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Volnianska O, Ivanov V, Wachnicki L, Guziewicz E. Effect of Strain and Surface Proximity on the Acceptor Grouping in ZnO. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43099-43108. [PMID: 38024714 PMCID: PMC10652265 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the present knowledge, the level of zinc oxide conductivity is determined by donor and acceptor complexes involving native defects and hydrogen. In turn, recently published low-temperature cathodoluminescence images and scanning photoelectron microscopy results on ZnO and ZnO/N films indicate grouping of acceptor and donor complexes in different crystallites, but the origin of this phenomenon remains unclear. The density functional theory calculations on undoped ZnO presented here show that strain and surface proximity noticeably influence the formation energy of acceptor complexes, and therefore, these complexes can be more easily formed in crystallites providing appropriate strain. This effect may be responsible for the clustering of acceptor centers only in certain crystallites or near the surface. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectra confirm the strong dependence of acceptor luminescence on the structure of the ZnO film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Volnianska
- Institute of Physics, Polish
Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vitalii Ivanov
- Institute of Physics, Polish
Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Wachnicki
- Institute of Physics, Polish
Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Dong G, Liu J, Xu X, Pan J, Hu J. A Controllable Cobalt -Doping Improve Electrocatalytic Activity of ZnO Basal Plane for Oxygen Evolution Reaction : A First-Principles Calculation Study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Characterization, Luminescence and Optical Resonant Modes of Eu-Li Co-Doped ZnO Nano- and Microstructures. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12146948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ZnO nano- and microstructures co-doped with Eu and Li with different nominal concentrations of Li were grown using a solid vapor method. Different morphologies were obtained depending on the initial Li content in the precursors, varying from hexagonal rods which grow on the pellet when no Li is added to ribbons to sword-like structures growing onto the alumina boat as the Li amount increases. The changes in the energy of the crystallographic planes leading to variations in the growth directions were responsible for these morphological differences, as Electron Backscattered Diffraction analysis shows. The crystalline quality of the structures was investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, showing that all the structures grow in the ZnO wurtzite phase. The luminescence properties were also studied by means of both Cathodoluminescence (CL) and Photoluminescence (PL). Although the typical ZnO luminescence bands centered at 3.2 and 2.4 eV could be observed in all cases, variations in their relative intensity and small shifts in the peak position were found in the different samples. Furthermore, emissions related to intrashell transitions of Eu3+ ion were clearly visible. The good characteristics of the luminescent emissions and the high refraction index open the door to the fabrication of optical resonant cavities that allow the integration in optoelectronic devices. To study the optical cavity behavior of the grown structures, µ-PL investigations were performed. We demonstrated that the structures not only act as waveguides but also that Fabry–Perot optical resonant modes are established inside. Quality factors around 1000 in the UV region were obtained, which indicates the possibility of using these structures in photonics applications.
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Villafuerte J, Sarigiannidou E, Donatini F, Kioseoglou J, Chaix-Pluchery O, Pernot J, Consonni V. Modulating the growth of chemically deposited ZnO nanowires and the formation of nitrogen- and hydrogen-related defects using pH adjustment. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1793-1807. [PMID: 36132162 PMCID: PMC9417859 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanowires (NWs) grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) have received great interest for nanoscale engineering devices, but their formation in aqueous solution containing many impurities needs to be carefully addressed. In particular, the pH of the CBD solution and its effect on the formation mechanisms of ZnO NWs and of nitrogen- and hydrogen-related defects in their center are still unexplored. By adjusting its value in a low- and high-pH region, we show the latent evolution of the morphological and optical properties of ZnO NWs, as well as the modulated incorporation of nitrogen- and hydrogen-related defects in their center using Raman and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. The increase in pH is related to the increase in the oxygen chemical potential (μ O), for which the formation energy of hydrogen in bond-centered sites (HBC) and VZn-NO-H defect complexes is found to be unchanged, whereas the formation energy of zinc vacancy (VZn) and zinc vacancy-hydrogen (VZn-nH) complexes steadily decreases as shown from density-functional theory calculations. Revealing that these VZn-related defects are energetically favorable to form as μ O is increased, ZnO NWs grown in the high-pH region are found to exhibit a higher density of VZn-nH defect complexes than ZnO NWs grown in the low-pH region. Annealing at 450 °C under an oxygen atmosphere helps tuning the optical properties of ZnO NWs by reducing the density of HBC and VZn-related defects, while activating the formation of VZn-NO-H defect complexes. These findings show the influence of pH on the nature of Zn(ii) species, the electrostatic interactions between these species and ZnO NW surfaces, and the formation energy of the involved defects. They emphasize the crucial role of the pH of the CBD solution and open new possibilities for simultaneously engineering the morphology of ZnO NWs and the formation of nitrogen- and hydrogen-related defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Villafuerte
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP F-38000 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut NEEL F-38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Fabrice Donatini
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut NEEL F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Joseph Kioseoglou
- Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | - Julien Pernot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut NEEL F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Vincent Consonni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP F-38000 Grenoble France
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Banerjee D, Banerjee P, Kar AK. Insights into the impact of photophysical processes and defect state evolution on the emission properties of surface-modified ZnO nanoplates for application in photocatalysis and hybrid LEDs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2424-2440. [PMID: 35019914 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of surface modification on the defect state densities, optical properties, and photocatalytic and quantum efficiencies of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoplates were studied in this work. The aim of this study is to identify the photophysical processes that dictate the quenching of emission from defect states upon surface modification and the role of different defects such as zinc interstitials (Zni) or oxygen vacancies (VO) beside the photophysical processes in determining the photocatalytic efficiency of plate-like ZnO nanostructures. For controlling the intrinsic defect state densities of ZnO nanoplates, which is difficult to achieve, their surface was modified using different polymers such as PMMA and PVA. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy were employed to identify and quantify the defect states. The analysis of relative defect state densities of Zni or VO showed that Zni significantly impacts the photocatalytic activity (PCA) besides VO, but it has a lower influence than VO because of the difference in the accessibility and intrinsic nature of these two defects. Synchronous quenching of emission from different defect states with different formation energies and its correlation with the photocatalytic activity led us to conclude that photophysical processes such as concentration-dependent Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), charge transfer (CT) and Zni defects play a significant role behind PCA, which has been previously reported to be influenced by VO only. FRET and CT also play a critical role behind emission quenching upon surface modification. Upon the surface modification of nanoplates, a drop in the quantum efficiency from 12.14% to 4.44% was observed with the fine-tuning of emission colour from bluish-white to blue. Besides the defect states, FRET and CT phenomena are dominant in reducing the quantum efficiency of hybrid light-emitting diodes (HyLEDs) and photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, the work outlines the reason behind the suppression of luminescence and photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles after surface modification and how to optimise them for their applications as an emissive layer in HyLEDs and efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Banerjee
- Micro and Nano Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Payal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Asit Kumar Kar
- Micro and Nano Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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6
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Localized Energy Band Bending in ZnO Nanorods Decorated with Au Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102718. [PMID: 34685157 PMCID: PMC8539582 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface decoration by means of metal nanostructures is an effective way to locally modify the electronic properties of materials. The decoration of ZnO nanorods by means of Au nanoparticles was experimentally investigated and modelled in terms of energy band bending. ZnO nanorods were synthesized by chemical bath deposition. Decoration with Au nanoparticles was achieved by immersion in a colloidal solution obtained through the modified Turkevich method. The surface of ZnO nanorods was quantitatively investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. The Photoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence of bare and decorated ZnO nanorods were investigated, as well as the band bending through Mott–Schottky electrochemical analyses. Decoration with Au nanoparticles induced a 10 times reduction in free electrons below the surface of ZnO, together with a decrease in UV luminescence and an increase in visible-UV intensity ratio. The effect of decoration was modelled with a nano-Schottky junction at ZnO surface below the Au nanoparticle with a Multiphysics approach. An extensive electric field with a specific halo effect formed beneath the metal–semiconductor interface. ZnO nanorod decoration with Au nanoparticles was shown to be a versatile method to tailor the electronic properties at the semiconductor surface.
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8
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High UV and Sunlight Photocatalytic Performance of Porous ZnO Nanostructures Synthesized by a Facile and Fast Microwave Hydrothermal Method. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092385. [PMID: 34064309 PMCID: PMC8125317 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of organic pollutants in wastewaters assisted by oxide semiconductor nanostructures has been the focus of many research groups over the last decades, along with the synthesis of these nanomaterials by simple, eco-friendly, fast, and cost-effective processes. In this work, porous zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were successfully synthesized via a microwave hydrothermal process. A layered zinc hydroxide carbonate (LZHC) precursor was obtained after 15 min of synthesis and submitted to different calcination temperatures to convert it into porous ZnO nanostructures. The influence of the calcination temperature (300, 500, and 700 °C) on the morphological, structural, and optical properties of the ZnO nanostructureswas investigated. All ZnO samples were tested as photocatalysts in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under UV irradiation and natural sunlight. All samples showed enhanced photocatalytic activity under both light sources, with RhB being practically degraded within 60 min in both situations. The porous ZnO obtained at 700 °C showed the greatest photocatalytic activity due to its high crystallinity, with a degradation rate of 0.091 and 0.084 min-1 for UV light and sunlight, respectively. These results are a very important step towards the use of oxide semiconductors in the degradation of water pollutants mediated by natural sunlight.
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Influence of Colloidal Au on the Growth of ZnO Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040870. [PMID: 33805496 PMCID: PMC8066014 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vapor-liquid-solid processes allow growing high-quality nanowires from a catalyst. An alternative to the conventional use of catalyst thin films, colloidal nanoparticles offer advantages not only in terms of cost, but also in terms of controlling the location, size, density, and morphology of the grown nanowires. In this work, we report on the influence of different parameters of a colloidal Au nanoparticle suspension on the catalyst-assisted growth of ZnO nanostructures by a vapor-transport method. Modifying colloid parameters such as solvent and concentration, and growth parameters such as temperature, pressure, and Ar gas flow, ZnO nanowires, nanosheets, nanotubes and branched-nanowires can be grown over silica on silicon and alumina substrates. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals the high-crystal quality of the ZnO nanostructures obtained. The photoluminescence results show a predominant emission in the ultraviolet range corresponding to the exciton peak, and a very broad emission band in the visible range related to different defect recombination processes. The growth parameters and mechanisms that control the shape of the ZnO nanostructures are here analyzed and discussed. The ZnO-branched nanowires were grown spontaneously through catalyst migration. Furthermore, the substrate is shown to play a significant role in determining the diameters of the ZnO nanowires by affecting the surface mobility of the metal nanoparticles.
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10
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Fernández-Garrido S, Pisador C, Lähnemann J, Lazić S, Ruiz A, Redondo-Cubero A. Coalescence, crystallographic orientation and luminescence of ZnO nanowires grown on Si(001) by chemical vapour transport. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:475603. [PMID: 32914764 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abadc8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyse the morphological, structural and luminescence properties of self-assembled ZnO nanowires grown by chemical vapour transport on Si(001). The examination of nanowire ensembles by scanning electron microscopy reveals that a non-negligible fraction of nanowires merge together forming coalesced aggregates during growth. We show that the coalescence degree can be unambiguously quantified by a statistical analysis of the cross-sectional shape of the nanowires. The examination of the structural properties by x-ray diffraction evidences that the nanowires crystallize in the wurtzite phase, elongate along the c-axis, and are randomly oriented in plane. The luminescence of the ZnO nanowires, investigated by photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, is characterized by two bands, the near-band-edge emission and the characteristic defect-related green luminescence of ZnO. The cross-correlation of scanning electron micrographs and monochromatic cathodoluminescence intensity maps reveals that: (i) coalescence joints act as a source of non-radiative recombination, and (ii) the luminescence of ZnO nanowires is inhomogeneously distributed at the single nanowire level. Specifically, the near-band-edge emission arises from the nanowire cores, while the defect-related green luminescence originates from the volume close to the nanowire sidewalls. Two-dimensional simulations of the optical guided modes supported by ZnO nanowires allow us to exclude waveguiding effects as the underlying reason for the luminescence inhomogeneities. We thus attribute this observation to the formation of a core-shell structure in which the shell is characterized by a high concentration of green-emitting radiative point defects as compared to the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Garrido
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Dpto. Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Jagerová A, Malinský P, Mikšová R, Lalik O, Cutroneo M, Romanenko O, Szökölová K, Sofer Z, Slepička P, Čížek J, Macková A. Modification of structure and surface morphology in various ZnO facets via low fluence gold swift heavy ion irradiation. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Jagerová
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science J.E. Purkinje University Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malinský
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science J.E. Purkinje University Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Romana Mikšová
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lalik
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science J.E. Purkinje University Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Mariapompea Cutroneo
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Romanenko
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Szökölová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slepička
- Department of Solid State Engineering University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Čížek
- Department of Low‐Temperature Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Macková
- Neutron Physics Department Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Řež Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science J.E. Purkinje University Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
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12
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Lee W, Yeop J, Heo J, Yoon YJ, Park SY, Jeong J, Shin YS, Kim JW, An NG, Kim DS, Park J, Kim JY. High colloidal stability ZnO nanoparticles independent on solvent polarity and their application in polymer solar cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18055. [PMID: 33093600 PMCID: PMC7582139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant aggregation between ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) dispersed in polar and nonpolar solvents hinders the formation of high quality thin film for the device application and impedes their excellent electron transporting ability. Herein a bifunctional coordination complex, titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (Ti(acac)2) is employed as efficient stabilizer to improve colloidal stability of ZnO NPs. Acetylacetonate functionalized ZnO exhibited long-term stability and maintained its superior optical and electrical properties for months aging under ambient atmospheric condition. The functionalized ZnO NPs were then incorporated into polymer solar cells with conventional structure as n-type buffer layer. The devices exhibited nearly identical power conversion efficiency regardless of the use of fresh and old (2 months aged) NPs. Our approach provides a simple and efficient route to boost colloidal stability of ZnO NPs in both polar and nonpolar solvents, which could enable structure-independent intense studies for efficient organic and hybrid optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Yeop
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Heo
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Jin Yoon
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeki Jeong
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seop Shin
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Gyeong An
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Suk Kim
- KIER-UNIST Advanced Center for Energy, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), UNIST-Gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongnam Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Photoluminescence of ZnO Nanowires: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050857. [PMID: 32365564 PMCID: PMC7712396 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures (nanowires/nanorods) are attractive materials for applications such as gas sensors, biosensors, solar cells, and photocatalysts. This is due to the relatively easy production process of these kinds of nanostructures with excellent charge carrier transport properties and high crystalline quality. In this work, we review the photoluminescence (PL) properties of single and collective ZnO nanowires and nanorods. As different growth techniques were obtained for the presented samples, a brief review of two popular growth methods, vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) and hydrothermal, is shown. Then, a discussion of the emission process and characteristics of the near-band edge excitonic emission (NBE) and deep-level emission (DLE) bands is presented. Their respective contribution to the total emission of the nanostructure is discussed using the spatial information distribution obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy−cathodoluminescence (STEM-CL) measurements. Also, the influence of surface effects on the photoluminescence of ZnO nanowires, as well as the temperature dependence, is briefly discussed for both ultraviolet and visible emissions. Finally, we present a discussion of the size reduction effects of the two main photoluminescent bands of ZnO. For a wide emission (near ultra-violet and visible), which has sometimes been attributed to different origins, we present a summary of the different native point defects or trap centers in ZnO as a cause for the different deep-level emission bands.
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14
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Preferential Growth of ZnO Micro- and Nanostructure Assemblies on Fs-Laser-Induced Periodic Structures. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040731. [PMID: 32290512 PMCID: PMC7221939 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the use of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) as templates for the selective growth of ordered micro- and nanostructures of ZnO. Different types of LIPSS were first produced in Si-(100) substrates including ablative low-frequency spatial (LSF) LIPSS, amorphous-crystalline (a-c) LIPSS, and black silicon structures. These laser-structured substrates were subsequently used for depositing ZnO using the vapor-solid (VS) method in order to analyze the formation of organized ZnO structures. We used scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy to assess the morphological and structural characteristics of the ZnO micro/nano-assemblies obtained and to identify the characteristics of the laser-structured substrates inducing the preferential deposition of ZnO. The formation of aligned assemblies of micro- and nanocrystals of ZnO was successfully achieved on LSF-LIPSS and a-c LIPSS. These results point toward a feasible route for generating well aligned assemblies of semiconductor micro- and nanostructures of good quality by the VS method on substrates, where the effect of lattice mismatch is reduced by laser-induced local disorder and likely by a small increase of surface roughness.
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15
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Vásquez GC, Johansen KM, Galeckas A, Vines L, Svensson BG. Optical signatures of single ion tracks in ZnO. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:724-733. [PMID: 36133232 PMCID: PMC9418517 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of single ion tracks have been studied in ZnO implanted with Ge by combining depth-resolved hyperspectral cathodoluminescence (CL) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy techniques. The results indicate that ZnO is susceptible to implantation doses as low as 108 to 109 cm-2. We demonstrate that the intensity ratio of ionized and neutral donor bound exciton emissions [D+X/D0X] can be used as a tracer for a local band bending both at the surface as well as in the crystal bulk along the ion tracks. The hyperspectral CL imaging performed at 80 K with 50 nm resolution over the regions with single ion tracks permitted direct assessment of the minority carrier diffusion length. The radii of distortion and space charge surrounding single ion tracks were estimated from the 2D distributions of defect-related green emission (GE) and excitonic D+X emission, both normalized with regard to neutral D0X emission, i.e., from the [GE/D0X] and [D+X/D0X] ratio maps. Our results indicate that single ion tracks in ZnO can be resolved up to ion doses of the order of 5 × 109 cm-2, in which defect aggregation along the extended defects obstructs signatures of individual tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Vásquez
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo N-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - K M Johansen
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo N-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - A Galeckas
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo N-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - L Vines
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo N-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - B G Svensson
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo N-0318 Oslo Norway
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16
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Montero-Muñoz M, Ramos-Ibarra JE, Rodríguez-Páez JE, Marques GE, Teodoro MD, Coaquira JAH. Growth and formation mechanism of shape-selective preparation of ZnO structures: correlation of structural, vibrational and optical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7329-7339. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A shape-selective preparation method was used to obtain highly crystalline rod-, needle-, nut-, and doughnut-like ZnO morphologies with distinct particle sizes and surface areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Montero-Muñoz
- Institute of Physics
- University of Brasília
- 70910-900 Brasília-DF
- Brazil
| | - J. E. Ramos-Ibarra
- Institute of Physics
- University of Brasília
- 70910-900 Brasília-DF
- Brazil
- University Center Estácio Brasília
| | | | - G. E. Marques
- Department of Physics
- Federal University of São Carlos
- 13565-905 São Carlos-SP
- Brazil
| | - M. D. Teodoro
- Department of Physics
- Federal University of São Carlos
- 13565-905 São Carlos-SP
- Brazil
| | - J. A. H. Coaquira
- Institute of Physics
- University of Brasília
- 70910-900 Brasília-DF
- Brazil
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17
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Hageraats S, Keune K, Réfrégiers M, van Loon A, Berrie B, Thoury M. Synchrotron Deep-UV Photoluminescence Imaging for the Submicrometer Analysis of Chemically Altered Zinc White Oil Paints. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14887-14895. [PMID: 31660714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a II-VI semiconductor that has been used for the last 150 years as an artists' pigment under the name of zinc white. Oil paints containing zinc white are known to be prone to the formation of zinc carboxylates, which can cause protrusions and mechanical failure. In this article, it is demonstrated how a multispectral synchrotron-based deep-UV photoluminescence microimaging technique can be used to show the distribution of zinc soaps on the submicrometer scale and how this information is used to further the understanding of zinc white degradation processes in oil paint. The technique is based on the luminescence of zinc soaps in the near-UV (∼3.65 eV) upon excitation in the deep-UV (4.51 eV), involving transitions that are argued to subsequently involve ligand-to-metal and metal-to-ligand charge transfer with intermediate structural reconfiguration. Because the primary emission peak lies at a higher energy than the band gap of ZnO (3.3 eV), the signal can easily be isolated from the pigment's very intense band gap and trap state emission by employing a multispectral acquisition approach. Moreover, analysis at such short wavelengths, in combination with a UV-transparent optical setup, allows for lateral resolution on the order of 200 nm to be obtained. The unprecedented capabilities of the microimaging technique are illustrated by showing its application to the study of a historical cross section from an early 20th century painting by Piet Mondrian. Revealing the submicrometer distribution of crystalline zinc soaps in this cross section provides new insights that suggest that microfissures, the starting points of paint delamination, are the result of an overall expansion of a heavily saponified zinc white layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwin Hageraats
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministére de la Culture, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Annelies van Loon
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Berrie
- Scientific Research Department, Conservation Division , National Gallery of Art , 2000B South Club Drive , Landover , Maryland 20785 , United States
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministére de la Culture, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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18
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Native Point Defect Measurement and Manipulation in ZnO Nanostructures. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142242. [PMID: 31336831 PMCID: PMC6678356 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recent research advances in measuring native point defects in ZnO nanostructures, establishing how these defects affect nanoscale electronic properties, and developing new techniques to manipulate these defects to control nano- and micro- wire electronic properties. From spatially-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, we now know that electrically-active native point defects are present inside, as well as at the surfaces of, ZnO and other semiconductor nanostructures. These defects within nanowires and at their metal interfaces can dominate electrical contact properties, yet they are sensitive to manipulation by chemical interactions, energy beams, as well as applied electrical fields. Non-uniform defect distributions are common among semiconductors, and their effects are magnified in semiconductor nanostructures so that their electronic effects are significant. The ability to measure native point defects directly on a nanoscale and manipulate their spatial distributions by multiple techniques presents exciting possibilities for future ZnO nanoscale electronics.
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19
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Magnetron Sputtering for ZnO:Ga Scintillation Film Production and Its Application Research Status in Nuclear Detection. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As a wide band-gap and direct transition semiconductor material, ZnO has good scintillation performance and strong radiation resistance, but it also has a serious self-absorption phenomenon that affects its light output. After being doped with Ga, it can be used for the scintillator of ultra-fast scintillating detectors to detect X-ray, gamma, neutron, and charged particles with extremely fast response and high light output. Firstly, the basic properties, defects, and scintillation mechanism of ZnO crystals are introduced. Thereafter, magnetron sputtering, one of the most attractive production methods for producing ZnO:Ga film, is introduced including the principle of magnetron sputtering and its technical parameters’ influence on the performance of ZnO:Ga. Finally, ZnO:Ga film’s application research status is presented as a scintillation material in the field of radiation detection, and it is concluded that some problems need to be urgently solved for its wider application.
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20
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Influence of the Zn plasma kinetics on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films grown by PLD. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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21
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Kennedy OW, White ER, Howkins A, Williams CK, Boyd IW, Warburton PA, Shaffer MSP. Mapping the Origins of Luminescence in ZnO Nanowires by STEM-CL. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:386-392. [PMID: 30614706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In semiconductor nanowires, understanding both the sources of luminescence (excitonic recombination, defects, etc.) and the distribution of luminescent centers (be they uniformly distributed, or concentrated at structural defects or at the surface) is important for synthesis and applications. We develop scanning transmission electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (STEM-CL) measurements, allowing the structure and cathodoluminescence (CL) of single ZnO nanowires to be mapped at high resolution. Using a CL pixel resolution of 10 nm, variations of the CL spectra within such nanowires in the direction perpendicular to the nanowire growth axis are identified for the first time. By comparing the local CL spectra with the bulk photoluminescence spectra, the CL spectral features are assigned to internal and surface defect structures. Hyperspectral CL maps are deconvolved to enable characteristic spectral features to be spatially correlated with structural features within single nanowires. We have used these maps to show that the spatial distribution of these defects correlates well with regions that show an increased rate of nonradiative transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W Kennedy
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , London WC1H 0AH , United Kingdom
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
| | - Edward R White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Howkins
- Experimental Techniques Centre , Brunel University London , Uxbridge UB8 3PH , United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian W Boyd
- Experimental Techniques Centre , Brunel University London , Uxbridge UB8 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Warburton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , London WC1H 0AH , United Kingdom
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
- Departmental of Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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22
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Matys M, Adamowicz B. On the interpretation of cathodoluminescence intensity maps of wide band gap nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:035703. [PMID: 30422815 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaeb05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed in the spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) studies of wide band gap (WBG) nanowires (NWs) that the CL intensity maps of deep-level (DL) and near band edge (NBE) emission reflect the spatial distribution of defects in these structures. On this basis, crucial conclusions about the technological growth conditions of NWs are drawn. However, here we showed using three-dimensional finite element analysis that in the case of WBG NWs, which exhibit surface band bending, the CL intensity maps of DL and NBE emission do not reflect the distribution of defects but, instead, the electric field strength in NWs. In particular, we found that independently of the defect concentration distribution, the DL emission intensity is always the highest in the areas where the electric field is the strongest and the lowest where the electric field is absent, while the NBE emission intensity exhibits the opposite trends. We explained this finding by the strong influence of the electric field on the spatial distribution of radiative recombination rates. Overall, our results indicate that (i) the frequently observed spatially inhomogeneous CL intensity distribution in WBG NWs can result from the presence of electric fields but not, as widely accepted, non-uniform defect distribution and (ii) spatially resolved CL spectroscopy measurements on the WBG NWs in most cases can not provide any quantitative information about the DL defect distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matys
- Research Center for Integrated Quantum Electronics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, 060-8628 Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Liu MH, Chen YW, Lin TS, Mou CY. Defective Mesocrystal ZnO-Supported Gold Catalysts: Facilitating CO Oxidation via Vacancy Defects in ZnO. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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24
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Lu L, Jiang X, Peng H, Zeng D, Xie C. Quantitative characterization of the long-term charge storage of a ZnO-based nanorod array film through persistent photoconductance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16455-16463. [PMID: 35540519 PMCID: PMC9080277 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent nature of the increased conductivity upon removal of incident illumination, described by the term persistent photoconductivity (PPC), in ZnO films is sensitive to their defect states. PPC can be viewed as a process of charge storage with relevant defects. To evaluate charge storage quantitatively, in this work, some thought-provoking characteristic quantities were derived from a photocurrent-time curve acquired by testing the photoelectric properties of ZnO under on and off UV illumination. Q uo was defined as the obtained charge number per unit voltage during the light-on phase, while Q us was defined as the storage charge number during the light-off phase. η was acquired by dividing Q us by Q uo to measure the storage efficiency after the removal of UV light. On the basis of previous work, it was assumed that the PPC of ZnO originated from the unique property of V0 O. Meanwhile, this report reveals that the intrinsic defects VO 2+, VO +, V0 Zn will enhance Q uo and Q us but decrease η in the pure ZnO nanorod array film. The extrinsic defect Cu0 Zn introduced by coating the ZnO nanorod array film in an ethanol solution of copper acetate suppresses Q uo and Q us but promotes the increase of η. Since the whole methodology originated from a series of physical definitions, it can be easily extended to other materials with similar PPC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Nanomaterials and Smart Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-8754-3778 +86-27-8755-6544
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Nanomaterials and Smart Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-8754-3778 +86-27-8755-6544
| | - Huiqiong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Nanomaterials and Smart Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-8754-3778 +86-27-8755-6544
| | - Dawen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Nanomaterials and Smart Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-8754-3778 +86-27-8755-6544
| | - Changsheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Nanomaterials and Smart Sensors Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China +86-27-8754-3778 +86-27-8755-6544
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25
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Balakrishna A, Pathak TK, Coetsee-Hugo E, Kumar V, Kroon R, Ntwaeaborwa O, Swart H. Synthesis, structure and optical studies of ZnO:Eu3+,Er3+,Yb3+ thin films: Enhanced up-conversion emission. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Zhang Y, Ding B, Yin L, Xin J, Zhao R, Zheng S, Yan X. Monoclinic Lu2–xSmxWO6-Based White Light-Emitting Phosphors: From Ground–Excited-States Calculation Prediction to Experiment Realization. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:507-518. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luqiao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Shanghai University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, China
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27
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New energy with ZnS: novel applications for a standard transparent compound. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16805. [PMID: 29196653 PMCID: PMC5711861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We revise the electronic and optical properties of ZnS on the basis of first principles simulations, in view of novel routes for optoelectronic and photonic devices, such as transparent conductors and plasmonic applications. In particular, we consider doping effects, as induced by Al and Cu. It is shown that doping ZnS with Al imparts a n-character and allows for a plasmonic activity in the mid-IR that can be exploited for IR metamaterials, while Cu doping induces a spin dependent p-type character to the ZnS host, opening the way to the engineering of transparent p-n junctions, p-type transparent conductive materials and spintronic applications. The possibility of promoting the wurtzite lattice, presenting a different symmetry with respect to the most stable and common zincblende structure, is explored. Homo- and heterojunctions to twin ZnO are discussed as a possible route to transparent metamaterial devices for communications and energy.
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28
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Shih PH, Li TY, Yeh YC, Wu SY. Phonon Confinement Induced Non-Concomitant Near-Infrared Emission along a Single ZnO Nanowire: Spatial Evolution Study of Phononic and Photonic Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7110353. [PMID: 29143773 PMCID: PMC5707570 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of mixed defects on ZnO phononic and photonic properties at the nanoscale is only now being investigated. Here we report an effective strategy to study the distribution of defects along the growth direction of a single ZnO nanowire (NW), performed qualitatively as well as quantitatively using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), confocal Raman-, and photoluminescence (PL)-mapping technique. A non-concomitant near-infrared (NIR) emission of 1.53 ± 0.01 eV was observed near the bottom region of 2.05 ± 0.05 μm along a single ZnO NW and could be successfully explained by the radiative recombination of shallowly trapped electrons VO** with deeply trapped holes at VZn″. A linear chain model modified from a phonon confinement model was used to describe the growth of short-range correlations between the mean distance of defects and its evolution with spatial position along the axial growth direction by fitting the E2H mode. Our results are expected to provide new insights into improving the study of the photonic and photonic properties of a single nanowire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Shih
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Yue Li
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Yeh
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng Yun Wu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
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29
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Chang HP, Chu ED, Yeh YT, Wu YC, Lo FY, Wang WH, Chern MY, Chiu HC. Influence of Oxygen Vacancies on the Frictional Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide Thin Films in Ambient Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8362-8371. [PMID: 28812363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen vacancy is the most studied point defect and has been found to significantly influence the physical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO). By using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that the frictional properties on the ZnO surface at the nanoscale greatly depend on the amount of oxygen vacancies present in the surface layer and the ambient humidity. The photocatalytic effect (PCE) is used to qualitatively control the amount of oxygen vacancies in the surface layer of ZnO and reversibly switch the surface wettability between hydrophobic and superhydrophilic states. Because oxygen vacancies in the ZnO surface can attract ambient water molecules, during the AFM friction measurement, water meniscus can form between the asperities at the AFM tip-ZnO contact due to the capillary condensation, leading to negative dependence of friction on the logarithm of tip sliding velocity. Such dependence is found to be a strong function of relative humidity and can be reversibly manipulated by the PCE. Our results indicate that it is possible to control the frictional properties of ZnO surface at the nanoscale using optical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Pu Chang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
| | - En-De Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Yeh
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chun Wu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academic Sinica , Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yuh Lo
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academic Sinica , Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yau Chern
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chih Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei City 11677, Taiwan
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30
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de Lucas-Gil E, Reinosa JJ, Neuhaus K, Vera-Londono L, Martín-González M, Fernández JF, Rubio-Marcos F. Exploring New Mechanisms for Effective Antimicrobial Materials: Electric Contact-Killing Based on Multiple Schottky Barriers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26219-26225. [PMID: 28708371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing threat of multidrug-resistance organisms is a cause for worldwide concern. Progressively microorganisms become resistant to commonly used antibiotics, which are a healthcare challenge. Thus, the discovery of new antimicrobial agents or new mechanisms different from those used is necessary. Here, we report an effective and selective antimicrobial activity of microstructured ZnO (Ms-ZnO) agent through the design of a novel star-shaped morphology, resulting in modulation of surface charge orientation. Specifically, we find that Ms-ZnO particles are composed of platelet stacked structure, which generates multiple Schottky barriers due to the misalignment of crystallographic orientations. We also demonstrated that this effect allows negative charge accumulation in localized regions of the structure to act as "charged domain walls", thereby improving the antimicrobial effectiveness by electric discharging effect. We use a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), SEM-cathodoluminescence imaging, and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to determine that the antimicrobial activity is a result of microbial membrane physical damage caused by direct contact with the Ms-ZnO agent. It is important to point out that Ms-ZnO does not use the photocatalysis or the Zn2+ released as the main antimicrobial mechanism, so consequently this material would show low toxicity and robust stability. This approach opens new possibilities to understand both the physical interactions role as main antimicrobial mechanisms and insight into the coupled role of hierarchical morphologies and surface functionality on the antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Lucas-Gil
- Electroceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC , Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián J Reinosa
- Electroceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC , Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kerstin Neuhaus
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstrasse 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Liliana Vera-Londono
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnologı́a (CNM-CSIC) , Isaac Newton 8, PTM, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnologı́a (CNM-CSIC) , Isaac Newton 8, PTM, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - José F Fernández
- Electroceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC , Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rubio-Marcos
- Electroceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC , Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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31
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A Photoluminescence Study of the Changes Induced in the Zinc White Pigment by Formation of Zinc Complexes. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10040340. [PMID: 28772700 PMCID: PMC5506911 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that oil paintings containing zinc white are subject to rapid degradation. This is caused by the interaction between the active groups of binder and the metal ions of the pigment, which gives rise to the formation of new zinc complexes (metal soaps). Ongoing studies on zinc white paints have been limited to the chemical mechanisms that lead to the formation of zinc complexes. On the contrary, little is known of the photo-physical changes induced in the zinc oxide crystal structure following this interaction. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy has been applied to follow modifications in the luminescent zinc white pigment when mixed with binder. Significant changes in trap state photoluminescence emissions have been detected: the enhancement of a blue emission combined with a change of the decay kinetic of the well-known green emission. Complementary data from molecular analysis of paints using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the formation of zinc carboxylates and corroborates the mechanism for zinc complexes formation. We support the hypothesis that zinc ions migrate into binder creating novel vacancies, affecting the photoluminescence intensity and lifetime properties of zinc oxide. Here, we further demonstrate the advantages of a time-resolved photoluminescence approach for studying defects in semiconductor pigments.
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32
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Peng YK, Fu Y, Zhang L, Teixeira IF, Ye L, He H, Tsang SCE. Probe-Molecule-Assisted NMR Spectroscopy: A Comparison with Photoluminescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Characterization Tool in Facet-Specific Photocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Yingyi Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Ivo F. Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Heyong He
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
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33
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Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Rajintra Prasad H, Wei-Wen L, Balakrishnan SR, Vijayakumar T, Rahim RA. Characterization of Gold-Sputtered Zinc Oxide Nanorods-a Potential Hybrid Material. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:31. [PMID: 26787050 PMCID: PMC4718909 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Generation of hybrid nanostructures has been attested as a promising approach to develop high-performance sensing substrates. Herein, hybrid zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod dopants with different gold (Au) thicknesses were grown on silicon wafer and studied for their impact on physical, optical and electrical characteristics. Structural patterns displayed that ZnO crystal lattice is in preferred c-axis orientation and proved the higher purities. Observations under field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the coverage of ZnO nanorods by Au-spots having diameters in the average ranges of 5-10 nm, as determined under transmission electron microscopy. Impedance spectroscopic analysis of Au-sputtered ZnO nanorods was carried out in the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz with applied AC amplitude of 1 V RMS. The obtained results showed significant changes in the electrical properties (conductance and dielectric constant) with nanostructures. A clear demonstration with 30-nm thickness of Au-sputtering was apparent to be ideal for downstream applications, due to the lowest variation in resistance value of grain boundary, which has dynamic and superior characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeradasan Perumal
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Uda Hashim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Haarindraprasad Rajintra Prasad
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Liu Wei-Wen
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - S R Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Thivina Vijayakumar
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Ruslinda Abdul Rahim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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34
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Ahmed G, Hanif M, Zhao L, Hussain M, Khan J, Liu Z. Defect engineering of ZnO nanoparticles by graphene oxide leading to enhanced visible light photocatalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Yao Z, Tang K, Xu Z, Ye J, Zhu S, Gu S. The Luminescent Inhomogeneity and the Distribution of Zinc Vacancy-Related Acceptor-Like Defects in N-Doped ZnO Microrods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:511. [PMID: 27878574 PMCID: PMC5120051 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned N-doped ZnO microrods with a hexagonal symmetry were fabricated via the chemical vapor transport with abundant N2O as both O and N precursors. We have demonstrated the suppression of the zinc interstitial-related shallow donor defects and have identified the zinc vacancy-related shallow and deep acceptor states by temperature variable photoluminescence in O-rich growth environment. Through spatially resolved cathodoluminescence spectra, we found the luminescent inhomogeneity in the sample with a core-shell structure. The deep acceptor-isolated VZn and the shallow acceptor VZn-related complex or clusters mainly distribute in the shell region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Yao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198 China
| | - Kun Tang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Shunming Zhu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Shulin Gu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
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36
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Huang X, Zhang L, Wang S, Chi D, Chua SJ. Solution-Grown ZnO Films toward Transparent and Smart Dual-Color Light-Emitting Diode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15482-15488. [PMID: 27213523 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An individual light-emitting diode (LED) capable of emitting different colors of light under different bias conditions not only allows for compact device integration but also extends the functionality of the LED beyond traditional illumination and display. Herein, we report a color-switchable LED based on solution-grown n-type ZnO on p-GaN/n-GaN heterojunction. The LED emits red light with a peak centered at ∼692 nm and a full width at half-maximum of ∼90 nm under forward bias, while it emits green light under reverse bias. These two lighting colors can be switched repeatedly by reversing the bias polarity. The bias-polarity-switched dual-color LED enables independent control over the lighting color and brightness of each emission with two-terminal operation. The results offer a promising strategy toward transparent, miniaturized, and smart LEDs, which hold great potential in optoelectronics and optical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Li Zhang
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology , Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Shijie Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Dongzhi Chi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Soo Jin Chua
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology , Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576, Singapore
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37
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Fabbri F, Nasi L, Fedeli P, Ferro P, Salviati G, Mosca R, Calzolari A, Catellani A. S-induced modifications of the optoelectronic properties of ZnO mesoporous nanobelts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27948. [PMID: 27301986 PMCID: PMC4995295 DOI: 10.1038/srep27948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ZnO porous nanobelts with high surface-to-volume ratio is envisaged to enhance the zinc oxide sensing and photocatalytic properties. Yet, controlled stoichiometry, doping and compensation of as-grown n-type behavior remain open problems for this compound. Here, we demonstrate the effect of residual sulfur atoms on the optical properties of ZnO highly porous, albeit purely wurtzite, nanobelts synthesized by solvothermal decomposition of ZnS hybrids. By means of combined cathodoluminescence analyses and density functional theory calculations, we attribute a feature appearing at 2.36 eV in the optical emission spectra to sulfur related intra-gap states. A comparison of different sulfur configurations in the ZnO matrix demonstrates the complex compensating effect on the electronic properties of the system induced by S-inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fabbri
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,KET Lab, c/o Italian Space Agency via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Nasi
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Fedeli
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferro
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Mosca
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Catellani
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, 41125 Modena, Italy
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38
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Ruane WT, Johansen KM, Leedy KD, Look DC, von Wenckstern H, Grundmann M, Farlow GC, Brillson LJ. Defect segregation and optical emission in ZnO nano- and microwires. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7631-7637. [PMID: 26987850 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of defect related deep band emission has been studied in zinc oxide (ZnO) nano- and microwires using depth resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS) in a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) mode within a UHV scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three sets of wires were examined that had been grown by pulsed laser deposition or vapor transport methods and ranged in diameter from 200 nm-2.7 μm. This data was analyzed by developing a 3D DRCLS simulation and using it to estimate the segregation depth and decay profile of the near surface defects. We observed different dominant defects from each growth process as well as diameter-dependent defect segregation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Ruane
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - K M Johansen
- University of Oslo, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - K D Leedy
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, WPAFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - D C Look
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, WPAFB, OH 45433, USA and Semiconductor Research Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - H von Wenckstern
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Grundmann
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - G C Farlow
- Department of Physics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - L J Brillson
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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39
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Intense visible emission from ZnO/PAAX (X = H or Na) nanocomposite synthesized via a simple and scalable sol-gel method. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23557. [PMID: 27010427 PMCID: PMC4806374 DOI: 10.1038/srep23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense visible nano-emitters are key objects for many technologies such as single photon source, bio-labels or energy convertors. Chalcogenide nanocrystals have ruled this domain for several decades. However, there is a demand for cheaper and less toxic materials. In this scheme, ZnO nanoparticles have appeared as potential candidates. At the nanoscale, they exhibit crystalline defects which can generate intense visible emission. However, even though photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 60% have been reported, it still remains to get quantum yield of that order of magnitude which remains stable over a long period. In this purpose, we present hybrid ZnO/polyacrylic acid (PAAH) nanocomposites, obtained from the hydrolysis of diethylzinc in presence of PAAH, exhibiting quantum yield systematically larger than 20%. By optimizing the nature and properties of the polymeric acid, the quantum yield is increased up to 70% and remains stable over months. This enhancement is explained by a model based on the hybrid type II heterostructure formed by ZnO/PAAH. The addition of PAAX (X = H or Na) during the hydrolysis of ZnEt2 represents a cost effective method to synthesize scalable amounts of highly luminescent ZnO/PAAX nanocomposites.
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40
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Ghosh S, Ghosh M, Seibt M, Rao GM. Detection of quantum well induced single degenerate-transition-dipoles in ZnO nanorods. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:2632-2638. [PMID: 26691877 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06722g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying and characterising atomic defects in nanocrystals is difficult and low-throughput using the existing methods such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In this article, using a defocused wide-field optical imaging technique, we demonstrate that a single ultrahigh-piezoelectric ZnO nanorod contains a single defect site. We model the observed dipole-emission patterns from optical imaging with a multi-dimensional dipole and find that the experimentally observed dipole pattern and model-calculated patterns are in excellent agreement. This agreement suggests the presence of vertically oriented degenerate-transition-dipoles in vertically aligned ZnO nanorods. The HRTEM of the ZnO nanorod shows the presence of a stacking fault, which generates a localised quantum well induced degenerate-transition-dipole. Finally, we elucidate that defocused wide-field imaging can be widely used to characterise defects in nanomaterials to answer many difficult questions concerning the performance of low-dimensional devices, such as in energy harvesting, advanced metal-oxide-semiconductor storage, and nanoelectromechanical and nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Ghosh
- III. Institute of Physics, Georg-August-Universität-Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. and Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Michael Seibt
- IV. Institute of Physics, Georg-August-Universität-Göttingen, Freidrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Mohan Rao
- Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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41
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Barbagiovanni EG, Reitano R, Franzò G, Strano V, Terrasi A, Mirabella S. Radiative mechanism and surface modification of four visible deep level defect states in ZnO nanorods. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:995-1006. [PMID: 26660472 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05122c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Visible luminescence from ZnO nanorods (NRs) is attracting large scientific interest for light emission and sensing applications. We study visible luminescent defects in ZnO NRs as a function of post growth thermal treatments, and find four distinct visible deep level defect states (VDLSs): blue (2.52 eV), green (2.23 eV), orange (2.03 eV), and red (1.92 eV). Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal a distinct modification in the UV (3.25 eV) emission intensity and a shift in the visible spectra after annealing. Annealing at 600 °C in Ar (Ar600) and O2 (O600) causes a blue and red-shift in the visible emission band, respectively. All samples demonstrate orange emission from the core of the NR, with an additional surface related green, blue, and red emission in the As-Prep, Ar600, and O600 samples, respectively. From PL excitation (PLE) measurements we determine the onset energy for population of the various VDLSs, and relate it to the presence of an Urbach tail below the conduction band due to a presence of ionized Zni or Zni complexes. We measured an onset energy of 3.25 eV for the as prepared sample. The onset energy red-shifts in the annealed samples by about 0.05 to 0.1 eV indicating a change in the defect structure, which we relate to the shift in the visible emission. We then used X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) to understand changes in the surface structure, and H content, respectively. The results of the XPS and ERDA analysis explain how the chemical states are modified due to annealing. We summarize our results by correlating our VDLSs with specific intrinsic defect states to build a model for PL emission in ZnO NRs. These results are important for understanding how to control defect related visible emission for sensing and electroluminescence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Barbagiovanni
- MATIS IMM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - R Reitano
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - G Franzò
- MATIS IMM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - V Strano
- MATIS IMM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - A Terrasi
- MATIS IMM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - S Mirabella
- MATIS IMM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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42
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Bertoni G, Fabbri F, Villani M, Lazzarini L, Turner S, Van Tendeloo G, Calestani D, Gradečak S, Zappettini A, Salviati G. Nanoscale mapping of plasmon and exciton in ZnO tetrapods coupled with Au nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19168. [PMID: 26754789 PMCID: PMC4709633 DOI: 10.1038/srep19168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles can be used to enhance optical absorption or emission in semiconductors, thanks to a strong interaction of collective excitations of free charges (plasmons) with electromagnetic fields. Herein we present direct imaging at the nanoscale of plasmon-exciton coupling in Au/ZnO nanostructures by combining scanning transmission electron energy loss and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and mapping. The Au nanoparticles (~30 nm in diameter) are grown in-situ on ZnO nanotetrapods by means of a photochemical process without the need of binding agents or capping molecules, resulting in clean interfaces. Interestingly, the Au plasmon resonance is localized at the Au/vacuum interface, rather than presenting an isotropic distribution around the nanoparticle. On the contrary, a localization of the ZnO signal has been observed inside the Au nanoparticle, as also confirmed by numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Fabbri
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, IT 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Villani
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, IT 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Lazzarini
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, IT 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stuart Turner
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Silvija Gradečak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)
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43
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Mannam R, Bellarmine F, Kumar ES, DasGupta N, Rao MSR. Polarity control and enhanced luminescence characteristics of semi-polar ZnO nanostructures grown on non-polar MgO(100) substrates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21529g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing luminescence characteristics is one of the key challenges in ZnO nanostructures for highly efficient UV-blue LEDs and laser diodes. We report enhanced CL emission intensity by tailoring polar and non-polar ZnO nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjaneyulu Mannam
- Department of Physics
- Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre
- Materials Science Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
| | - F. Bellarmine
- Department of Physics
- Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre
- Materials Science Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
| | - E. Senthil Kumar
- SRM Research Institute
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology
- SRM University
- Kattankulathur-603203
- India
| | - Nandita DasGupta
- Microelectronics and MEMS Laboratory
- Electrical Engineering Department
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
- India
| | - M. S. Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Physics
- Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre
- Materials Science Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
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44
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Barbagiovanni EG, Strano V, Franzò G, Reitano R, Dahiya AS, Poulin-Vittrant G, Alquier D, Mirabella S. Universal model for defect-related visible luminescence in ZnO nanorods. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Camarda P, Messina F, Vaccaro L, Agnello S, Buscarino G, Schneider R, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Lorenzi R, Gelardi FM, Cannas M. Luminescence mechanisms of defective ZnO nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16237-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal annealing effects on the emission properties of defective wurtzite-ZnO nanoparticles produced by laser ablation in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Camarda
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo
- Italia
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo
- Italia
| | - Lavinia Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo
- Italia
| | | | | | - Reinhard Schneider
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Roberto Lorenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università di Milano – Bicocca
- Italia
| | | | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo
- Italia
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46
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Park HH, Zhang X, Lee KW, Sohn A, Kim DW, Kim J, Song JW, Choi YS, Lee HK, Jung SH, Lee IG, Cho YD, Shin HB, Sung HK, Park KH, Kang HK, Park WK, Park HH. Selective photochemical synthesis of Ag nanoparticles on position-controlled ZnO nanorods for the enhancement of yellow-green light emission. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20717-20724. [PMID: 26601993 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05877e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel technique for the selective photochemical synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on ZnO nanorod arrays is established by combining ultraviolet-assisted nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) for the definition of growth sites, hydrothermal reaction for the position-controlled growth of ZnO nanorods, and photochemical reduction for the decoration of Ag NPs on the ZnO nanorods. During photochemical reduction, the size distribution and loading of Ag NPs on ZnO nanorods can be tuned by varying the UV-irradiation time. The photochemical reduction is hypothesized to facilitate the adsorbed citrate ions on the surface of ZnO, allowing Ag ions to preferentially form Ag NPs on ZnO nanorods. The ratio of visible emission to ultraviolet (UV) emission for the Ag NP-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays, synthesized for 30 min, is 20.5 times that for the ZnO nanorod arrays without Ag NPs. The enhancement of the visible emission is believed to associate with the surface plasmon (SP) effect of Ag NPs. The Ag NP-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays show significant SP-induced enhancement of yellow-green light emission, which could be useful in optoelectronic applications. The technique developed here requires low processing temperatures (120 °C and lower) and no high-vacuum deposition tools, suitable for applications such as flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Ho Park
- Technology Development Division, Korea Advanced Nanofab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Korea.
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47
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Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Haarindraprasad R, Liu WW, Poopalan P, Balakrishnan SR, Thivina V, Ruslinda AR. Thickness Dependent Nanostructural, Morphological, Optical and Impedometric Analyses of Zinc Oxide-Gold Hybrids: Nanoparticle to Thin Film. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144964. [PMID: 26694656 PMCID: PMC4687870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of an appropriate thin film is important for the development of novel sensing surfaces, which will ultimately enhance the properties and output of high-performance sensors. In this study, we have fabricated and characterized zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on silicon substrates, which were hybridized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to obtain ZnO-Aux (x = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 nm) hybrid structures with different thicknesses. Nanoscale imaging by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed increasing film uniformity and coverage with the Au deposition thickness. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the AuNPs exhibit an increasing average diameter (5–10 nm). The face center cubic Au were found to co-exist with wurtzite ZnO nanostructure. Atomic force microscopy observations revealed that as the Au content increased, the overall crystallite size increased, which was supported by X-ray diffraction measurements. The structural characterizations indicated that the Au on the ZnO crystal lattice exists without any impurities in a preferred orientation (002). When the ZnO thickness increased from 10 to 40 nm, transmittance and an optical bandgap value decreased. Interestingly, with 50 nm thickness, the band gap value was increased, which might be due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the overall structural defect (green emission) improved significantly as the Au deposition increased. The impedance measurements shows a decreasing value of impedance arc with increasing Au thicknesses (0 to 40 nm). In contrast, the 50 nm AuNP impedance arc shows an increased value compared to lower sputtering thicknesses, which indicated the presence of larger sized AuNPs that form a continuous film, and its ohmic characteristics changed to rectifying characteristics. This improved hybrid thin film (ZnO/Au) is suitable for a wide range of sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeradasan Perumal
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Uda Hashim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.,School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.,School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - R Haarindraprasad
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Wen Liu
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P Poopalan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - S R Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - V Thivina
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - A R Ruslinda
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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48
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Liu MH, Chen YW, Liu X, Kuo JL, Chu MW, Mou CY. Defect-Mediated Gold Substitution Doping in ZnO Mesocrystals and Catalysis in CO Oxidation. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Condensed Matter Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Condensed Matter Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wen Chu
- Center
of Condensed Matter Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Condensed Matter Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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49
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Haarindraprasad R, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Kashif M, Veeradasan P, Balakrishnan SR, Foo KL, Poopalan P. Low Temperature Annealed Zinc Oxide Nanostructured Thin Film-Based Transducers: Characterization for Sensing Applications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132755. [PMID: 26167853 PMCID: PMC4500498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of sensing surfaces highly relies on nanostructures to enhance their sensitivity and specificity. Herein, nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films of various thicknesses were coated on glass and p-type silicon substrates using a sol-gel spin-coating technique. The deposited films were characterized for morphological, structural, and optoelectronic properties by high-resolution measurements. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the deposited films have a c-axis orientation and display peaks that refer to ZnO, which exhibits a hexagonal structure with a preferable plane orientation (002). The thicknesses of ZnO thin films prepared using 1, 3, 5, and 7 cycles were measured to be 40, 60, 100, and 200 nm, respectively. The increment in grain size of the thin film from 21 to 52 nm was noticed, when its thickness was increased from 40 to 200 nm, whereas the band gap value decreased from 3.282 to 3.268 eV. Band gap value of ZnO thin film with thickness of 200 nm at pH ranging from 2 to 10 reduces from 3.263eV to 3.200 eV. Furthermore, to evaluate the transducing capacity of the ZnO nanostructure, the refractive index, optoelectric constant, and bulk modulus were analyzed and correlated. The highest thickness (200 nm) of ZnO film, embedded with an interdigitated electrode that behaves as a pH-sensing electrode, could sense pH variations in the range of 2-10. It showed a highly sensitive response of 444 μAmM-1cm-2 with a linear regression of R2 =0.9304. The measured sensitivity of the developed device for pH per unit is 3.72μA/pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Haarindraprasad
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - U. Hashim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Kashif
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P. Veeradasan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - S. R. Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - K. L. Foo
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P. Poopalan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
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50
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Ghose S, Rakshit T, Ranganathan R, Jana D. Role of Zn-interstitial defect states on d0 ferromagnetism of mechanically milled ZnO nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An impurity defect level formed by interstitial zinc at the surfaces of undoped ZnO nanoparticles plays a crucial role for d0 ferromagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamita Rakshit
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - R. Ranganathan
- Condensed Matter Physics Division (Experiment)
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Kolkata 700064
- India
| | - D. Jana
- Department of Physics
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata 700009
- India
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