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Afdal, Bengen DG, Wahyudi AJ, Rastina, Prayitno HB, Hamzah F, Koropitan AF. Spatial variability of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) in Indonesian coastal waters. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 195:106377. [PMID: 38280302 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The effects of Ocean acidification (OA) on the coastal waters of small islands in Indonesia have yet to be extensively studied. This research aims to investigate the process of OA in the coastal waters of small Indonesian islands and examine how land-sea interactions impact carbonate mineral saturation. We collected seawater samples from seven locations on small islands in Indonesia between 2015 and 2021 to analyze the aragonite saturation state. The result shows that most of Indonesia's coastal waters are accompanied by supersaturation of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag>1). Selayar Island's waters had the highest aragonite saturation, averaging 4.96 ± 0.48, while Pari Island's coastal waters had the lowest, averaging 2.49 ± 0.50. Salinity had the greatest effect on Ωarag in all of the sampling sites, ranging from 24.13% to 52.92%, except Aceh Island, where temperature had a greater impact (34.35%) than salinity (26.99%). By the end of this century, Ωarag is predicted to decline based on projections related to climate change. Small island coastal waters are expected to experience a more substantial decline compared to those near the mainland, ranging from 4.71% to 79.58%. The coastal waters of Weh and Selayar Island are probably going to decline the greatest, while the coastal waters of Sorong (mainland) are probably going to decline the least. All seven sampling locations are expected to observe the decrease. This decline will be observed at all seven sampling locations, with Ωarag values ranging from 1.91 to 3.35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afdal
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia; Department of Marine Science and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia.
| | | | - A'an Johan Wahyudi
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia; Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Rastina
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia
| | - Hanif Budi Prayitno
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Faisal Hamzah
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Alan F Koropitan
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia
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2
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Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Wei Z, Long L. Increased light intensity enhances photosynthesis and biochemical components of red macroalga of commercial importance, Kappaphycus alvarezii, in response to ocean acidification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108465. [PMID: 38422577 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased drastically over the past several decades, resulting in the pH of the ocean decreasing by 0.44 ± 0.005 units, known as ocean acidification (OA). The Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae), is a commercially and ecologically important red macroalga with significant CO2 absorption potential from seawater. The K. alvarezii also experienced light variations from self-shading and varied cultivation depths. Thus, the aim of present study was to investigate the effects of two pCO2 levels (450 and 1200 ppmv) and three light intensities (50, 100, and 150 μmol photons·m-2·s-1) on photosynthesis and the biochemical components in K. alvarezii. The results of the present study showed that a light intensity of 50 μmol photons·m-2·s-1 was optimal for K. alvarezii photosynthesis with 0.663 ± 0.030 of Fv/Fm and 0.672 ± 0.025 of Fv'/Fm'. Phycoerythrin contents at two pCO2 levels decreased significantly with an increase in light intensity by 57.14-87.76%, while phycocyanin contents only decreased from 0.0069 ± 0.001 mg g-1 FW to 0.0047 ± 0.001 mg g-1 FW with an increase in light intensity at 1200 ppmv of pCO2. Moreover, moderate increases in light intensity and pCO2 had certain positive effects on the physiological performance of K. alvarezii, specifically in terms of increasing soluble carbohydrate production. Although OA and high light levels promoted total organic carbon accumulation (21.730 ± 0.205% DW) in K. alvarezii, they had a negative impact on total nitrogen accumulation (0.600 ± 0.017% DW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou, 515041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhangliang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou, 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
| | - Lijuan Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou, 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
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3
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Gaysina LA. Influence of pH on the Morphology and Cell Volume of Microscopic Algae, Widely Distributed in Terrestrial Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38337891 PMCID: PMC10857513 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial algae are a group of photosynthetic organisms that can survive in extreme conditions. pH is one of the most important factors influencing the distribution of algae in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The impact of different pH levels on the cell volume and other morphological characteristics of authentic and reference strains of Chlorella vulgaris, Bracteacoccus minor, Pseudoccomyxa simplex, Chlorococcum infusionum, and Vischeria magna were studied. Chlorella vulgaris, Pseudoccomyxa simplex, and Vischeria magna were the most resistant species, retaining their morphology in the range of pH 4-11.5 and pH 3.5-11, respectively. The change in pH towards acidic and alkaline levels caused an increase in the volume of Pseudoccomixa simplex and Vischeria magna cells, according to a polynomial regression model. The volume of Chlorella vulgaris cells increased from a low to high pH according to a linear regression model. Changes in pH levels did not have a significant impact on the volume of Bracteacoccus minor and Chlorococcum infusionum cells. Low and high levels of pH caused an increase in oil-containing substances in Vischeria magna and Bracteacoccus minor cells. Our study revealed a high resistance of the studied species to extreme pH levels, which allows for us to recommend these strains for broader use in biotechnology and conservation studies of natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lira A. Gaysina
- Department of Bioecology and Biological Education, M. Akmullah Bashkir State Pedagogical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia;
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshye Vyazemy, Russia
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Corbera G, Lo Iacono C, Simarro G, Grinyó J, Ambroso S, Huvenne VAI, Mienis F, Carreiro-Silva M, Martins I, Mano B, Orejas C, Larsson A, Hennige S, Gori A. Local-scale feedbacks influencing cold-water coral growth and subsequent reef formation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20389. [PMID: 36437278 PMCID: PMC9701764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite cold-water coral (CWC) reefs being considered biodiversity hotspots, very little is known about the main processes driving their morphological development. Indeed, there is a considerable knowledge gap in quantitative experimental studies that help understand the interaction between reef morphology, near-bed hydrodynamics, coral growth, and (food) particle transport processes. In the present study, we performed a 2-month long flume experiment in which living coral nubbins were placed on a reef patch to determine the effect of a unidirectional flow on the growth and physiological condition of Lophelia pertusa. Measurements revealed how the presence of coral framework increased current speed and turbulence above the frontal part of the reef patch, while conditions immediately behind it were characterised by an almost stagnant flow and reduced turbulence. Owing to the higher current speeds that likely promoted a higher food encounter rate and intake of ions involved in the calcification process, the coral nubbins located on the upstream part of the reef presented a significantly enhanced average growth and a lower expression of stress-related enzymes than the downstream ones. Yet, further experiments would be needed to fully quantify how the variations in water hydrodynamics modify particle encounter and ion intake rates by coral nubbins located in different parts of a reef, and how such discrepancies may ultimately affect coral growth. Nonetheless, the results acquired here denote that a reef influenced by a unidirectional water flow would grow into the current: a pattern of reef development that coincides with that of actual coral reefs located in similar water flow settings. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that at the local scale coral reef morphology has a direct effect on coral growth thus, indicating that the spatial patterns of living CWC colonies in reef patches are the result of spatial self-organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Corbera
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ,grid.418022.d0000 0004 0603 464XNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Claudio Lo Iacono
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Simarro
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Grinyó
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10914.3d0000 0001 2227 4609Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Ambroso
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veerle A. I. Huvenne
- grid.418022.d0000 0004 0603 464XNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK ,grid.484198.80000 0001 0659 5066Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg – Institute for Advanced Study (HWK), Lehmkuhlenbusch 4, 27753 Delmenhorst, Germany
| | - Furu Mienis
- grid.10914.3d0000 0001 2227 4609Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Carreiro-Silva
- grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474Institute of Marine Research-Okeanos, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Inês Martins
- grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474Institute of Marine Research-Okeanos, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Mano
- grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474Institute of Marine Research-Okeanos, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Covadonga Orejas
- grid.410389.70000 0001 0943 6642Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Avenida Príncipe de Asturias 70 Bis, 33212 Gijón, Spain ,grid.484198.80000 0001 0659 5066Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg – Institute for Advanced Study (HWK), Lehmkuhlenbusch 4, 27753 Delmenhorst, Germany
| | - Ann Larsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Hennige
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Gori
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.9906.60000 0001 2289 7785Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Clark V, Mello-Athayde MA, Dove S. Colonies of Acropora formosa with greater survival potential have reduced calcification rates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269526. [PMID: 35679252 PMCID: PMC9182694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are facing increasingly devasting impacts from ocean warming and acidification due to anthropogenic climate change. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, potential solutions have focused either on reducing light stress during heating, or on the potential for identifying or engineering “super corals”. A large subset of these studies, however, have tended to focus primarily on the bleaching response of corals, and assume erroneously that corals that bleach earlier in a thermal event die first. Here, we explore how survival, observable bleaching, coral skeletal growth (as branch extension and densification), and coral tissue growth (protein and lipid concentrations) varies for conspecifics collected from distinctive reef zones at Heron Island on the Southern Great Barrier Reef. A reciprocal transplantation experiment was undertaken using the dominant reef building coral (Acropora formosa) between the highly variable reef flat and the less variable reef slope environments. Coral colonies originating from the reef flat had higher rates of survival and amassed greater protein densities but calcified at reduced rates compared to conspecifics originating from the reef slope. The energetics of both populations however potentially benefited from greater light intensity present in the shallows. Reef flat origin corals moved to the lower light intensity of the reef slope reduced protein density and calcification rates. For A. formosa, genetic differences, or long-term entrainment to a highly variable environment, appeared to promote coral survival at the expense of calcification. The response decouples coral survival from carbonate coral reef resilience, a response that was further exacerbated by reductions in irradiance. As we begin to discuss interventions necessitated by the CO2 that has already been released into the atmosphere, we need to prioritise our focus on the properties that maintain valuable carbonate ecosystems. Rapid and dense calcification by corals such as branching Acropora is essential to the ability of carbonate coral reefs to rebound following disturbance events and maintain 3D structure but may be the first property that is sacrificed to enable coral genet survival under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Matheus A. Mello-Athayde
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Noisette F, Pansch C, Wall M, Wahl M, Hurd CL. Role of hydrodynamics in shaping chemical habitats and modulating the responses of coastal benthic systems to ocean global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3812-3829. [PMID: 35298052 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine coastal zones are highly productive, and dominated by engineer species (e.g. macrophytes, molluscs, corals) that modify the chemistry of their surrounding seawater via their metabolism, causing substantial fluctuations in oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and nutrients. The magnitude of these biologically driven chemical fluctuations is regulated by hydrodynamics, can exceed values predicted for the future open ocean, and creates chemical patchiness in subtidal areas at various spatial (µm to meters) and temporal (minutes to months) scales. Although the role of hydrodynamics is well explored for planktonic communities, its influence as a crucial driver of benthic organism and community functioning is poorly addressed, particularly in the context of ocean global change. Hydrodynamics can directly modulate organismal physiological activity or indirectly influence an organism's performance by modifying its habitat. This review addresses recent developments in (i) the influence of hydrodynamics on the biological activity of engineer species, (ii) the description of chemical habitats resulting from the interaction between hydrodynamics and biological activity, (iii) the role of these chemical habitat as refugia against ocean acidification and deoxygenation, and (iv) how species living in such chemical habitats may respond to ocean global change. Recommendations are provided to integrate the effect of hydrodynamics and environmental fluctuations in future research, to better predict the responses of coastal benthic ecosystems to ongoing ocean global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Noisette
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christian Pansch
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland
| | - Marlene Wall
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Martin Wahl
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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7
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Godefroid M, Dupont S, Metian M, Hédouin L. Two decades of seawater acidification experiments on tropical scleractinian corals: Overview, meta-analysis and perspectives. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113552. [PMID: 35339865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification has emerged as a major concern in the last fifteen years and studies on the impacts of seawater acidification on marine organisms have multiplied accordingly. This review aimed at synthesizing the literature on the effects of seawater acidification on tropical scleractinians under laboratory-controlled conditions. We identified 141 articles (published between 1999 and 2021) and separated endpoints into 22 biological categories to identify global trends for mitigation and gaps in knowledge and research priorities for future investigators. The relative number of affected endpoints increased with pH intensity (particularly for endpoints associated to calcification and reproduction). When exposed to pH 7.6-7.8 (compared to higher pH), 49% of endpoints were affected. The diversity in experimental designs prevented deciphering the modulating role of coral life stages, genera or duration of exposure. Finally, important bias in research efforts included most experiments on adult corals (68.5%), in 27 out of 150 (18%) coral ecoregions and exclusively from shallow-waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Godefroid
- PSL Research University: EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729 Papetoai, Mo'orea, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Mo'orea, French Polynesia.
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; Radioecology Laboratory International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Marine Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Marc Metian
- Radioecology Laboratory International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Marine Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Laetitia Hédouin
- PSL Research University: EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729 Papetoai, Mo'orea, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Mo'orea, French Polynesia
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8
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Mallon J, Banaszak AT, Donachie L, Exton D, Cyronak T, Balke T, Bass AM. A low-cost benthic incubation chamber for in-situ community metabolism measurements. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13116. [PMID: 35402104 PMCID: PMC8992662 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic incubation chambers facilitate in-situ metabolism studies in shallow water environments. They are used to isolate the water surrounding a study organism or community so that changes in water chemistry can be quantified to characterise physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification. Such field measurements capture the biological processes taking place within the benthic community while incorporating the influence of environmental variables that are often difficult to recreate in ex-situ settings. Variations in benthic chamber designs have evolved for a range of applications. In this study, we built upon previous designs to create a novel chamber, which is (1) low-cost and assembled without specialised equipment, (2) easily reproducible, (3) minimally invasive, (4) adaptable to varied substrates, and (5) comparable with other available designs in performance. We tested the design in the laboratory and field and found that it achieved the outlined objectives. Using non-specialised materials, we were able to construct the chamber at a low cost (under $20 USD per unit), while maintaining similar performance and reproducibility with that of existing designs. Laboratory and field tests demonstrated minimal leakage (2.08 ± 0.78% water exchange over 4 h) and acceptable light transmission (86.9 ± 1.9%), results comparable to those reported for other chambers. In the field, chambers were deployed in a shallow coastal environment in Akumal, Mexico, to measure productivity of seagrass, and coral-, algae-, and sand-dominated reef patches. In both case studies, production rates aligned with those of comparable benthic chamber deployments in the literature and followed established trends with light, the primary driver of benthic metabolism, indicating robust performance under field conditions. We demonstrate that our low-cost benthic chamber design uses locally accessible and minimal resources, is adaptable for a variety of field settings, and can be used to collect reliable and repeatable benthic metabolism data. This chamber has the potential to broaden accessibility and applications of in-situ incubations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mallon
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anastazia T. Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | | | - Dan Exton
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, United States
| | - Thorsten Balke
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Bass
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Cornwall CE, Harvey BP, Comeau S, Cornwall DL, Hall-Spencer JM, Peña V, Wada S, Porzio L. Understanding coralline algal responses to ocean acidification: Meta-analysis and synthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:362-374. [PMID: 34689395 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to the persistence of biogenic reefs throughout the world's ocean. Coralline algae are comprised of high magnesium calcite and have long been considered one of the most susceptible taxa to the negative impacts of OA. We summarize these impacts and explore the causes of variability in coralline algal responses using a review/qualitative assessment of all relevant literature, meta-analysis, quantitative assessment of critical responses, and a discussion of physiological mechanisms and directions for future research. We find that most coralline algae experienced reduced abundance, calcification rates, recruitment rates, and declines in pH within the site of calcification in laboratory experiments simulating OA or at naturally elevated CO2 sites. There were no other consistent physiological responses of coralline algae to simulated OA (e.g., photo-physiology, mineralogy, and survival). Calcification/growth was the most frequently measured parameters in coralline algal OA research, and our meta-analyses revealed greater declines in seawater pH were associated with significant decreases in calcification in adults and similar but nonsignificant trends for juveniles. Adults from the family Mesophyllumaceae also tended to be more robust to OA, though there was insufficient data to test similar trends for juveniles. OA was the dominant driver in the majority of laboratory experiments where other local or global drivers were assessed. The interaction between OA and any other single driver was often additive, though factors that changed pH at the surface of coralline algae (light, water motion, epiphytes) acted antagonistically or synergistically with OA more than any other drivers. With advances in experimental design and methodological techniques, we now understand that the physiology of coralline algal calcification largely dictates their responses to OA. However, significant challenges still remain, including improving the geographic and life-history spread of research effort and a need for holistic assessments of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Cornwall
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Steeve Comeau
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Daniel L Cornwall
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Viviana Peña
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Lucia Porzio
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
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Boute PG, Van Wassenbergh S, Stamhuis EJ. Modulating yaw with an unstable rigid body and a course-stabilizing or steering caudal fin in the yellow boxfish ( Ostracion cubicus). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200129. [PMID: 32431903 PMCID: PMC7211845 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite that boxfishes have a rigid carapace that restricts body undulation, they are highly manoeuvrable and manage to swim with remarkably dynamic stability. Recent research has indicated that the rigid body shape of boxfishes shows an inherently unstable response in its rotations caused by course-disturbing flows. Hence, any net stabilizing effect should come from the fishes' fins. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the surface area and orientation of the caudal fin on the yaw torque exerted on the yellow boxfish, Ostracion cubicus, a square cross-sectional shaped species of boxfish. Yaw torques quantified in a flow tank using a physical model with an attachable closed or open caudal fin at different body and tail angles and at different water flow speeds showed that the caudal fin is crucial for controlling yaw. These flow tank results were confirmed by computational fluid dynamics simulations. The caudal fin acts as both a course-stabilizer and rudder for the naturally unstable rigid body with regard to yaw. Boxfishes seem to use the interaction of the unstable body and active changes in the shape and orientation of the caudal fin to modulate manoeuvrability and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim G. Boute
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Eize J. Stamhuis
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Kline DI, Teneva L, Okamoto DK, Schneider K, Caldeira K, Miard T, Chai A, Marker M, Dunbar RB, Mitchell BG, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O. Living coral tissue slows skeletal dissolution related to ocean acidification. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1438-1444. [PMID: 31558830 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is causing major changes to marine ecosystems globally, with ocean acidification of particular concern for coral reefs. Using a 200 d in situ carbon dioxide enrichment study on Heron Island, Australia, we simulated future ocean acidification conditions, and found reduced pH led to a drastic decline in net calcification of living corals to no net growth, and accelerated disintegration of dead corals. Net calcification declined more severely than in previous studies due to exposure to the natural community of bioeroding organisms in this in situ study and to a longer experimental duration. Our data suggest that reef flat corals reach net dissolution at an aragonite saturation state (ΩAR) of 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.8-2.8) with 100% living coral cover and at ΩAR > 3.5 with 30% living coral cover. This model suggests that areas of the reef with relatively low coral mortality, where living coral cover is high, are likely to be resistant to carbon dioxide-induced reef dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Kline
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama. .,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Integrative Oceanography Division, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lida Teneva
- Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,OceanX, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel K Okamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth Schneider
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA, USA.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ken Caldeira
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Miard
- Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron Chai
- Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Malcolm Marker
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Robert B Dunbar
- Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B Greg Mitchell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Integrative Oceanography Division, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Dove
- Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Flow-driven micro-scale pH variability affects the physiology of corals and coralline algae under ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12829. [PMID: 31492930 PMCID: PMC6731248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural variability in pH in the diffusive boundary layer (DBL), the discrete layer of seawater between bulk seawater and the outer surface of organisms, could be an important factor determining the response of corals and coralline algae to ocean acidification (OA). Here, two corals with different morphologies and one coralline alga were maintained under two different regimes of flow velocities, pH, and light intensities in a 12 flumes experimental system for a period of 27 weeks. We used a combination of geochemical proxies, physiological and micro-probe measurements to assess how these treatments affected the conditions in the DBL and the response of organisms to OA. Overall, low flow velocity did not ameliorate the negative effect of low pH and therefore did not provide a refugia from OA. Flow velocity had species-specific effects with positive effects on calcification for two species. pH in the calcifying fluid (pHcf) was reduced by low flow in both corals at low light only. pHcf was significantly impacted by pH in the DBL for the two species capable of significantly modifying pH in the DBL. The dissolved inorganic carbon in the calcifying fluid (DICcf) was highest under low pH for the corals and low flow for the coralline, while the saturation state in the calcifying fluid and its proxy (FWHM) were generally not affected by the treatments. This study therefore demonstrates that the effects of OA will manifest most severely in a combination of lower light and lower flow habitats for sub-tropical coralline algae. These effects will also be greatest in lower flow habitats for some corals. Together with existing literature, these findings reinforce that the effects of OA are highly context dependent, and will differ greatly between habitats, and depending on species composition.
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13
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Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Bartrons M, Bartrons R. Editorial: Cancer Ecosystems. Front Oncol 2019; 9:718. [PMID: 31482062 PMCID: PMC6710358 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo E Martinez-Outschoorn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mireia Bartrons
- Aquatic Ecology Group, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Ramon Bartrons
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Ocean acidification effects on in situ coral reef metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12067. [PMID: 31427632 PMCID: PMC6700128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Anthropocene climate has largely been defined by a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2, causing global climate change (warming) and ocean acidification (OA, a reduction in oceanic pH). OA is of particular concern for coral reefs, as the associated reduction in carbonate ion availability impairs biogenic calcification and promotes dissolution of carbonate substrata. While these trends ultimately affect ecosystem calcification, scaling experimental analyses of the response of organisms to OA to consider the response of ecosystems to OA has proved difficult. The benchmark of ecosystem-level experiments to study the effects of OA is provided through Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE), which we use in the present analyses for a 21-d experiment on the back reef of Mo’orea, French Polynesia. Two natural coral reef communities were incubated in situ, with one exposed to ambient pCO2 (393 µatm), and one to high pCO2 (949 µatm). Our results show a decrease in 24-h net community calcification (NCC) under high pCO2, and a reduction in nighttime NCC that attenuated and eventually reversed over 21-d. This effect was not observed in daytime NCC, and it occurred without any effect of high pCO2 on net community production (NCP). These results contribute to previous studies on ecosystem-level responses of coral reefs to the OA conditions projected for the end of the century, and they highlight potential attenuation of high pCO2 effects on nighttime net community calcification.
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15
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McWilliam M, Chase TJ, Hoogenboom MO. Neighbor Diversity Regulates the Productivity of Coral Assemblages. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3634-3639.e3. [PMID: 30393039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining ecological functions as biodiversity changes will be a major challenge in the 21st century [1]. However, our understanding of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function is still emerging on tropical coral reefs [2], where reef-building corals form highly productive assemblages [3, 4] and species respond in different ways to their neighbors [5] and their environment (e.g., water flow) [6]. Experimental coral communities were assembled to quantify the performance of coral colonies with and without neighbors and in the presence of conspecifics versus heterospecifics. Under higher flow, we identified a positive effect of coral species richness on primary productivity (gross and net photosynthesis) indicated by a 53% increase in productivity in multispecies assemblages (2-4 species) relative to monocultures. Productivity in monocultures was predicted by surface areas associated with different species morphologies. In contrast, multispecies assemblages maintained high levels of productivity even in the absence of the most productive species, reflecting non-additive effects of species richness on community functioning. Assemblage performances were regulated by positive and negative interactions between colonies, with many colonies performing better among heterospecific neighbors than in isolation (facilitation). Facilitation occurred primarily among flow-sensitive taxa with simple morphologies and did not occur under lower flow, suggesting that modifications to flow microclimates by corals generated beneficial, interspecific interactions. Our results show that competition and facilitation among neighbors may be important mechanisms regulating coral assemblage productivity in variable environments. Furthermore, shifts in the diversity and identity of neighbors can impair these interactions, with potentially widespread consequences for coral community functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike McWilliam
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Tory J Chase
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Mia O Hoogenboom
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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16
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Biodiversity of Kelp Forests and Coralline Algae Habitats in Southwestern Greenland. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All marine communities in Greenland are experiencing rapid environmental change, and to understand the effects on those structured by seaweeds, baseline records are vital. The kelp and coralline algae habitats along Greenland’s coastlines are rarely studied, and we fill this knowledge gap for the area around Nuuk, west Greenland. Using subtidal swath surveys, photo-quadrats, and grab samples, we characterised the diversity of floral and faunal assemblages in kelp forests and coralline algae beds. The most abundant herbivore assemblages and the most diverse communities occur in the interstitial habitats of rhodolith beds. In kelp forests, species diversity is higher in epi-benthic (photo-quadrat) and mid-water (swath) surveys. These habitats are not mutually exclusive; Agarum clathratum is prominent in coralline algal habitats, while crustose coralline algae cover the bedrock under kelp holdfasts. Overall, the suite of surveys used capture the diverse communities within kelp forests and coralline algae in Greenland and their differing role in the life history of the inhabitants. Furthermore, coralline algae beds are an important carbonate store, with CaCO3 concentrations ranging from 28.06 to 103.73 g·m−3. Our research sets the baseline for continued investigations and monitoring of these important habitats and their supported fisheries.
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17
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Barner AK, Chan F, Hettinger A, Hacker SD, Marshall K, Menge BA. Generality in multispecies responses to ocean acidification revealed through multiple hypothesis testing. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4464-4477. [PMID: 30047188 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated that many calcifying species are negatively affected by ocean acidification, a major anthropogenic threat in marine ecosystems. However, even closely related species may exhibit different responses to ocean acidification and less is known about the drivers that shape such variation in different species. Here, we examine the drivers of physiological performance under ocean acidification in a group of five species of turf-forming coralline algae. Specifically, quantitating the relative weight of evidence for each of ten hypotheses, we show that variation in coralline calcification and photosynthesis was best explained by allometric traits. Across ocean acidification conditions, larger individuals (measured as noncalcified mass) had higher net calcification and photosynthesis rates. Importantly, our approach was able to not only identify the aspect of size that drove the performance of coralline algae, but also determined that responses to ocean acidification were not dependent on species identity, evolutionary relatedness, habitat, shape, or structural composition. In fact, we found that failure to test multiple, alternative hypotheses would underestimate the generality of physiological performances, leading to the conclusion that each species had different baseline performance under ocean acidification. Testing among alternative hypotheses is an essential step toward determining the generalizability of experiments across taxa and identifying common drivers of species responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Barner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Annaliese Hettinger
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sally D Hacker
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kelsey Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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18
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Eyre BD, Cyronak T, Drupp P, De Carlo EH, Sachs JP, Andersson AJ. Coral reefs will transition to net dissolving before end of century. Science 2018; 359:908-911. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D. Eyre
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Tyler Cyronak
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
| | - Patrick Drupp
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Eric Heinen De Carlo
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Julian P. Sachs
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andreas J. Andersson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
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19
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Wall CB, Mason RAB, Ellis WR, Cunning R, Gates RD. Elevated pCO 2 affects tissue biomass composition, but not calcification, in a reef coral under two light regimes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170683. [PMID: 29291059 PMCID: PMC5717633 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to reduce reef coral calcification rates and threaten the long-term growth of coral reefs under climate change. Reduced coral growth at elevated pCO2 may be buffered by sufficiently high irradiances; however, the interactive effects of OA and irradiance on other fundamental aspects of coral physiology, such as the composition and energetics of coral biomass, remain largely unexplored. This study tested the effects of two light treatments (7.5 versus 15.7 mol photons m-2 d-1) at ambient or elevated pCO2 (435 versus 957 µatm) on calcification, photopigment and symbiont densities, biomass reserves (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins), and biomass energy content (kJ) of the reef coral Pocillopora acuta from Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i. While pCO2 and light had no effect on either area- or biomass-normalized calcification, tissue lipids gdw-1 and kJ gdw-1 were reduced 15% and 14% at high pCO2, and carbohydrate content increased 15% under high light. The combination of high light and high pCO2 reduced protein biomass (per unit area) by approximately 20%. Thus, under ecologically relevant irradiances, P. acuta in Kāne'ohe Bay does not exhibit OA-driven reductions in calcification reported for other corals; however, reductions in tissue lipids, energy content and protein biomass suggest OA induced an energetic deficit and compensatory catabolism of tissue biomass. The null effects of OA on calcification at two irradiances support a growing body of work concluding some reef corals may be able to employ compensatory physiological mechanisms that maintain present-day levels of calcification under OA. However, negative effects of OA on P. acuta biomass composition and energy content may impact the long-term performance and scope for growth of this species in a high pCO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. B. Wall
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - R. A. B. Mason
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - W. R. Ellis
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R. Cunning
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - R. D. Gates
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744, USA
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20
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Zhou J, Huang H, Beardall J, Gao K. Effect of UV radiation on the expulsion of Symbiodinium from the coral Pocillopora damicornis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 166:12-17. [PMID: 27838505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The variation in density of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinum in coral is a basic indicator of coral bleaching, i.e. loss of the symbiotic algae or their photosynthetic pigments. However, in the field corals constantly release their symbiotic algae to surrounding water. To explore the underlying mechanism, the rate of expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral Pocillopora damicornis was studied over a three-day period under ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400nm) stress. The results showed that the algal expulsion rate appeared 10-20% higher under exposure to UV-A (320-395nm) or UV-B (295-320nm), though the differences were not statistically significant. When corals were exposed to UV-A and UV-B radiation, the maximum expulsion of zooxanthellae occurred at noon (10:00-13:00), and this timing was 1h earlier than in the control without UVR. UVR stress led to obvious decreases in the concentrations of chl a and carotenoids in the coral nubbins after a three-day exposure. Therefore, our results suggested that although the UVR effect on algal expulsion rate was a chronic stress and was not significant within a time frame of only three days, the reduction in chl a and carotenoids may potentially enhance the possibility of coral bleaching over a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - John Beardall
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Comeau S, Lantz CA, Edmunds PJ, Carpenter RC. Framework of barrier reefs threatened by ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1225-1234. [PMID: 26154126 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, studies of ocean acidification (OA) on coral reefs have focused on organisms rather than communities, and the few community effects that have been addressed have focused on shallow back reef habitats. The effects of OA on outer barrier reefs, which are the most striking of coral reef habitats and are functionally and physically different from back reefs, are unknown. Using 5-m long outdoor flumes to create treatment conditions, we constructed coral reef communities comprised of calcified algae, corals, and reef pavement that were assembled to match the community structure at 17 m depth on the outer barrier reef of Moorea, French Polynesia. Communities were maintained under ambient and 1200 μatm pCO2 for 7 weeks, and net calcification rates were measured at different flow speeds. Community net calcification was significantly affected by OA, especially at night when net calcification was depressed ~78% compared to ambient pCO2 . Flow speed (2-14 cm s(-1) ) enhanced net calcification only at night under elevated pCO2 . Reef pavement also was affected by OA, with dissolution ~86% higher under elevated pCO2 compared to ambient pCO2 . These results suggest that net accretion of outer barrier reef communities will decline under OA conditions predicted within the next 100 years, largely because of increased dissolution of reef pavement. Such extensive dissolution poses a threat to the carbonate foundation of barrier reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Comeau
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, School of Earth & Environment & Ocean's Institute, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Coulson A Lantz
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, School of Earth & Environment & Ocean's Institute, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, School of Earth & Environment & Ocean's Institute, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Robert C Carpenter
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, School of Earth & Environment & Ocean's Institute, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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22
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Jokiel PL, Jury CP, Kuffner IB. Coral Calcification and Ocean Acidification. CORAL REEFS OF THE WORLD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7567-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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23
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First Evidence of an Important Organic Matter Trophic Pathway between Temperate Corals and Pelagic Microbial Communities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139175. [PMID: 26466126 PMCID: PMC4605525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus, i.e., particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM, DOM) released by corals, acts as an important energy carrier in tropical ecosystems, but little is known on its ecological role in temperate environments. This study assessed POM and DOM production by the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa under different environmental conditions. The subsequent enzymatic degradation, growth of prokaryotes and virus-like particles (VLPs) as well as changes in the structure of the prokaryotic communities were also monitored. C. caespitosa produced an important quantity of mucus, which varied according to the environmental conditions (from 37.8 to 67.75 nmol carbon h-1 cm-2), but remained higher or comparable to productions observed in tropical corals. It has an important nutritional value, as highlighted by the high content in dissolved nitrogen (50% to 90% of the organic matter released). Organic matter was rapidly degraded by prokaryotes' enzymatic activities, and due to its nitrogen content, aminopeptidase activity was 500 fold higher than the α-glucosidase activity. Prokaryotes, as well as VLPs, presented a rapid growth in the mucus, with prokaryote production rates as high as 0.31 μg h-1 L-1. Changes in bacterial and archaeal communities were observed in the ageing mucus and between mucus and the water column, suggesting a clear impact of mucus on microorganism diversity. Overall, our results show that the organic matter released by temperate corals, such as C. caespitosa, which can form reef structures in the Mediterranean Sea, stimulates microbial activity and thereby functions as a significant carbon and nitrogen supplier to the microbial loop.
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Hurd CL. Slow-flow habitats as refugia for coastal calcifiers from ocean acidification. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:599-605. [PMID: 26986784 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pH of the oceans' surface water is dropping, termed ocean acidification (OA), and the 0.4 unit reduction in pH by 2100 is projected to negatively impact benthic coastal organisms that produce calcium carbonate "skeletons." Research has focussed on identifying species that are susceptible to OA, but there is an urgent need to discover refuge habitats that will afford protection to vulnerable species. The susceptibility of calcium carbonate skeletons to dissolution by OA depends on the pH at their surface, and this is controlled by the interaction between seawater velocity and organismal metabolism. This perspective considers how seawater velocity modifies the responses of calcifying organisms (seaweed, shellfish, and tropical corals) to OA through its action on controlling diffusion boundary layer thickness and thereby the pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) at the organisms' surface. Evidence is presented to support the idea that slow-flow habitats, such as wave-sheltered bays or the within canopies of seaweed/seagrass beds, might provide inexpensive refugia from OA for vulnerable coastal calcifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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Barkley HC, Cohen AL, Golbuu Y, Starczak VR, DeCarlo TM, Shamberger KEF. Changes in coral reef communities across a natural gradient in seawater pH. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500328. [PMID: 26601203 PMCID: PMC4640615 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens the survival of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. The negative effects of ocean acidification observed in many laboratory experiments have been seen in studies of naturally low-pH reefs, with little evidence to date for adaptation. Recently, we reported initial data suggesting that low-pH coral communities of the Palau Rock Islands appear healthy despite the extreme conditions in which they live. Here, we build on that observation with a comprehensive statistical analysis of benthic communities across Palau's natural acidification gradient. Our analysis revealed a shift in coral community composition but no impact of acidification on coral richness, coralline algae abundance, macroalgae cover, coral calcification, or skeletal density. However, coral bioerosion increased 11-fold as pH decreased from the barrier reefs to the Rock Island bays. Indeed, a comparison of the naturally low-pH coral reef systems studied so far revealed increased bioerosion to be the only consistent feature among them, as responses varied across other indices of ecosystem health. Our results imply that whereas community responses may vary, escalation of coral reef bioerosion and acceleration of a shift from net accreting to net eroding reef structures will likely be a global signature of ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Barkley
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (A.L.C.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Anne L. Cohen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (A.L.C.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Yimnang Golbuu
- Palau International Coral Reef Center, Koror 96940, Palau
| | | | - Thomas M. DeCarlo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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