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Jeong JM, Sohn M, Bang J, Lee TI, Kim MS. Fast, facile and thermal damage free nanowelding of Ag nanowire for flexible transparent conductive film by pressure-assisted microwave irradiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14354. [PMID: 37658105 PMCID: PMC10474110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast and straightforward fabrication process for producing a robust, flexible, and transparent conductive film was demonstrated using nanowelding of Ag nanowires through pressure-assisted microwave irradiation. This innovative process effectively reduces the sheet resistance of the Ag nanowire transparent conductive film without causing any thermal distortion to the PET substrate. The microwave irradiation induces nanowelding between Ag nanowires, leading to a decrease in sheet resistance by forming nanowelding junctions. This selective heating of Ag nanowires further enhances the reduction in sheet resistance. Additionally, the application of pressure-assisted microwave irradiation allows the Ag nanowires to be embedded into the PET substrate, resulting in the formation of a robust film capable of withstanding cycling bending stress. The pressure-assisted microwave irradiation process proves to be a strong fabrication method for creating Ag nanowire transparent conductive films, especially when dealing with thermally weak substrate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Jeong
- Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Sohn
- Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Bang
- Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ik Lee
- Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Su Kim
- Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yang Y, Duan S, Zhao H. Advances in constructing silver nanowire-based conductive pathways for flexible and stretchable electronics. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11484-11511. [PMID: 35912705 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02475f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With their soaring technological demand, flexible and stretchable electronics have attracted many researchers' attention for a variety of applications. The challenge which was identified a decade ago and still remains, however, is that the conventional electrodes based on indium tin oxide (ITO) are not suitable for ultra-flexible electronic devices. The main reason is that ITO is brittle and expensive, limiting device performance and application. Thus, it is crucial to develop new materials and processes to construct flexible and stretchable electrodes with superior quality for next-generation soft devices. Herein, various types of conductive nanomaterials as candidates for flexible and stretchable electrodes are briefly reviewed. Among them, silver nanowire (AgNW) is selected as the focus of this review, on account of its excellent conductivity, superior flexibility, high technological maturity, and significant presence in the research community. To fabricate a reliable AgNW-based conductive network for electrodes, different processing technologies are introduced, and the corresponding characteristics are compared and discussed. Furthermore, this review summarizes strategies and the latest progress in enhancing the conductive pathway. Finally, we showcase some exemplary applications and provide some perspectives about the remaining technical challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Yang
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Shun Duan
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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3
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Ma C, Liu YF, Bi YG, Zhang XL, Yin D, Feng J, Sun HB. Recent progress in post treatment of silver nanowire electrodes for optoelectronic device applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12423-12437. [PMID: 34259675 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the economical and practical solution synthesis and coating strategies, silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been considered as one of the most suitable alternative materials to replace commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes. The primitive AgNW electrode cannot meet the requirements for preparing high performance optoelectronic devices due to its high contact resistance, large surface roughness and poor stability. Thus, various post-treatments for AgNW film optimization are needed before its actual applications, such as welding treatment to decrease contact resistance and passivation to increase film stability. This review investigates recent progress on the preparation and optimization of AgNWs. Moreover, some unique fabrication strategies to produce highly oriented AgNW films with unique anisotropic properties have also been carried out with detailed analysis. The representative devices based on the AgNW electrode have been summarized and discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
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4
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Moreira IP, Sanivada UK, Bessa J, Cunha F, Fangueiro R. A Review of Multiple Scale Fibrous and Composite Systems for Heating Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123686. [PMID: 34208738 PMCID: PMC8234445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of heating systems have been developed lately, representing a growing interest in both the academic and industrial sectors. Based on the Joule effect, fibrous structures can produce heat once an electrical current is passed, whereby different approaches have been followed. For that purpose, materials with electrical and thermal conductivity have been explored, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, intrinsically conducting polymers, fibers or hybrids. We review the usage of these emerging nanomaterials at the nanoscale and processed up to the macroscale to create heaters. In addition to fibrous systems, the creation of composite systems for electrical and thermal conductivity enhancement has also been highly studied. Different techniques can be used to create thin film heaters or heating textiles, as opposed to the conventional textile technologies. The combination of nanoscale and microscale materials gives the best heating performances, and some applications have already been proven, even though some effort is still needed to reach the industry level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pimentel Moreira
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.B.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Usha Kiran Sanivada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - João Bessa
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Fernando Cunha
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Raul Fangueiro
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (I.P.M.); (R.F.)
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5
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Cai Y, Piao X, Yao X, Gao W, Nie E, Zhang Z, Sun Z. Transparent conductive film based on silver nanowires and single-wall carbon nanotubes for transparent heating films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:225201. [PMID: 30731433 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, hybrid transparent conductive films (TCFs) are designed by combining silver nanowires with the single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the transparent heating films (THFs) based on the TCFs are evaluated for possible vehicle applications. By comparing the properties, including the transmittance, sheet resistance, microstructure and heating curves, we found that the SWCNTs/AgNWs are considerably suitable for making THFs. The after-treatment methods, such as physical method (hot roll pressing) and chemical method (nitric acid and Poly (diallydimethylammonium chloride) solution, (PDAC)) were researched in detail to optimize the sheet resistance and transparency to fit the THF requirements. A careful study of the different after-treatment methods revealed that hot roll pressing can quickly and efficiently improve the properties, while the nitric acid is more helpful than PDAC for the long-term stability. The results showed that a small amount of SWCNTs addition can promote the endurable maximum electric current by spreading the heat fast and efficiently, and the maximum current flow can be as high as 4 A. The thermal stability of the THFs and the de-frog performance were tested, indicating that the hybrid film had an advantage in resisting current shock and good thermal efficiency was obtained. The fabricated TCFs of stable thermal properties are qualified as a windshield-glass heater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguo Cai
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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6
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Accelerated Curing and Enhanced Material Properties of Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites by Joule Heating. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091775. [PMID: 30235801 PMCID: PMC6165553 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Joule heating is useful for fast and reliable manufacturing of conductive composite materials. In this study, we investigated the influence of Joule heating on curing conditions and material properties of polymer-based conductive composite materials consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We applied different voltages to the CNT nanocomposites to investigate their electrical stabilization, curing temperature, and curing time. The result showed that highly conductive CNT/PDMS composites were successfully cured by Joule heating with uniform and fast heat distribution. For a 7.0 wt % CNT/PDMS composite, a high curing temperature of around 100 °C was achieved at 20 V with rapid temperature increase. The conductive nanocomposite cured by Joule heating also revealed an enhancement in mechanical properties without changing the electrical conductivities. Therefore, CNT/PDMS composites cured by Joule heating are useful for expediting the manufacturing process for particulate conductive composites in the field of flexible and large-area sensors and electronics, where fast and uniform curing is critical to their performance.
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7
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Lu H, Ren X, Ouyang D, Choy WCH. Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703140. [PMID: 29356408 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging novel metal electrodes not only serve as the collector of free charge carriers, but also function as light trapping designs in photovoltaics. As a potential alternative to commercial indium tin oxide, transparent electrodes composed of metal nanowire, metal mesh, and ultrathin metal film are intensively investigated and developed for achieving high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, light trapping designs via patterning of the back thick metal electrode into different nanostructures, which can deliver a considerable efficiency improvement of photovoltaic devices, contribute by the plasmon-enhanced light-mattering interactions. Therefore, here the recent works of metal-based transparent electrodes and patterned back electrodes in photovoltaics are reviewed, which may push the future development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Ren
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dan Ouyang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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8
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Choi SJ, Choi HJ, Koo WT, Huh D, Lee H, Kim ID. Metal-Organic Framework-Templated PdO-Co 3O 4 Nanocubes Functionalized by SWCNTs: Improved NO 2 Reaction Kinetics on Flexible Heating Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40593-40603. [PMID: 29083142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Detection and control of air quality are major concerns in recent years for environmental monitoring and healthcare. In this work, we developed an integrated sensor architecture comprised of nanostructured composite sensing layers and a flexible heating substrate for portable and real-time detection of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). As sensing layers, PdO-infiltrated Co3O4 hollow nanocubes (PdO-Co3O4 HNCs) were prepared by calcination of Pd-embedded Co-based metal-organic framework polyhedron particles. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were functionalized with PdO-Co3O4 HNCs to control conductivity of sensing layers. As a flexible heating substrate, the Ni mesh electrode covered with a 40 nm thick Au layer (i.e., Ni(core)/Au(shell) mesh) was embedded in a colorless polyimide (cPI) film. As a result, SWCNT-functionalized PdO-Co3O4 HNCs sensor exhibited improved NO2 detection property at 100 °C, with high sensitivity (S) of 44.11% at 20 ppm and a low detection limit of 1 ppm. The accelerated reaction and recovery kinetics toward NO2 of SWCNT-functionalized PdO-Co3O4 HNCs were achieved by generating heat on the Ni(core)/Au(shell) mesh-embedded cPI substrate. The SWCNT-functionalized porous metal oxide sensing layers integrated on the mechanically stable Ni(core)/Au(shell) mesh heating substrate can be envisioned as an essential sensing platform for realization of low-temperature operation wearable chemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tae Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daihong Huh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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9
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Choi H, Seok Woo J, Tark Han J, Park SY. Fabrication of water-dispersible single-walled carbon nanotube powder using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:465706. [PMID: 29063866 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8c24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion of nanocarbon materials in liquid media, via solution processing such as spraying, printing, spinning, etc. is one of the prerequisites for practical applications. Here we report that water-dispersible single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were prepared through successive treatments with chlorosulfuric acid (CSA)/H2O2 and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) monohydrate. The powder of the CSA/H2O2- and NMO-treated SWCNTs (N-SWCNTs) could be readily redispersed in water in concentrations as high as 1 g l-1 without requiring a dispersant. The mechanism responsible for the high dispersity of the N-SWCNT powder in polar solvents, including water, was elucidated based on the high polarity of the NMO molecule. In order to highlight the wide applicability of the N-SWCNTs, they were used successfully to prepare conducting thin films by spray-coating plastic substrates with an aqueous hybrid solution containing the N-SWCNTs and Ag nanowires (NWs). In addition, a flexible, large-area thin-film heater was prepared based on the N-SWCNT/AgNW hybrid film with a transmittance of 93% and sheet resistance of 30 Ω sq-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejun Choi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, #1370 Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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10
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Khaligh HH, Xu L, Khosropour A, Madeira A, Romano M, Pradére C, Tréguer-Delapierre M, Servant L, Pope MA, Goldthorpe IA. The Joule heating problem in silver nanowire transparent electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:425703. [PMID: 28930100 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7f34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have shown considerable potential to replace conventional transparent conductive materials. However, in this report we show that Joule heating is a unique and serious problem with these electrodes. When conducting current densities encountered in organic solar cells, the average surface temperature of indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver nanowire electrodes, both with sheet resistances of 60 ohms/square, remains below 35 °C. However, in contrast to ITO, the temperature in the nanowire electrode is very non-uniform, with some localized points reaching temperatures above 250 °C. These hotspots accelerate nanowire degradation, leading to electrode failure after 5 days of continuous current flow. We show that graphene, a commonly used passivation layer for these electrodes, slows nanowire degradation and creates a more uniform surface temperature under current flow. However, the graphene does not prevent Joule heating in the nanowires and local points of high temperature ultimately shift the failure mechanism from nanowire degradation to melting of the underlying plastic substrate. In this paper, surface temperature mapping, lifetime testing under current flow, post-mortem analysis, and modelling illuminate the behaviour and failure mechanisms of nanowires under extended current flow and provide guidelines for managing Joule heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Khaligh
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Jang NS, Kim KH, Ha SH, Jung SH, Lee HM, Kim JM. Simple Approach to High-Performance Stretchable Heaters Based on Kirigami Patterning of Conductive Paper for Wearable Thermotherapy Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19612-19621. [PMID: 28534393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts to develop stretchable resistive heaters open up the possibility for their use in wearable thermotherapy applications. Such heaters should have high electrothermal performance and stability to be used practically, and the fabrication must be simple, economic, reproducible, and scalable. Here we present a simple yet highly efficient way of producing high-performance stretchable heaters, which is based on a facile kirigami pattering (the art of cutting and folding paper) of a highly conductive paper for practical wearable thermotherapy. The resulting kirigami heater exhibits high heating performance at low voltage (>40 °C at 1.2 V) and fast thermal response (<60 s). The simple kirigami patterning approach enables the heater to be extremely stretchable (>400%) while stably retaining its excellent performance. Furthermore, the heater shows the uniform spatial distribution of heat over the whole heating area and is highly durable (1000 cycles at 300% strain). The heater attached to curvilinear body parts shows stable heating performance even under large motions while maintaining intimate conformal contact with the skin thanks to the high stretchability and sufficient restoring force. The usability of the heater as a wearable thermotherapy device is demonstrated by increased blood flow at the wrist during operation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Soo-Ho Jung
- Powder & Ceramics Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science , Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Moon Lee
- Powder & Ceramics Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science , Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
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12
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Woo JS, Lee GW, Park SY, Han JT. Rapid transformation of transparent conducting films into superhydrophobic conductive films. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A smart multifunctional surface of conductive plastics with a superhydrophobic surface can potentially be very useful for electrostatic dissipation, electromagnetic interference shielding, and thin film heater with self-cleaning properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Woo
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
- Major in Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Geon-Woong Lee
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Major in Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Tark Han
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
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13
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Totally embedded hybrid thin films of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires as flat homogenous flexible transparent conductors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38453. [PMID: 27929125 PMCID: PMC5144093 DOI: 10.1038/srep38453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for viable alternatives to today’s transparent conductive film using largely indium tin oxide. We report the fabrication of a new type of flexible transparent conductive film using silver nanowires (AgNW) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks which are fully embedded in a UV curable resin substrate. The hybrid SWCNTs-AgNWs film is relatively flat so that the RMS roughness of the top surface of the film is 3 nm. Addition of SWCNTs networks make the film resistance uniform; without SWCNTs, sheet resistance of the surface composed of just AgNWs in resin varies from 20 Ω/sq to 107 Ω/sq. With addition of SWCNTs embedded in the resin, sheet resistance of the hybrid film is 29 ± 5 Ω/sq and uniform across the 47 mm diameter film discs; further, the optimized film has 85% transparency. Our lamination-transfer UV process doesn’t need solvent for sacrificial substrate removal and leads to good mechanical interlocking of the nano-material networks. Additionally, electrochemical study of the film for supercapacitors application showed an impressive 10 times higher current in cyclic voltammograms compared to the control without SWCNTs. Our fabrication method is simple, cost effective and enables the large-scale fabrication of flat and flexible transparent conductive films.
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14
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Fairfield JA, Rocha CG, O'Callaghan C, Ferreira MS, Boland JJ. Co-percolation to tune conductive behaviour in dynamical metallic nanowire networks. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18516-18523. [PMID: 27782246 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire networks act as self-healing smart materials, whose sheet resistance can be tuned via an externally applied voltage stimulus. This memristive response occurs due to modification of junction resistances to form a connectivity path across the lowest barrier junctions in the network. While most network studies have been performed on expensive noble metal nanowires like silver, networks of inexpensive nickel nanowires with a nickel oxide coating can also demonstrate resistive switching, a common feature of metal oxides with filamentary conduction. However, networks made from solely nickel nanowires have high operation voltages which prohibit large-scale material applications. Here we show, using both experiment and simulation, that a heterogeneous network of nickel and silver nanowires allows optimization of the activation voltage, as well as tuning of the conduction behavior to be either resistive switching, memristive, or a combination of both. Small percentages of silver nanowires, below the percolation threshold, induce these changes in electrical behaviour, even for low area coverage and hence very transparent films. Silver nanowires act as current concentrators, amplifying conductivity locally as shown in our computational dynamical activation framework for networks of junctions. These results demonstrate that a heterogeneous nanowire network can act as a cost-effective adaptive material with minimal use of noble metal nanowires, without losing memristive behaviour that is essential for smart sensing and neuromorphic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fairfield
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C G Rocha
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C O'Callaghan
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - M S Ferreira
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - J J Boland
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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15
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Ackermann T, Neuhaus R, Roth S. The effect of rod orientation on electrical anisotropy in silver nanowire networks for ultra-transparent electrodes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34289. [PMID: 27677947 PMCID: PMC5039631 DOI: 10.1038/srep34289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional networks made of metal nanowires are excellent paradigms for the experimental observation of electrical percolation caused by continuous jackstraw-like physical pathways. Such systems became very interesting as alternative material in transparent electrodes, which are fundamental components in display devices. This work presents the experimental characterization of low-haze and ultra-transparent electrodes based on silver nanowires. The films are created by dip-coating, a feasible and scalable liquid film coating technique. We have found dominant alignment of the silver nanowires in withdrawal direction. The impact of this structural anisotropy on electrical anisotropy becomes more pronounced for low area coverage. The rod alignment does not influence the technical usability of the films as significant electrical anisotropy occurs only at optical transmission higher than 99 %. For films with lower transmission, electrical anisotropy becomes negligible. In addition to the experimental work, we have carried out computational studies in order to explain our findings further and compare them to our experiments and previous literature. This paper presents the first experimental observation of electrical anisotropy in two-dimensional silver nanowire networks close at the percolation threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ackermann
- Graduate School of Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raphael Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Industrial Manufacturing and Management, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 35, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Siegmar Roth
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Sineurop Nanotech GmbH, Muenchner Freiheit 6, 80802 Munich, Germany
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16
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Zhou Y, Azumi R. Carbon nanotube based transparent conductive films: progress, challenges, and perspectives. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2016; 17:493-516. [PMID: 27877899 PMCID: PMC5111561 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2016.1214526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the manufacturing technology of low-cost, high-quality carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are leading to increased industrial applications for this remarkable material. One of the most promising applications, CNT based transparent conductive films (TCFs), are an alternative technology in future electronics to replace traditional TCFs, which use indium tin oxide. Despite significant price competition among various TCFs, CNT-based TCFs have good potential for use in emerging flexible, stretchable and wearable optoelectronics. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the fabrication, properties, stability and applications of CNT-based TCFs. The challenges of current CNT-based TCFs for industrial use, in comparison with other TCFs, are considered. We also discuss the potential of CNT-based TCFs, and give some possible strategies to reduce the production cost and improve their conductivity and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Photonics and Electronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reiko Azumi
- Photonics and Electronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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Gupta R, Rao KDM, Kiruthika S, Kulkarni GU. Visibly Transparent Heaters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12559-75. [PMID: 27176472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heater plates or sheets that are visibly transparent have many interesting applications in optoelectronic devices such as displays, as well as in defrosting, defogging, gas sensing and point-of-care disposable devices. In recent years, there have been many advances in this area with the advent of next generation transparent conducting electrodes (TCE) based on a wide range of materials such as oxide nanoparticles, CNTs, graphene, metal nanowires, metal meshes and their hybrids. The challenge has been to obtain uniform and stable temperature distribution over large areas, fast heating and cooling rates at low enough input power yet not sacrificing the visible transmittance. This review provides topical coverage of this important research field paying due attention to all the issues mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - K D M Rao
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences , Jalahalli, Bangalore 560013, India
| | - S Kiruthika
- Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit and Thematic Unit of Excellence in Nanochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Giridhar U Kulkarni
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences , Jalahalli, Bangalore 560013, India
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18
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Woo JS, Sin DH, Kim H, Jang JI, Kim HY, Lee GW, Cho K, Park SY, Han JT. Enhanced transparent conducting networks on plastic substrates modified with highly oxidized graphene oxide nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6693-6699. [PMID: 26946993 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08687f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin and two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) is a very fascinating material because of its functional groups, high transparency, and solution processability. Here we show that highly oxidized GO (HOGO) nanosheets serve as an effective interfacial modifier of transparent conducting films with one-dimensional (1D) silver nanowires (AgNWs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Optically transparent and small-sized GO nanosheets, with minimal sp(2) domains, were successfully fabricated by step-wise oxidation and exfoliation of graphite. We demonstrated that under-coated HOGO further decreases the sheet resistance of the SWCNT film top-coated with HOGO by increasing the contact area between the SWCNTs and HOGO nanosheets by generating hole carriers in the SWCNT as a result of charge transfer. Moreover, HOGO nanosheets with AgNWs contribute to the efficient thermal joining of AgNW networks on plastic substrates by limiting the thermal embedding of AgNWs into the plastic surface, resulting in efficient decrease of the sheet resistance. Furthermore, flexible organic photovoltaic cells with GO-modified AgNW anodes on a flexible substrate were successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Woo
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, 641-120, Republic of Korea. and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, #1370 Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hun Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haena Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong In Jang
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, 641-120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Young Kim
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, 641-120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geon-Woong Lee
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, 641-120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, #1370 Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joong Tark Han
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, 641-120, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Kim AY, Kim MK, Hudaya C, Park JH, Byun D, Lim JC, Lee JK. Oxidation-resistant hybrid metal oxides/metal nanodots/silver nanowires for high performance flexible transparent heaters. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3307-3313. [PMID: 26515282 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite its excellent optical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal performances, a silver nanowire (AgNW)-based transparent conducting heater (TCH) still demonstrates several drawbacks such as facile nanowire breakdown on application of a high DC voltage, easy oxidation when exposed to harsh environments, leading to increased surface resistivity, and high resistance among wire junctions causing nonhomogeneous temperature profiles. To overcome these issues, the AgNW was hybridized with other transparent heating materials made of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films and NiCr nanodots (FTO/NiCr/AgNW). The dispersed NiCr nanodots (∼50 nm) and FTO thin films (∼20 nm) electrically bridge the nanowire junctions leading to a decreased sheet resistance and uniform temperature profiles. The hybrid transparent heater shows excellent optical transmittance (>90%) and high saturation temperature (162 °C) at low applied DC voltage (6 V). Moreover, the FTO/NiCr/AgNW heater exhibits a stable sheet resistance in a hostile environment, hence highlighting the excellent oxidation-resistance of the heating materials. These results indicate that the proposed hybrid transparent heaters could be a promising approach to combat the inherent problems associated with AgNW-based transparent heaters for various functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Young Kim
- Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam dong 5 ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Kim
- Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Phil dong 3-26, Joong-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Chairul Hudaya
- Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. and Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajungro 176, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Display team, Display group, IM Co., Ltd, 38 Madogongdan-ro 4-gil, Madomyeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-861, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Byun
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam dong 5 ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Choo Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Phil dong 3-26, Joong-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Kee Lee
- Center for Energy Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. and Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajungro 176, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
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20
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Woo JS, Kim BK, Kim HY, Lee GW, Park SY, Han JT. Carbon nanotube-induced migration of silver nanowire networks into plastic substrates via Joule heating for high stability. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrothermal and mechanical stability of transparent conducting films is a prerequisite for commercial applications in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Woo
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
- Major in Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Byung Kuk Kim
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Kim
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Woong Lee
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Major in Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Tark Han
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
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21
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Song J, Zeng H. Transparent Electrodes Printed with Nanocrystal Inks for Flexible Smart Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016 (China)
- Institute of Optoelectronics and Nanomaterials, Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (China)
| | - Haibo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016 (China)
- Institute of Optoelectronics and Nanomaterials, Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (China)
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22
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Song J, Zeng H. Transparente Elektroden aus Nanokristalltinten für flexible Bauelemente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Huang Q, Shen W, Fang X, Chen G, Guo J, Xu W, Tan R, Song W. Highly flexible and transparent film heaters based on polyimide films embedded with silver nanowires. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly flexible AgNW/PI transparent film heaters with superior mechanical and thermal response behavior were fabricated using an all solution-coating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijin Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Wenfeng Shen
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Xingzhong Fang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Guofei Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Junchao Guo
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Wei Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Ruiqin Tan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Weijie Song
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- China
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24
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Chen JZ, Ahn H, Yen SC, Tsai YJ. Thermally induced percolational transition and thermal stability of silver nanowire networks studied by THz spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20994-20999. [PMID: 25402346 DOI: 10.1021/am5057618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Great demand toward flexible optoelectronic devices finds metal nanowires (NWs) the most promising flexible transparent conducting material with superior mechanical properties. However, ultrathin metal nanowires suffer from relatively poor thermal stability and sheet conductance, attributed to the poor adhesivity of the ohmic contact between nanowires. Thermal heating and annealing at 200 °C increase the conductivity of the metal network, but prolonged annealing accelerates the breakage of NWs near the NW junction and the formation of Ag droplets. In this study, the thermal stability of silver NW (AgNW) films is investigated through the in situ measurements of sheet resistance and terahertz (THz) conductivity. With the improved ohmic contact at the NW junctions by heating, a characteristic transition from the subpercolative to percolative network is observed by in situ THz spectroscopy. It is found that stamp-transferred graphene incorporated with a near-percolative AgNW network can dramatically enhance the thermal stability of the graphene-AgNW (GAgNW) hybrid film. In both in situ measurements, little variation of physical parameters in GAgNW film is observed for up to 3 h of annealing. The presented results offer the potential of graphene-incorporated metal nanowire film as a highly conductive electrode that also has high thermal stability and excellent transparency for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhi Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Lu H, Zhang D, Ren X, Liu J, Choy WCH. Selective growth and integration of silver nanoparticles on silver nanowires at room conditions for transparent nano-network electrode. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10980-10987. [PMID: 25285984 DOI: 10.1021/nn504969z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, metal nanowires have received great research interests due to their potential as next-generation flexible transparent electrodes. While great efforts have been devoted to develop enabling nanowire electrodes, reduced contact resistance of the metal nanowires and improved electrical stability under continuous bias operation are key issues for practical applications. Here, we propose and demonstrate an approach through a low-cost, robust, room temperature and room atmosphere process to fabricate a conductive silver nano-network comprising silver nanowires and silver nanoparticles. To be more specific, silver nanoparticles are selectively grown and chemically integrated in situ at the junction where silver nanowires meet. The site-selective growth of silver nanoparticles is achieved by a plasmon-induced chemical reaction using a simple light source at very low optical power density. Compared to silver nanowire electrodes without chemical treatment, we observe tremendous conductivity improvement in our silver nano-networks, while the loss in optical transmission is negligible. Furthermore, the silver nano-networks exhibit superior electrical stability under continuous bias operation compared to silver nanowire electrodes formed by thermal annealing. Interestingly, our silver nano-network is readily peeled off in water, which can be easily transferred to other substrates and devices for versatile applications. We demonstrate the feasibly transferrable silver conductive nano-network as the top electrode in organic solar cells. Consequently, the transparent and conductive silver nano-networks formed by our approach would be an excellent candidate for various applications in optoelectronics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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