeh Y, Vargas JA, Shan S, Wu ZP, Kareem H, Leff AC, Tran DT, Chang F, Yan S, Nam S, Zhao X, Lee JM, Luo J, Shastri S, Yu G, Petkov V, Zhong CJ. Origin of High Activity and Durability of Twisty Nanowire Alloy Catalysts under Oxygen Reduction and Fuel Cell Operating Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1287-1299. [PMID: 31885267 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control the surface composition and morphology of alloy catalysts is critical for achieving high activity and durability of catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and fuel cells. This report describes an efficient surfactant-free synthesis route for producing a twisty nanowire (TNW) shaped platinum-iron (PtFe) alloy catalyst (denoted as PtFe TNWs) with controllable bimetallic compositions. PtFe TNWs with an optimal initial composition of ∼24% Pt are shown to exhibit the highest mass activity (3.4 A/mgPt, ∼20 times higher than that of commercial Pt catalyst) and the highest durability (<2% loss of activity after 40 000 cycles and <30% loss after 120 000 cycles) among all PtFe-based nanocatalysts under ORR or fuel cell operating conditions reported so far. Using ex situ and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled with atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis and 3D modeling, the PtFe TNWs are shown to exhibit mixed face-centered cubic (fcc)-body-centered cubic (bcc) alloy structure and a significant lattice strain. A striking finding is that the activity strongly depends on the composition of the as-synthesized catalysts and this dependence remains unchanged despite the evolution of the composition of the different catalysts and their lattice constants under ORR or fuel cell operating conditions. Notably, dealloying under fuel cell operating condition starts at phase-segregated domain sites leading to a final fcc alloy structure with subtle differences in surface morphology. Due to a subsequent realloying and the morphology of TNWs, the surface lattice strain observed with the as-synthesized catalysts is largely preserved. This strain and the particular facets exhibited by the TNWs are believed to be responsible for the observed activity and durability enhancements. These findings provide new insights into the correlation between the structure, activity, and durability of nanoalloy catalysts and are expected to energize the ongoing effort to develop highly active and durable low-Pt-content nanowire catalysts by controlling their alloy structure and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China.,Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Yazan Maswadeh
- Department of Physics , Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , Michigan 48859 , United States
| | - Jorge A Vargas
- Department of Physics , Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , Michigan 48859 , United States
| | - Shiyao Shan
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Zhi-Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Haval Kareem
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory , FCDD-RLS-DE , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Asher C Leff
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory , FCDD-RLS-DE , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Dat T Tran
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory , FCDD-RLS-DE , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - Fangfang Chang
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Sanghyun Nam
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Xingfang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Jason M Lee
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Jin Luo
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Sarvjit Shastri
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China
| | - Valeri Petkov
- Department of Physics , Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , Michigan 48859 , United States
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhong
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
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10
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Zhao Q, Wang C, Wang H, Wang J, Tang Y, Mao Z, Sasaki K. Synthesis of a high-performance low-platinum PtAg/C alloyed oxygen reduction catalyst through the gradual reduction method. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A low-platinum PtAg/C catalyst with excellent ORR activity and durability in acid is demonstrated to be promising for ORR catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
- INET
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
- INET
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | | | - Jianlong Wang
- Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
- INET
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
- INET
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zongqiang Mao
- Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
- INET
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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11
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Park HU, Park AH, Shi W, Park GG, Kwon YU. Ternary core-shell PdM@Pt (M = Mn and Fe) nanoparticle electrocatalysts with enhanced ORR catalytic properties. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104673. [PMID: 31554145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce composition-tunable core-shell-like PdM@Pt (M = Mn and Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) on carbon support (PdM@Pt/C) synthesized by one-pot sonochemical reactions using high-intensity ultrasonic probe (150 W, 20 kHz, with 13 mm solid probe) and investigate their electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The core-shell-like structure of the NPs are evidenced by the elemental distribution maps obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy equipped on scanning transmission electron microscopy. Based on the characterization data, PdM@Pt NPs were synthesized with variable elemental compositions (Pd49Fe21@Pt30, Pd17Fe31@Pt52, Pd46Mn6@Pt48 and Pd15Mn5@Pt80). All PdM@Pt samples are composed of large (~10 nm) and small (~3 nm) NPs, the large ones appear to be aggregates of the smaller ones, and the proportion of the larger NPs increases with the Pd content, which can be explained with the known mechanisms of sonochemical reactions of related systems. Electrochemical analyses on samples show that the ORR mass activity of PdM@Pt/C is 3-fold (normalized by Pt) and 1.7-fold (normalized by platinum group metal (PGM)) higher than those of Pt/C (commercial). All PdM@Pt/C sample show superior durability with the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) change of -4.4-+12.0% and half-wave potential change (ΔE1/2) of 8-14 mV after 10 k cycles accelerated stress test (AST) to Pt/C with ECSA change of -25.6% and ΔE1/2 of 19 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Uk Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu-Gon Park
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Material Science Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Tan SF, Chee SW, Baraissov Z, Jin H, Tan TL, Mirsaidov U. Intermediate Structures of Pt-Ni Nanoparticles during Selective Chemical and Electrochemical Etching. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6090-6096. [PMID: 31532219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Both chemical and electrochemical etching are effective methods for tailoring the surface composition of Pt-based catalytic bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs). However, the detailed nanoscale etching mechanisms, which are needed for achieving fine control over the etch processes, are still not understood. Here, we study selective chemical and electrochemical Ni etching of Pt-Ni rhombic dodecahedron NPs using in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy. Our real-time observations show that the intermediate NP structures evolve differently in the two cases. Chemical etching of Ni starts from localized pits on the NP surface, in contrast to the uniform dissolution of Ni during the electrochemical etching. Our study reveals how oxidative etching participates in the removal of a non-noble metal and the subsequent formation of noble-metal-rich NPs. The mechanistic insights reported here highlight the role of a native surface oxide layer on the etching behavior, which is important for the design of NPs with specific surface composition for applications in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fen Tan
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551 , Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557 , Singapore
| | - See Wee Chee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551 , Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557 , Singapore
| | - Zhaslan Baraissov
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551 , Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557 , Singapore
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Institute of High Performance Computing , Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138632 , Singapore
| | - Teck Leong Tan
- Institute of High Performance Computing , Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138632 , Singapore
| | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551 , Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557 , Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117546 , Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575 , Singapore
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13
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Kim M, Lee C, Ko SM, Nam JM. Metal alloy hybrid nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic activities in fuel cell applications. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Park J, Kwon T, Kim J, Jin H, Kim HY, Kim B, Joo SH, Lee K. Hollow nanoparticles as emerging electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversion reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8173-8202. [PMID: 30009297 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00336j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the realization of clean and sustainable energy conversion systems primarily requires the development of highly efficient catalysts, one of the main issues had been designing the structure of the catalysts to fulfill minimum cost as well as maximum performance. Until now, noble metal-based nanocatalysts had shown outstanding performances toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the scarcity and high cost of them impeded their practical use. Recently, hollow nanostructures including nanocages and nanoframes had emerged as a burgeoning class of promising electrocatalysts. The hollow nanostructures could expose a high proportion of active surfaces while saving the amounts of expensive noble metals. In this review, we introduced recent advances in the synthetic methodologies for generating noble metal-based hollow nanostructures based on thermodynamic and kinetic approaches. We summarized electrocatalytic applications of hollow nanostructures toward the ORR, OER, and HER. We next provided strategies that could endow structural robustness to the flimsy structural nature of hollow structures. Finally, we concluded this review with perspectives to facilitate the development of hollow nanostructure-based catalysts for energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsik Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Cheng N, Zhang L, Mi S, Jiang H, Hu Y, Jiang H, Li C. L1 2 Atomic Ordered Substrate Enhanced Pt-Skin Cu 3Pt Catalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38015-38023. [PMID: 30360067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Constructing Pt skin on intermetallics has been confirmed as an efficient strategy to boost oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. However, there still lacks a systematic study on revealing the influence of low-Pt-content intermetallic substrates (L12-PtM3). In this paper, Pt skin-encapsulated low-Pt-mole-fraction L12 Cu3Pt has been constructed (denoted as Pt-o-Cu3Pt/C) and compared with its disordered analogue (denoted as Pt-d-Cu3Pt/C). The L12 substrate shows a contracted lattice structure and provides Pt-o-Cu3Pt/C with an excellent specific activity of 1.73 mA cm-2, which is 1.4- and 8.4-fold higher than that of Pt-d-Cu3Pt/C and commercial Pt/C, respectively. Density functional theory calculations reveal that this superior performance is attributed to the more favorable oxygen adsorption energy of surface Pt atoms. Furthermore, the lower formation energy of L12 Cu3Pt combined with the enhanced antioxygenation of Pt provide Pt-o-Cu3Pt/C with a superior durability, showing only a 12.5% loss in mass activity after 5000 potential cycles. Therefore, it is suggested that L12 atomic ordered structure with a low Pt fraction is a promising substrate for building high-performance Pt-skin catalysts for ORR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Shuying Mi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yanjie Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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16
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17
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Huang R, Wen YH, Shao GF, Sun SG. Atomic structure and thermal stability of Pt-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: from alloy to core/shell architectures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:17010-7. [PMID: 27297782 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles comprising noble metal and non-noble metal have attracted intense interest over the past few decades due to their low cost and significantly enhanced catalytic performances. In this article, we have explored the atomic structure and thermal stability of Pt-Fe alloy and core-shell nanoparticles by molecular dynamics simulations. In Fe-core/Pt-shell nanoparticles, Fe with three different structures, i.e., body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and amorphous phases, has been considered. Our results show that Pt-Fe alloy is the most stable configuration among the four types of bimetallic nanoparticles. It has been discovered that the amorphous Fe cannot stably exist in the core and preferentially transforms into the fcc phase. The phase transition from bcc to hexagonal close packed (hcp) has also been observed in bcc-Fe-core/Pt-shell nanoparticles. In contrast, Fe with the fcc structure is the most preferred as the core component. These findings are helpful for understanding the structure-property relationships of Pt-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles, and are also of significance to the synthesis and application of noble metal based nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yu-Hua Wen
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Gui-Fang Shao
- Research Center for Cloud Computing and Big Data, Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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18
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Mansouri A, Semagina N. Palladium islands on iron oxide nanoparticles for hydrodesulfurization catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of thin Pd islands on iron oxide nanoparticles results in a 4-fold activity enhancement in HDS and suppresses cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mansouri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Natalia Semagina
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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19
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Tellez-Cruz MM, Padilla-Islas MA, Pérez-González M, Solorza-Feria O. Comparative study of different carbon-supported Fe 2O 3-Pt catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25682-25692. [PMID: 27502565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges in electrocatalysis is the adequate dispersion of the catalyst on an appropriate porous support matrix, being up to now the most commonly used the carbon-based supports. To overcome this challenge, carbon supports must first be functionalized to guide the catalyst's nucleation, thereby, improving the dispersion and allowing the use of smaller amount of the catalyst material to achieve a higher electrochemically active surface area. This study present the effect of functionalized Vulcan carbon XC72 (FVC) and functionalized Black Pearl carbon (FBPC) as supports on the catalytic activity of decorated Fe2O3 with Pt. Both carbons were functionalized with HNO3 and subsequently treated with ethanolamine. Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction and decorated with platinum by epitaxial growth. Pt and Fe2O3 structural phases were identified by XRD and XPS; the Pt content was measured by XPS, and results showed to a high Pt content in Fe2O3-Pt/FBPC. TEM micrographs reveal nanoparticles with an average size of 2 nm in both supported catalysts. The Fe2O3-Pt/FVC catalyst presents the highest specific activity and mass activity, 0.21 mA cm-2Pt and 140 mA mgPt-1, respectively, associated to the appropriate distribution of platinum on the Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Tellez-Cruz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, CP 14-740, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M A Padilla-Islas
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, CP 14-740, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - O Solorza-Feria
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, CP 14-740, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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20
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Petkov V, Prasai B, Shastri S, Park HU, Kwon YU, Skumryev V. Ensemble averaged structure-function relationship for nanocrystals: effective superparamagnetic Fe clusters with catalytically active Pt skin. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15505-15514. [PMID: 28980693 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Practical applications require the production and usage of metallic nanocrystals (NCs) in large ensembles. Besides, due to their cluster-bulk solid duality, metallic NCs exhibit a large degree of structural diversity. This poses the question as to what atomic-scale basis is to be used when the structure-function relationship for metallic NCs is to be quantified precisely. We address the question by studying bi-functional Fe core-Pt skin type NCs optimized for practical applications. In particular, the cluster-like Fe core and skin-like Pt surface of the NCs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and a superb catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, respectively. We determine the atomic-scale structure of the NCs by non-traditional resonant high-energy X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution function analysis. Using the experimental structure data we explain the observed magnetic and catalytic behavior of the NCs in a quantitative manner. Thus we demonstrate that NC ensemble-averaged 3D positions of atoms obtained by advanced X-ray scattering techniques are a very proper basis for not only establishing but also quantifying the structure-function relationship for the increasingly complex metallic NCs explored for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Petkov
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA.
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21
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Hu S, Cheng K, Ribeiro EL, Park K, Khomami B, Mukherjee D. A facile and surfactant-free route for nanomanufacturing of tailored ternary nanoalloys as superior oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation synthesis in solution-galvanic replacement reaction (LASiS-GRR) enables tuning of elemental ratios and bonding properties for Pt based ternary nanoalloys as ORR electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Nano-BioMaterials Laboratory for Energy, Energetics & Environment (nbml-E3)
| | - Kangming Cheng
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Nano-BioMaterials Laboratory for Energy, Energetics & Environment (nbml-E3)
| | - Erick L. Ribeiro
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Nano-BioMaterials Laboratory for Energy, Energetics & Environment (nbml-E3)
| | - Kiman Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Nano-BioMaterials Laboratory for Energy, Energetics & Environment (nbml-E3)
| | - Bamin Khomami
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Dibyendu Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
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22
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Khan IA, Qian Y, Badshah A, Zhao D, Nadeem MA. Fabrication of Highly Stable and Efficient PtCu Alloy Nanoparticles on Highly Porous Carbon for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20793-20801. [PMID: 27467199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Boosting the durability of Pt nanoparticles by controlling the composition and morphology is extremely important for fuel cells commercialization. We deposit the Pt-Cu alloy nanoparticles over high surface area carbon in different metallic molar ratios and optimize the conditions to achieve desired material. The novel bimetallic electro-catalyst {Pt-Cu/PC-950 (15:15%)} offers exceptional electrocatalytic activity when tested for both oxygen reduction reaction and methanol oxidation reactions. A high mass activity of 0.043 mA/μgPt (based on Pt mass) is recorded for ORR. An outstanding longevity of this electro-catalyst is noticed when compared to 20 wt % Pt loaded either on PC-950 or commercial carbon. The high surface area carbon support offers enhanced activity and prevents the nanoparticles from agglomeration, migration, and dissolution as evident by TEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ali Khan
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Yuhong Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Amin Badshah
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Muhammad Arif Nadeem
- Catalysis and Nanomaterials Lab 27, Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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23
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Abstract
Exploring the novel shape of Pt nanoparticles is one of the most useful ways to improve the electrocatalytic performance of Pt in fuel cells. In this work, the Pt nanopeanuts consisting of two nanospheres grown together have been fabricated through a two-step polyol method. The high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrum collected at adjacent part point out the Pt nanopeanut is apparently different from the two physical attached nanospheres. To understand the growth mechanism of this nanopeanut, the final products in different synthesis situations are studied. The results indicate the interesting morphology of Pt nanopeanuts mainly benefit from the chemical reagent (FeCl3) while the size and homogeneity are greatly affected by the temperature. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity of the Pt nanopeanuts has also been demonstrated here. Our two-step synthesis of Pt nanopeanuts not only enlarges the group of Pt nanoparticles, but also provides a beneficial strategy for the synthesis of novel metal nanoparticles.
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24
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Narayanamoorthy B, Linkov V, Sita C, Pasupathi S. Pt3M (M: Co, Ni and Fe) Bimetallic Alloy Nanoclusters as Support-Free Electrocatalysts with Improved Activity and Durability for Dioxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-016-0318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Vishwasrao HM, Master AM, Seo YG, Liu XM, Pothayee N, Zhou Z, Yuan D, Boska MD, Bronich TK, Davis RM, Riffle JS, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Kabanov AV. Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone-Targeted Cisplatin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoclusters for Simultaneous MR Imaging and Chemotherapy of Ovarian Cancer. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 28:3024-3040. [PMID: 37405207 PMCID: PMC10317193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the superior soft tissue contrasts obtained by MRI and the long residence times of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in soft tissues, MNP-based theranostic systems are being developed for simultaneous imaging and treatment. However, development of such theranostic nanoformulations presents significant challenges of balancing the therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities in order to achieve optimum effect from both. Here we developed a simple theranostic nanoformulation based on magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) stabilized by a bisphosphonate-modified poly(glutamic acid)-b-(ethylene glycol) block copolymer and complexed with cisplatin. The MNCs were decorated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) to target LHRH receptors (LHRHr) overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells. The targeted MNCs significantly improved the uptake of the drug in cancer cells and decreased its IC50 compared to the nontargeted formulations. Also, the enhanced LHRHr-mediated uptake of the targeted MNCs resulted in enhancement in the T2-weighted negative contrast in cellular phantom gels. Taken together, the LHRH-conjugated MNCs show good potential as ovarian cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant M. Vishwasrao
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alyssa M. Master
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Youn Gee Seo
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xinming M. Liu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Nikorn Pothayee
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Tatiana K. Bronich
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Richey M. Davis
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Judy S. Riffle
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
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26
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Fu S, Zhu C, Du D, Lin Y. Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activities of PtCuCoNi Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Quaternary Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6110-6116. [PMID: 26871864 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Control of morphology and composition could precisely and efficiently alter the catalytic properties of Pt-based materials, improving the electrocatalytic activity and durability. Here we proposed a rapid, controllable synthesis of three-dimensional PtCuCoNi quaternary alloys with low Pt-group metal, which were directly synthesized by reducing metal precursors in aqueous solution. The resultant quaternary alloys show excellent oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reaction activities in acid solution. By rational tuning of the composition of PtCuCoNi alloys, they achieved a mass activity of 0.72 A/mgPt on the basis of Pt mass for oxygen reduction reaction. Moreover, the durability is also higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. These PtCuCoNi quaternary alloys characterized by three-dimensional porous nanostructures hold attractive promise as substitutes for carbon-supported Pt catalysts with improved activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Fu
- The School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- The School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dan Du
- The School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yuehe Lin
- The School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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27
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Abstract
To understand the origin of the physicochemical nature of bimetallic PdPt nanoparticles, we theoretically investigated the phase stability and electronic structure employing the PdPt nanoparticles models consisting of 711 atoms (ca. 3 nm). For the Pd-Pt core-shell nanoparticle, the PdPt solid-solution phase was found to be a thermodynamically stable phase in the nanoparticle as the result of difference in surface energy of Pd and Pt nanoparticles and configurational entropy effect, while it is well known that the Pd and Pt are the immiscible combination in the bulk phase. The electronic structure of nanoparticles is conducted to find that the electron transfer occurs locally within surface and subsurface layers. In addition, the electron transfer from Pd to Pt at the interfacial layers in core-shell nanoparticles is observed, which leads to unique geometrical and electronic structure changes. Our results show a clue for the tunability of the electronic structure of nanoparticles by controlling the arrangement in the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Ishimoto
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Michihisa Koyama
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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28
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Lee E, Kwon YU. Multi-component electrocatalyst for low-temperature fuel cells synthesized via sonochemical reactions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 29:401-412. [PMID: 26585021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances in multi-component electrocatalysts for low-temperature fuel cells (FCs) synthesized via sonochemical reactions. As a feasible approach to develop novel electrocatalysts that can overcome the many problems of the prevailing Pt electrocatalysts, Pt- or Pd-based alloy and core-shell M@Pt nanoparticles (NPs) have been pursued. Synthesizing NPs with desirable properties often turn out to be challenging. Sonochemistry generates extreme conditions via acoustic cavitation, which have been utilized in the syntheses of various Pt and Pd NPs and Pt- and Pd-based alloy NPs. Especially, it has been reported that several M@Pt core-shell NPs can be synthesized by sonochemistry, which is hard to achieve by other methods. The principles of sonochemistry are presented with examples. Also alloy NPs and core-shell NPs synthesized by sonochemistry and those by other methods are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjik Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Kwon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Shao M, Chang Q, Dodelet JP, Chenitz R. Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3594-657. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2698] [Impact Index Per Article: 337.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Shao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qiaowan Chang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jean-Pol Dodelet
- INRS-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650, boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Regis Chenitz
- INRS-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650, boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
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30
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Guo W, Ma X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yu D, He X. Spinel CoMn2O4 nanoparticles supported on a nitrogen and phosphorus dual doped graphene aerogel as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy was developed for the preparation of a robust spinel CoMn2O4 nanoparticles supported on N, P-codoped GA catalyst with superior ORR activity, excellent stability and good tolerance of methanol crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xianlei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Dingling Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xingquan He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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31
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Lee E, Kwon YU. Epitaxial growth of Pd nanoparticles on molybdenum disulfide by sonochemistry and its effects on electrocatalysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the epitaxial growth of Pd nanoparticles on MoS2 surface and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjik Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Kwon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
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32
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Monteverde Videla AH, Osmieri L, Armandi M, Specchia S. Varying the morphology of Fe-N-C electrocatalysts by templating Iron Phthalocyanine precursor with different porous SiO 2 to promote the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Huang R, Shao GF, Wen YH, Sun SG. Tunable thermodynamic stability of Au-CuPt core-shell trimetallic nanoparticles by controlling the alloy composition: insights from atomistic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:22754-61. [PMID: 25234428 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02930e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microscopic understanding of the thermal stability of metallic core-shell nanoparticles is of importance for their synthesis and ultimately application in catalysis. In this article, molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate the thermodynamic evolution of Au-CuPt core-shell trimetallic nanoparticles with various Cu/Pt ratios during heating processes. Our results show that the thermodynamic stability of these nanoparticles is remarkably enhanced upon rising Pt compositions in the CuPt shell. The melting of all the nanoparticles initiates at surface and gradually spreads into the core. Due to the lattice mismatch among Au, Cu and Pt, stacking faults have been observed in the shell and their numbers are associated with the Cu/Pt ratios. With the increasing temperature, they have reduced continuously for the Cu-dominated shell while more stacking faults have been produced for the Pt-dominated shell because of the significantly different thermal expansion coefficients of the three metals. Beyond the overall melting, all nanoparticles transform into a trimetallic mixing alloy coated by an Au-dominated surface. This work provides a fundamental perspective on the thermodynamic behaviors of trimetallic, even multimetallic, nanoparticles at the atomistic level, indicating that controlling the alloy composition is an effective strategy to realize tunable thermal stability of metallic nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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34
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Cao K, Zhu Q, Shan B, Chen R. Controlled Synthesis of Pd/Pt Core Shell Nanoparticles Using Area-selective Atomic Layer Deposition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8470. [PMID: 25683469 PMCID: PMC4329547 DOI: 10.1038/srep08470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an atomic scale controllable synthesis of Pd/Pt core shell nanoparticles (NPs) via area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a modified surface. The method involves utilizing octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to modify the surface. Take the usage of pinholes on SAMs as active sites for the initial core nucleation, and subsequent selective deposition of the second metal as the shell layer. Since new nucleation sites can be effectively blocked by surface ODTS SAMs in the second deposition stage, we demonstrate the successful growth of Pd/Pt and Pt/Pd NPs with uniform core shell structures and narrow size distribution. The size, shell thickness and composition of the NPs can be controlled precisely by varying the ALD cycles. Such core shell structures can be realized by using regular ALD recipes without special adjustment. This SAMs assisted area-selective ALD method of core shell structure fabrication greatly expands the applicability of ALD in fabricating novel structures and can be readily applied to the growth of NPs with other compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cao
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering [2] State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China 430074
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering [2] State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China 430074
| | - Bin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China 430074
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering
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35
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ISHIMOTO T, INADOMI Y, HONDA H, KOYAMA M. Parallel Performance Analysis for Electronic Structure Calculation of Metal Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2015-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi ISHIMOTO
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yuichi INADOMI
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of I&E visionaries, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki HONDA
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Research Institute for Information Technology, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Michihisa KOYAMA
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Zhu J, Xiao M, Li K, Liu C, Xing W. Superior electrocatalytic activity from nanodendritic structure consisting of a PtFe bimetallic core and Pt shell. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3215-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel PtFe@Pt core–shell nanostructure with a PtFe bimetallic core and a nanodendrite Pt shell was fabricated through a facile aqueous reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Meiling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Changpeng Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Power Sources
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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Kannan R, Silva AA, Cardoso FM, Gupta G, Aslam Z, Sharma S, Steinberger-Wilckens R. Study of FePt deposited reduced graphene oxide's utility as a catalyst towards oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05418d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The durability of 4–6 nm sized FePt catalyst particles improved significantly with reduced graphene oxide as the support in comparison to graphitic carbon and commercial PtC (2–3 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kannan
- Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - A. A. Silva
- Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - F. M. Cardoso
- Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - G. Gupta
- Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | | | - S. Sharma
- Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - R. Steinberger-Wilckens
- Centre for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
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Zou L, Li J, Yuan T, Zhou Y, Li X, Yang H. Structural transformation of carbon-supported Pt₃Cr nanoparticles from a disordered to an ordered phase as a durable oxygen reduction electrocatalyst. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10686-10692. [PMID: 25092107 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The sluggish oxygen reduction kinetics and insufficient durability of cathode catalysts restrict the practical application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This study focuses on the structural transformation of carbon-supported Pt₃Cr from a disordered to an ordered phase and on the effect of such structural transformation on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results confirm the formation of carbon-supported Pt₃Cr intermetallic nanoparticles with a mean particle size of ca. 7.2 nm. Line scanning EDX reveals that the practical Pt-Cr atomic ratio is approximately 3 : 1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the proportion of metallic Pt increases while the binding energy of Pt 4f decreases with such structural transformation. The Pt₃Cr/C intermetallic nanoparticles exhibit enhanced mass and specific activities toward the ORR compared with commercial Pt/C but slightly lower mass activity than the disordered Pt₃Cr/C alloy nanoparticles. After the accelerated durability test for 5000 cycles, the Pt₃Cr intermetallic nanoparticles displayed negligible decay in ORR mass activity; however the ORR mass activity on the isordered Pt₃Cr alloy decreases to ca. 50%. Much enhanced durability of the Pt₃Cr/C intermetallic nanoparticles toward the ORR is definitely caused by the much higher structural and compositional stabilities of the Pt₃Cr/C intermetallic nanoparticles than that of the disordered Pt3Cr/C alloy nanoparticles, suggesting that the Pt₃Cr intermetallic nanoparticles may serve as highly active and durable ORR electrocatalysts for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zou
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201210, China.
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Al13@Pt42 core-shell cluster for oxygen reduction reaction. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5205. [PMID: 24902886 PMCID: PMC5381497 DOI: 10.1038/srep05205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase Pt utilization for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, reducing particle sizes of Pt is a valid way. However, poisoning or surface oxidation limits the smallest size of Pt particles at 2.6 nm with a low utility of 20%. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we develop a core-shell Al13@Pt42 cluster as a catalyst for ORR. Benefit from alloying with Al in this cluster, the covalent Pt-Al bonding effectively activates the Pt atoms at the edge sites, enabling its high utility up to 70%. Valuably, the adsorption energy of O is located at the optimal range with 0.0–0.4 eV weaker than Pt(111), while OH-poisoning does not observed. Moreover, ORR comes from O2 dissociation mechanism where the rate-limiting step is located at OH formation from O and H with a barrier of 0.59 eV, comparable with 0.50 eV of OH formation from O and H2O on Pt(111).
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Heteroatoms ternary-doped porous carbons derived from MOFs as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5130. [PMID: 24875253 PMCID: PMC4038808 DOI: 10.1038/srep05130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) ternary-doped metal-free porous carbon materials have been successfully synthesized using MOFs as templates (denoted as NPS-C-MOF-5) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for the first time. The influences of porous carbons from carbonizing different MOFs and carbonization temperature on ORR have been systematically investigated. Due to the synergistic effect of N, P and S ternary-doping, the NPS-C-MOF-5 catalyst shows a higher onset potential as a metal-free electrocatalyst for ORR among the currently reported metal-free electrocatalysts, very close to the commercial Pt-C catalyst. In particular, the kinetic limiting current density of NPS-C-MOF-5 catalyst at −0.6 V is up to approximate −11.6 mA cm−2, which is 1.2 times higher than that of the commercial Pt-C catalyst. Furthermore, the outstanding methanol tolerance and excellent long-term stability of NPS-C-MOF-5 are superior to those of the commercial Pt-C catalyst for ORR in alkaline media.
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