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Zhao W, Qiao C, Liu J, Zhou M, Lan Q, Liang W, Xiao Y, Yang M, Yang Y, Gong P. Genetic Contributions on Attachment in Emerging Adults: Cumulative Effects of Serotonergic Polymorphisms. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02054-y. [PMID: 39014157 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Attachment in emerging adults is closely intertwined with emotion regulation, stress coping, and social bonding during the transition from childhood to early adulthood. Due to the critical roles of serotonin in these mental functions, this research explored whether the cumulative genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms are associated with individual differences and contextual variations in attachment dimensions over time in emerging adults. Study 1 utilized a cross-sectional design in college students (N = 1088, mean age = 22.71 ± 2.86 years). The results showed significant correlations between a higher cumulative genetic score and elevated levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance. Study 2 employed a three-wave longitudinal design in a cohort of freshmen (N = 523, mean age = 19.54 ± 1.86 years at wave 1). The results demonstrated that a higher genetic score was associated with both higher levels and greater variability in attachment dimensions compared to a lower genetic score. These findings suggest that the cumulative genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms contribute to individual differences and dynamic processes in attachment dimensions in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chenjin Qiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jinting Liu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qi Lan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- College of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Khani P, Ansari Dezfouli M, Nasri F, Rahemi M, Ahmadloo S, Afkhami H, Saeidi F, Tereshchenko S, Bigdeli MR, Modarressi MH. Genetic and epigenetic effects on couple adjustment in context of romantic relationship: A scoping systematic review. Front Genet 2023; 14:1002048. [PMID: 36816018 PMCID: PMC9937082 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Couples' relationships defined by a complex interaction between the two partners and their intrapersonal traits. Romantic; relationships and love are associated with marital satisfaction and stability, as well as couples' happiness and health. Personality traits influence romantic relationships and, personality influenced by genetical and non-genetically factors. The roles of non-genetically factors such as socioeconomic position and external appearance have revealed in determining the quality of romantic relationships. Methods: We; performed a scoping systematic review to assess the association between genetics and epigenetic factors and romantic relationship. Relevant articles were identified by PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the APA PsycInfo searching between inception and 4 June 2022. Results: Different studies evaluated the associated polymorphisms in 15 different genes or chromosomal regions. In the first step; we classified them into four groups: (1) Oxytocin-related signaling pathway (OXTR, CD38, and AVPR1A); (2) Serotonin-related signaling pathway (SLC6A4, HTR1A, and HTR2A); (3) Dopamine and catecholamine-related signaling pathway (DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, ANKK1, and COMT); and (4) other genes (HLA, GABRA2, OPRM1, and Y-DNA haplogroup D-M55). Then, we evaluated and extracted significant polymorphisms that affect couple adjustment and romantic relationships. Discussion: Overall, the findings suggest that genetic and epigenetics variants play a key role in marital adjustment and romantic relationships over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Khani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Ansari Dezfouli
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nasri
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rahemi
- Department of stem cell technology and tissue regeneration, Faculty of Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salma Ahmadloo
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran,Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzane Saeidi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sergey Tereshchenko
- Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia,*Correspondence: Sergey Tereshchenko, ; Mohammad Reza Bigdeli, ; Mohammad Hossein Modarressi,
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran,Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Sergey Tereshchenko, ; Mohammad Reza Bigdeli, ; Mohammad Hossein Modarressi,
| | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Sergey Tereshchenko, ; Mohammad Reza Bigdeli, ; Mohammad Hossein Modarressi,
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Albert PR, Le François B, Vahid-Ansari F. Genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms for treatment of major depression: the 5-HT1A receptor gene as a paradigm. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:164-176. [PMID: 30807072 PMCID: PMC6488484 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression and anxiety are highly prevalent and involve chronic dysregulation of serotonin, but they remain poorly understood. Here, we review novel transcriptional (genetic, epigenetic) and posttranscriptional (microRNA, alternative splicing) mechanisms implicated in mental illness, focusing on a key serotonin-related regulator, the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and stress-induced DNA methylation of the 5-HT1A promoter converge to differentially alter pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression associated with major depression and reduced therapeutic response to serotonergic antidepressants. Major depression is also associated with altered levels of splice factors and microRNA, posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate RNA stability. The human 5-HT1A 3′-untranslated region is alternatively spliced, removing microRNA sites and increasing 5-HT1A expression, which is reduced in major depression and may be genotype-dependent. Thus, the 5-HT1A receptor gene illustrates the convergence of genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms in gene expression, neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, and major depression. Understanding gene regulatory mechanisms could enhance the detection, categorization and personalized treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Albert
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Brice Le François
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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Pearce E, Wlodarski R, Machin A, Dunbar RIM. The Influence of Genetic Variation on Social Disposition, Romantic Relationships and Social Networks: a Replication Study. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 4:400-422. [PMID: 30393594 PMCID: PMC6190642 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sociality is underpinned by a variety of neurochemicals. We previously showed, in a large healthy Caucasian sample, that genes for different neurochemicals are typically associated with differing social domains (disposition, romantic relationships and networks). Here we seek to confirm the validity of these findings by asking whether they replicate in other population samples. METHODS We test for associations between the same 24 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and measures of sociality as previously, in two smaller independent samples: Caucasian individuals with histories of mental illness (subclinical sample) (N = 140), and non-Caucasian individuals (N = 66). We also combined the relevant SNPs and social measures into 18 distinct neurochemical/social domain categories to examine the distribution of significant associations across these. RESULTS In the subclinical Caucasian sample, we confirm previous associations between (i) specific oxytocin and dopamine receptor gene SNPs and sexual attitudes and behavior, and (ii) two SNPs associated with dopamine receptor 2 and feelings of inclusion in the local community. In the non-Caucasian sample, we replicate the previous association between an oxytocin receptor SNP and anxious attachment. More generally, chi-squared tests indicated that the distribution of significant associations for each neurochemical across the three social domains did not differ significantly between the original sample and either of the new samples, except for oxytocin in the non-Caucasian sample. CONCLUSIONS These results corroborate both the SNP-specific and broader neurochemical associations with particular facets of sociality in two new populations, thereby confirming the validity of the previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiluned Pearce
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Rafael Wlodarski
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Anna Machin
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Robin I. M. Dunbar
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
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Rattay P, von der Lippe E, Mauz E, Richter F, Hölling H, Lange C, Lampert T. Health and health risk behaviour of adolescents-Differences according to family structure. Results of the German KiGGS cohort study. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513693 PMCID: PMC5841741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study’s aim was to investigate the association between family structure and different health-related outcomes in adolescence (self-rated health, emotional and behavioural problems, health-related quality of life, regular smoking, and heavy episodic drinking). Furthermore, we analysed the extent to which socio-economic status, family cohesion and the pre-transition health status explain family structure-related health disparities. Methods We used longitudinal data from the first two waves of the German KiGGS cohort study carried out by the Robert Koch Institute (baseline: 2003–2006, follow-up: 2009–2012). The sample comprised 4,692 respondents aged 11 to 17 years. Using data from both waves, effects of family structure on health status at follow-up were calculated applying linear and logistic regression models. Results We found that adolescents continuously living with both birth parents were in good health. Adolescents whose parents separated after the baseline survey, reported poorer health and were more likely to smoke. The transition from stepfamily to single parent family was also associated with a higher risk of regular smoking. Lower health-related quality of life as well as higher scores for emotional and behavioural problems occurred in almost all non-nuclear family structures, although not all effects were statistically significant. No significant effects of family structure on heavy episodic drinking were found. While family cohesion mediated the effects of family structure on adolescents’ health, the mediating effect of socio-economic status was small. After controlling for pre-transition health, the effects were even lower. Conclusions Because the direct effects of family structure on adolescents’ health were small and family cohesion was found to be an important mediator in the association between family structure and adolescents’ health, prevention programmes and interventions should be directed towards the parent–adolescent relationship rather than just the family structure, in order to minimize the psychosocial stress of adolescents during the period of family transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rattay
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena von der Lippe
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elvira Mauz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Richter
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Hölling
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lange
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lampert
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Liu J, Gong P, Li H, Zhou X. A field study of the association between CD38 gene and altruistic behavior: Empathic response as a mediator. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:165-171. [PMID: 28865941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the enhancement effects of oxytocin on empathic responses and altruistic behaviors, we conducted a field study with a real fundraising event and investigated to what extent oxytocin pathway genes (CD38 and OXTR) modulate individual differences in charitable donation. Participants were informed that a teacher in their university was diagnosed with uremia and could not afford the cost of medication. They were given the opportunity to donate any amount of money and report their empathic responses to the misfortune of the teacher. We found a significant association between CD38 rs3796863 and the amount of donation both before and after controlling for gender, age, subjective socioeconomic status, religious belief, and social desirability. Individuals with the genotypes (AA/AC) leading to higher oxytocin levels reported stronger empathic responses and donated more money than individuals with the CC genotype. Moreover, empathic response mediated the gene-altruism association. However, we observed no significant associations between the three polymorphisms of OXTR (rs53576, rs2254298, and rs1042778) and the amount of donation. This study demonstrates the importance of CD38 as a source of individual differences in altruistic behavior and highlights the role of empathic response in bridging the link between the oxytocin pathway gene and altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; Center for Neurogenetics, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong 518060, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Mating Strategies and Sexual Functioning in Personality Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Sex Med Rev 2017; 5:414-428. [PMID: 28526631 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personality disorders impair several aspects of intrapsychic and interpersonal life. In particular, mating strategies and sexual functioning could manifest in different and/or dysfunctional ways in people with personality disorders. AIM To describe, through a comprehensive review of the literature, the mating strategies and sexual functioning in patients with personality disorders. METHODS We listed and discussed the principal studies on the relation between mating strategies and sexual functioning in personality disorders. The search strategy used search terms in PubMed for the main studies published from January 2000 to December 2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We considered two main sections for our selection according to the aim of the present review: mating and sexuality. RESULTS Interesting evidence on mating strategies in personality disorders was found. In particular, the major items were found in the dramatic-unpredictable cluster, with borderline personality disorder being the most studied. In contrast, the bizarre-eccentric cluster had fewer items, with the schizoid personality disorder being the least studied. For sexual behavior, borderline personality seems to be the unique disorder sufficiently studied, with evidence of major histories of child sexual abuse, the presence of sexual dysfunctions, and paraphilic interests. CONCLUSION A large spectrum of mating strategies characterizes different personality disorders, although an inconsistent knowledge about the relation between sexual function and personality disorders emerged from our analysis of the literature. Hence, we invite clinicians and researchers to integrate psychodiagnostic and sexual assessments in psychiatric disciplines for people with personality disorders. Collazzoni A, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, et al. Mating Strategies and Sexual Functioning in Personality Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Sex Med Rev 2017;5:414-428.
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Variation in the β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine receptor genes is associated with different dimensions of human sociality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5300-5305. [PMID: 28461468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700712114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the number and quality of social relationships have substantial impacts on health, well-being, and longevity, and, at least in animals, on reproductive fitness. Although it is widely recognized that these outcomes are mediated by a number of neuropeptides, the roles these play remain debated. We suggest that an overemphasis on one neuropeptide (oxytocin), combined with a failure to distinguish between different social domains, has obscured the complexity involved. We use variation in 33 SNPs for the receptor genes for six well-known social neuropeptides in relation to three separate domains of sociality (social disposition, dyadic relationships, and social networks) to show that three neuropeptides (β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine) play particularly important roles, with each being associated predominantly with a different social domain. However, endorphins and dopamine have a much wider compass than oxytocin (whose effects are confined to romantic/reproductive relationships and often do not survive control for other neuropeptides). In contrast, vasopressin, serotonin, and testosterone play only limited roles.
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Ma Z, Niu B, Shi Z, Li J, Wang J, Zhang F, Gao X, Zhang K. Genetic Polymorphism of GABRR2 Modulates Individuals' General Cognitive Ability in Healthy Chinese Han People. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:93-100. [PMID: 26922432 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the cognitive impairment or deficit is associated with GABAergic signaling in central nervous system. Inspired by the finding that receptor GABRR2 modulates concentration of GABA and phasic inhibitory GABAergic transmission in brain. This study investigated to what extent a genetic variant (c.1423C>T, rs282129) of GABRR2 gene modulates individuals' general cognitive ability in 987 Chinese Han people. Results showed a significant influence of GABRR2 gene polymorphism on individuals' Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) performance (F = 3.58, P = .028 by ANOVA and χ 2 = 9.35, P = .009 by K-W test, respectively), even if non-genetic factors were partialed out (gender, major, types of birthplace, and socioeconomic index) (B = -.67, SE = .26, t = 2.63, P = .009). The finding provided a strong evidence, to our knowledge, for the view that genetic variant of GABRR2 gene may contribute to the difference of individuals' general cognitive ability, independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Binbin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhangyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, College of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fuchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Department of Applied Psychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, College of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiaocai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China. .,Department of Applied Psychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, College of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China. .,School of Public Management, Institute of Application Psychology, Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Kejin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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