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Samkange A, Mbiri P, Matomola OC, Zaire G, Homateni A, Junias E, Kaatura I, Khaiseb S, Ekandjo S, Shoopala J, Hausiku M, Shilongo A, Mujiwa ML, Dietze K, Busch F, Winter C, Matos C, Weiss S, Chitanga S. Serological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Livestock in the Omaheke Region of Namibia. Microorganisms 2024; 12:838. [PMID: 38674782 PMCID: PMC11051821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This research examined the positivity ratio of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) antibodies in cattle and sheep within Namibia's Omaheke region after a human disease outbreak in the same geographical area. A total of 200 samples (100 cattle and 100 sheep) were randomly collected from animals brought to two regional auction sites, and then tested using the ID Screen® CCHF Double Antigen Multi-Species Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit. Of the cattle samples, 36% tested positive, while 22% of the sheep samples were seropositive. The cattle had a significantly higher positivity ratio than sheep at the individual animal level (p = 0.0291). At the herd level, 62.5% of cattle herds and 45.5% of sheep flocks had at least one positive animal, but this difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.2475). The fourteen cattle farms with at least one seropositive animal were dispersed across the Omaheke region. In contrast, the ten sheep farms with seropositive cases were predominantly situated in the southern half of the region. The study concluded that the CCHF is endemic in the Omaheke region and likely in most of Namibia, underscoring the importance of continued surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of CCHFV on animal health and potential spillover into human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaster Samkange
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Pricilla Mbiri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Ophelia Chuma Matomola
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Georgina Zaire
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Homateni
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Elifas Junias
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Israel Kaatura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Simson Ekandjo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Johannes Shoopala
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Magrecia Hausiku
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Mushabati Linus Mujiwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.D.); (F.B.)
| | - Frank Busch
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.D.); (F.B.)
| | - Christian Winter
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Carolina Matos
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Sabrina Weiss
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Sandy JL, Tittel SR, Rompicherla S, Karges B, James S, Rioles N, Zimmerman AG, Fröhlich-Reiterer E, Maahs DM, Lanzinger S, Craig ME, Ebekozien O. Demographic, Clinical, Management, and Outcome Characteristics of 8,004 Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:660-667. [PMID: 38305782 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare demographic, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics of children with type 1 diabetes age <6 years across three international registries: Diabetes Prospective Follow-Up Registry (DPV; Europe), T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Network (T1DX-QI; U.S.), and Australasian Diabetes Data Network (ADDN; Australasia). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS An analysis was conducted comparing 2019-2021 prospective registry data from 8,004 children. RESULTS Mean ± SD ages at diabetes diagnosis were 3.2 ± 1.4 (DPV and ADDN) and 3.7 ± 1.8 years (T1DX-QI). Mean ± SD diabetes durations were 1.4 ± 1.3 (DPV), 1.4 ± 1.6 (T1DX-QI), and 1.5 ± 1.3 years (ADDN). BMI z scores were in the overweight range in 36.2% (DPV), 41.8% (T1DX-QI), and 50.0% (ADDN) of participants. Mean ± SD HbA1c varied among registries: DPV 7.3 ± 0.9% (56 ± 10 mmol/mol), T1DX-QI 8.0 ± 1.4% (64 ± 16 mmol/mol), and ADDN 7.7 ± 1.2% (61 ± 13 mmol/mol). Overall, 37.5% of children achieved the target HbA1c of <7.0% (53 mmol/mol): 43.6% in DPV, 25.5% in T1DX-QI, and 27.5% in ADDN. Use of diabetes technologies such as insulin pump (DPV 86.6%, T1DX 46.6%, and ADDN 39.2%) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM; DPV 85.1%, T1DX-QI 57.6%, and ADDN 70.5%) varied among registries. Use of hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems was uncommon (from 0.5% [ADDN] to 6.9% [DPV]). CONCLUSIONS Across three major registries, more than half of children age <6 years did not achieve the target HbA1c of <7.0% (53 mmol/mol). CGM was used by most participants, whereas insulin pump use varied across registries, and HCL system use was rare. The differences seen in glycemia and use of diabetes technologies among registries require further investigation to determine potential contributing factors and areas to target to improve the care of this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Sandy
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sascha R Tittel
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Beate Karges
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven James
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Elke Fröhlich-Reiterer
- Division of General Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David M Maahs
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Stefanie Lanzinger
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria E Craig
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Medicine Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Patelakis E, Schienkiewitz A, Truthmann J, Holl RW, Poethko-Müller C, Mensink GBM, Heidemann C. Distribution and determinants of glycosylated hemoglobin in adolescents - Results from a nationwide population-based survey in Germany. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296962. [PMID: 38386644 PMCID: PMC10883580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in youth is largely unclear. The aims of this study are to investigate the distribution and potential determinants of HbA1c among a population-based sample of adolescents. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) Wave 2 includes a nationwide representative sample of 0-17-year-old participants. For this evaluation, data from a randomly selected subgroup aged 14-17 years and without diagnosed diabetes was included (n = 857). Percentile-based HbA1c values (measured at laboratory in whole blood samples by high performance liquid chromatography) were calculated to examine HbA1c distribution. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to investigate factors (age, sex, parental socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), birth weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, healthy food diversity, sport activity, oral contraceptive use) associated with HbA1c. The mean HbA1c level was 5.2% (minimum: 3.9%, P10: 4.8%, P50: 5.1%, P90: 5.5%, maximum: 6.7%). Overall, 2.8% of adolescents had an HbA1c value in the prediabetic range (5.7-6.4%) and 0.1% had an undiagnosed diabetes (≥6.5%). Multivariable regression analysis showed an inverse association of age with HbA1c (17 vs. 14 years: ß: -1.18; 95% CI -2.05, -0.31). Higher HbA1c values were observed for higher BMI-standard deviation scores (SDS) (ß: 0.24; 95% CI -0.04, 0.52) and smoking (ß: 0.73; 95% CI -0.12, 1.57), but these tendencies were non-significant. In sex-stratified analysis, smoking and birth weight were significantly associated with HbA1c in boys. Among adolescents without diagnosed diabetes in Germany, HbA1c values ranged from 3.9% to 6.7%. To ensure health in adulthood, the influence of determinants on HbA1c levels in younger age should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Patelakis
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schienkiewitz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Truthmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reinhard W. Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Gert B. M. Mensink
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Heidemann
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Riesle-Sbarbaro SA, Wibbelt G, Düx A, Kouakou V, Bokelmann M, Hansen-Kant K, Kirchoff N, Laue M, Kromarek N, Lander A, Vogel U, Wahlbrink A, Wozniak DM, Scott DP, Prescott JB, Schaade L, Couacy-Hymann E, Kurth A. Selective replication and vertical transmission of Ebola virus in experimentally infected Angolan free-tailed bats. Nat Commun 2024; 15:925. [PMID: 38297087 PMCID: PMC10830451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir of Ebola virus (EBOV), agent of a zoonosis burdening several African countries, remains unidentified, albeit evidence points towards bats. In contrast, the ecology of the related Marburg virus is much better understood; with experimental infections of bats being instrumental for understanding reservoir-pathogen interactions. Experiments have focused on elucidating reservoir competence, infection kinetics and specifically horizontal transmission, although, vertical transmission plays a key role in many viral enzootic cycles. Herein, we investigate the permissiveness of Angolan free-tailed bats (AFBs), known to harbour Bombali virus, to other filoviruses: Ebola, Marburg, Taï Forest and Reston viruses. We demonstrate that only the bats inoculated with EBOV show high and disseminated viral replication and infectious virus shedding, without clinical disease, while the other filoviruses fail to establish productive infections. Notably, we evidence placental-specific tissue tropism and a unique ability of EBOV to traverse the placenta, infect and persist in foetal tissues of AFBs, which results in distinct genetic signatures of adaptive evolution. These findings not only demonstrate plausible routes of horizontal and vertical transmission in these bats, which are expectant of reservoir hosts, but may also reveal an ancillary transmission mechanism, potentially required for the maintenance of EBOV in small reservoir populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Düx
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Kouakou
- LANADA, Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - M Bokelmann
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Hansen-Kant
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Kirchoff
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Laue
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Kromarek
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Lander
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Vogel
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Wahlbrink
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - D M Wozniak
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - J B Prescott
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Schaade
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Couacy-Hymann
- LANADA, Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques, LIRED, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A Kurth
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Mbuagbaw L, Sadeghirad B, Morgan RL, Mertz D, Motaghi S, Ghadimi M, Babatunde I, Zani B, Pasumarthi T, Derby M, Kothapudi VN, Palmer NR, Aebischer A, Harder T, Reichert F. Failure of scabies treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:163-173. [PMID: 37625798 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment failure is considered to be an important factor in relation to the increase in scabies incidence over the last decade. However, the regional and temporal differences, in addition to the predictors of therapy failure, are unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the prevalence of treatment failure in patients with scabies and investigation of associated factors. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Global Health and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to August 2021 for randomized and quasi-randomized trials, in addition to observational studies that enrolled children or adults diagnosed with confirmed or clinical scabies treated with permethrin, ivermectin, crotamiton, benzyl benzoate, malathion, sulfur or lindane, and measured treatment failure or factors associated with treatment failure. We performed a random effects meta-analysis for all outcomes reported by at least two studies. RESULTS A total of 147 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. The overall prevalence of treatment failure was 15.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.9-17.6; I2 = 95.3%, moderate-certainty evidence] with regional differences between World Health Organization regions (P = 0.003) being highest in the Western Pacific region (26.9%, 95% CI 14.5-41.2). Oral ivermectin (11.8%, 95% CI 8.4-15.4), topical ivermectin (9.3%, 95% CI 5.1-14.3) and permethrin (10.8%, 95% CI 7.5-14.5) had relatively lower failure prevalence compared with the overall prevalence. Failure prevalence was lower in patients treated with two doses of oral ivermectin (7.1%, 95% CI 3.1-12.3) compared with those treated with one dose (15.2%, 95% CI 10.8-20.2; P = 0.021). Overall and permethrin treatment failure prevalence in the included studies (1983-2021) increased by 0.27% and 0.58% per year, respectively. Only three studies conducted a multivariable risk factor analysis; no studies assessed resistance. CONCLUSIONS A second dose of ivermectin showed lower failure prevalence than single-dose ivermectin, which should be considered in all guidelines. The increase in treatment failure over time hints at decreasing mite susceptibility for several drugs, but reasons for failure are rarely assessed. Ideally, scabicide susceptibility testing should be implemented in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Biostatistics Unit/The Research Institute, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact
- Department of Anesthesia
| | - Behnam Sadeghirad
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact
- Department of Anesthesia
- Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre
| | - Rebecca L Morgan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact
- Evidence Foundation, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dominik Mertz
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maryam Ghadimi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact
| | | | - Babalwa Zani
- Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Harder
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Reichert
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Tufa TB, Margos G, Fingerle V, Hartberger C, Poppert S, Birtles RJ, Kraiczy P, Kempf VAJ, Frickmann H, Feldt T. Evidence for Bartonella quintana in Lice Collected from the Clothes of Ethiopian Homeless Individuals. Pathogens 2023; 12:1299. [PMID: 38003765 PMCID: PMC10675803 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lice, Pediculus humanus, can transmit various pathogens, including Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, and Rickettsia prowazekii. Xenosurveillance is an epidemiological approach to assessing human infection risks performed by screening vectors of infectious disease agents. In the proof-of-principle study reported herein, the DNA of 23 human lice was collected from the clothes of 30 homeless Ethiopian individuals. These samples were assessed using 16S rRNA gene-specific pan-eubacterial PCR for screening, followed by Bartonella genus 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence-specific PCR, Bartonella genus gltA gene-specific PCR, and 16S rRNA gene PCR with specificity for relapsing-fever-associated Borrelia spp. with subsequent sequencing of the amplicons. In one sample, the pan-eubacterial 16S rRNA gene-specific screening PCR, the Bartonella genus 16S-23S ITS sequence-specific PCR, and the Bartonella genus gltA gene-specific PCR allowed for the sequencing of B. quintana-specific amplicons. In two additional samples, Bartonella genus gltA gene-specific PCR also provided sequences showing 100% sequence identity with B. quintana. In total, 3/23 (13.0%) of the assessed lice were found to be positive for B. quintana. Correlating clinical data were not available; however, the assessment confirmed the presence of B. quintana in the local louse population and thus an associated infection pressure. Larger-sized cross-sectional studies seem advisable to more reliably quantify the infection risk of lice-infested local individuals. The need for prevention by providing opportunities to maintain standard hygiene for Ethiopian homeless individuals is stressed by the reported findings, especially in light of the ongoing migration of refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafese Beyene Tufa
- Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia;
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine (HITM), Heinrich-Heine University, Asella P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Margos
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Branch Oberschleißheim, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (G.M.); (V.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Branch Oberschleißheim, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (G.M.); (V.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Christine Hartberger
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Branch Oberschleißheim, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (G.M.); (V.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Sven Poppert
- Diagnostic Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20239 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Richard J. Birtles
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK;
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control and Consiliary Laboratory for Bartonella Infections (Appointed by the Robert Koch Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.K.); (V.A.J.K.)
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control and Consiliary Laboratory for Bartonella Infections (Appointed by the Robert Koch Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.K.); (V.A.J.K.)
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine (HITM), Heinrich-Heine University, Asella P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Halbedel S, Sperle I, Lachmann R, Kleta S, Fischer MA, Wamp S, Holzer A, Lüth S, Murr L, Freitag C, Espenhain L, Stephan R, Pietzka A, Schjørring S, Bloemberg G, Wenning M, Al Dahouk S, Wilking H, Flieger A. Large Multicountry Outbreak of Invasive Listeriosis by a Listeria monocytogenes ST394 Clone Linked to Smoked Rainbow Trout, 2020 to 2021. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0352022. [PMID: 37036341 PMCID: PMC10269727 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03520-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized surveillance of infectious diseases. Disease outbreaks can now be detected with high precision, and correct attribution of infection sources has been improved. Listeriosis, caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, is a foodborne disease with a high case fatality rate and a large proportion of outbreak-related cases. Timely recognition of listeriosis outbreaks and precise allocation of food sources are important to prevent further infections and to promote public health. We report the WGS-based identification of a large multinational listeriosis outbreak with 55 cases that affected Germany, Austria, Denmark, and Switzerland during 2020 and 2021. Clinical isolates formed a highly clonal cluster (called Ny9) based on core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Routine and ad hoc investigations of food samples identified L. monocytogenes isolates from smoked rainbow trout filets from a Danish producer grouping with the Ny9 cluster. Patient interviews confirmed consumption of rainbow trout as the most likely infection source. The Ny9 cluster was caused by a MLST sequence type (ST) ST394 clone belonging to molecular serogroup IIa, forming a distinct clade within molecular serogroup IIa strains. Analysis of the Ny9 genome revealed clpY, dgcB, and recQ inactivating mutations, but phenotypic characterization of several virulence-associated traits of a representative Ny9 isolate showed that the outbreak strain had the same pathogenic potential as other serogroup IIa strains. Our report demonstrates that international food trade can cause multicountry outbreaks that necessitate cross-border outbreak collaboration. It also corroborates the relevance of ready-to-eat smoked fish products as causes for listeriosis. IMPORTANCE Listeriosis is a severe infectious disease in humans and characterized by an exceptionally high case fatality rate. The disease is transmitted through consumption of food contaminated by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Outbreaks of listeriosis often occur but can be recognized and stopped through implementation of whole-genome sequencing-based pathogen surveillance systems. We here describe the detection and management of a large listeriosis outbreak in Germany and three neighboring countries. This outbreak was caused by rainbow trout filet, which was contaminated by a L. monocytogenes clone belonging to sequence type ST394. This work further expands our knowledge on the genetic diversity and transmission routes of an important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Halbedel
- FG11–Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Consultant Laboratory for Listeria, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ida Sperle
- FG35–Division for Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology (PAE), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- ECDC Fellowship Program, Field Epidemiology path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Raskit Lachmann
- FG35–Division for Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kleta
- National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin A. Fischer
- FG11–Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Consultant Laboratory for Listeria, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wamp
- FG11–Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Consultant Laboratory for Listeria, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Alexandra Holzer
- FG35–Division for Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lüth
- National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Murr
- State Institute for Food, Food Hygiene and Cosmetics, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christin Freitag
- Institute for Food of Animal Origin, Rhineland–Palatinate State Investigation Office, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Laura Espenhain
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Pietzka
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Schjørring
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guido Bloemberg
- Swiss National Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Wenning
- State Institute for Food, Food Hygiene and Cosmetics, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Wilking
- FG35–Division for Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- FG11–Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Consultant Laboratory for Listeria, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
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Hartmann B, Tittel SR, Gillesen A, Klarl B, Kopp F, Meyhöfer S, Naudorf M, Schilling M, Wosch FJ, Holl RW. Surfing the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic with diabetes mellitus: Analysis of changes in the diabetes therapy, metabolism and physical activity of 92 992 people living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes from the German DPV registry. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023. [PMID: 37254679 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hartmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Heilig-Geist Hospital, Bensheim, Germany
| | - Sascha René Tittel
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton Gillesen
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Herz-Jesu-Krankenhaus, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Klarl
- Medizinische Klinik I, Kreiskliniken Reutlingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Florian Kopp
- Diabetologikum DDG, MVZ Asbach-Bäumenheim, Asbach, Germany
- Diabetes Center, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meyhöfer
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Lübeck, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Nasri F, Kongkitimanon K, Wittig A, Cortés JS, Brinkmann A, Nitsche A, Schmachtenberg AJ, Renard BY, Fuchs S. MpoxRadar: a worldwide MPXV genomic surveillance dashboard. Nucleic Acids Res 2023:7160218. [PMID: 37167010 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mpox virus (MPXV) is mutating at an exceptional rate for a DNA virus and its global spread is concerning, making genomic surveillance a necessity. With MpoxRadar, we provide an interactive dashboard to track virus variants on mutation level worldwide. MpoxRadar allows users to select among different genomes as reference for comparison. The occurrence of mutation profiles based on the selected reference is indicated on an interactive world map that shows the respective geographic sampling site in customizable time ranges to easily follow the frequency or trend of defined mutations. Furthermore, the user can filter for specific mutations, genes, countries, genome types, and sequencing protocols and download the filtered data directly from MpoxRadar. On the server, we automatically download all MPXV genomes and metadata from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) on a daily basis, align them to the different reference genomes, generate mutation profiles, which are stored and linked to the available metainformation in a database. This makes MpoxRadar a practical tool for the genomic survaillance of MPXV, supporting users with limited computational resources. MpoxRadar is open-source and freely accessible at https://MpoxRadar.net.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdous Nasri
- Data Analytics & Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Straße 2-3, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kunaphas Kongkitimanon
- Data Analytics & Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Straße 2-3, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alice Wittig
- Data Analytics & Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Straße 2-3, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
- Genome Competence Center (MF1), Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Sánchez Cortés
- Data Analytics & Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Straße 2-3, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annika Brinkmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Anna-Juliane Schmachtenberg
- Data Analytics & Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Straße 2-3, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard Y Renard
- Data Analytics & Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Straße 2-3, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Genome Competence Center (MF1), Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Itzek A, Weißbach V, Meintrup D, Rieß B, van der Linden M, Borgmann S. Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis stG62647 and Other emm Types in Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040589. [PMID: 37111475 PMCID: PMC10143538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) is an important β-hemolytic pathogen historically described as mainly affecting animals. Studies epidemiologically assessing the pathogenicity in the human population in Germany are rare. (2) Methods: the present study combines national surveillance data from 2010 to 2022 with a single-center clinical study conducted from 2016 to 2022, focusing on emm type, Lancefield antigen, antimicrobial resistance, patient characteristics, disease severity, and clinical infection markers. (3) Results: The nationwide reported invasive SDSE infections suggest an increasing infection burden for the German population. One particular emm type, stG62647, increased over the study period, being the dominant type in both study cohorts, suggesting a mutation-driven outbreak of a virulent clone. The patient data show that men were more affected than women, although in the single-center cohort, this trend was reversed for patients with stG62647 SDSE. Men affected by stG62647 developed predominantly fascial infections, whereas women suffering from superficial and fascial non-stG62647 SDSE infections were significantly younger than other patients. Increasing age was a general risk factor for invasive SDSE infections. (4) Conclusions: further studies are needed to further elucidate the raised questions regarding outbreak origin, underlying molecular mechanisms as well as sex-dependent pathogen adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Itzek
- German National Reference Center for Streptococci, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victoria Weißbach
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Ingolstadt Hospital, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - David Meintrup
- Faculty of Engineering and Management, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Beate Rieß
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Ingolstadt Hospital, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Mark van der Linden
- German National Reference Center for Streptococci, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Ingolstadt Hospital, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
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11
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Boucher E, Cao C, D'Mello S, Duarte N, Donnici C, Duarte N, Bennett G, Adisesh A, Arora R, Kodama D, Bobrovitz N. Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e063771. [PMID: 36854599 PMCID: PMC9979591 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and synthesise studies of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by occupation prior to the widespread vaccine roll-out. METHODS We identified studies of occupational seroprevalence from a living systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020183634). Electronic databases, grey literature and news media were searched for studies published during January-December 2020. Seroprevalence estimates and a free-text description of the occupation were extracted and classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010 system using a machine-learning algorithm. Due to heterogeneity, results were synthesised narratively. RESULTS We identified 196 studies including 591 940 participants from 38 countries. Most studies (n=162; 83%) were conducted locally versus regionally or nationally. Sample sizes were generally small (median=220 participants per occupation) and 135 studies (69%) were at a high risk of bias. One or more estimates were available for 21/23 major SOC occupation groups, but over half of the estimates identified (n=359/600) were for healthcare-related occupations. 'Personal Care and Service Occupations' (median 22% (IQR 9-28%); n=14) had the highest median seroprevalence. CONCLUSIONS Many seroprevalence studies covering a broad range of occupations were published in the first year of the pandemic. Results suggest considerable differences in seroprevalence between occupations, although few large, high-quality studies were done. Well-designed studies are required to improve our understanding of the occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 and should be considered as an element of pandemic preparedness for future respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Boucher
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Cao
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sean D'Mello
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Duarte
- Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire Donnici
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie Duarte
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham Bennett
- Department of Economics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anil Adisesh
- St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Health Solutions, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Rahul Arora
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - David Kodama
- St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto Department of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niklas Bobrovitz
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Kresken M, Wohlfarth E, Weikel C, Butler D, Pfeifer Y, Werner G. In vitro activity of gepotidacin against urine isolates of Escherichia coli from outpatient departments in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:dkac406. [PMID: 36474310 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is the leading pathogen of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Gepotidacin is a novel, bactericidal, first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene oral antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA replication by a distinct mechanism of action that confers activity against most strains of target pathogens, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including those resistant to other antibiotics. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the in vitro activity of gepotidacin in comparison with ciprofloxacin and other oral standard-of-care antibiotics using a large collection of urine isolates of E. coli obtained from outpatients in Germany. METHODS Four hundred and sixty E. coli collected from 23 laboratories during a surveillance study in 2019/2020 were tested. Forty-six isolates (10.0%) produced an ESBL of the CTX-M family, half of which belonged to MDR clonal subgroups of E. coli ST131. Antibiotic susceptibilities were tested at a reference laboratory by broth microdilution according to the standard ISO 20776-1. RESULTS Fifty-three (11.5%) isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant, 25 (47.2%) of which also produced an ESBL. Overall, MIC50/90 values for gepotidacin were 2/4 mg/L (MIC range 0.125-16 mg/L), with no differences in activity between ciprofloxacin-susceptible and ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, ESBL-producing and non-ESBL isolates, O25b-ST131 isolates, and isolates susceptible or resistant to fosfomycin, mecillinam or nitrofurantoin. CONCLUSIONS Gepotidacin showed promising in vitro activity against urine isolates of E. coli, including ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, ESBL-producing isolates and isolates resistant to oral standard-of-care antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kresken
- Antiinfectives Intelligence GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- Rheinische Fachhochschule Köln gGmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Chase Weikel
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Deborah Butler
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany
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Bergeri I, Whelan MG, Ware H, Subissi L, Nardone A, Lewis HC, Li Z, Ma X, Valenciano M, Cheng B, Al Ariqi L, Rashidian A, Okeibunor J, Azim T, Wijesinghe P, Le LV, Vaughan A, Pebody R, Vicari A, Yan T, Yanes-Lane M, Cao C, Clifton DA, Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Buckeridge D, Bobrovitz N, Arora RK, Van Kerkhove MD. Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004107. [PMID: 36355774 PMCID: PMC9648705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the global scale of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains incomplete: Routine surveillance data underestimate infection and cannot infer on population immunity; there is a predominance of asymptomatic infections, and uneven access to diagnostics. We meta-analyzed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies, standardized to those described in the World Health Organization's Unity protocol (WHO Unity) for general population seroepidemiological studies, to estimate the extent of population infection and seropositivity to the virus 2 years into the pandemic. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, preprints, and grey literature for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence published between January 1, 2020 and May 20, 2022. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020183634). We included general population cross-sectional and cohort studies meeting an assay quality threshold (90% sensitivity, 97% specificity; exceptions for humanitarian settings). We excluded studies with an unclear or closed population sample frame. Eligible studies-those aligned with the WHO Unity protocol-were extracted and critically appraised in duplicate, with risk of bias evaluated using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. We meta-analyzed seroprevalence by country and month, pooling to estimate regional and global seroprevalence over time; compared seroprevalence from infection to confirmed cases to estimate underascertainment; meta-analyzed differences in seroprevalence between demographic subgroups such as age and sex; and identified national factors associated with seroprevalence using meta-regression. We identified 513 full texts reporting 965 distinct seroprevalence studies (41% low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) sampling 5,346,069 participants between January 2020 and April 2022, including 459 low/moderate risk of bias studies with national/subnational scope in further analysis. By September 2021, global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from infection or vaccination was 59.2%, 95% CI [56.1% to 62.2%]. Overall seroprevalence rose steeply in 2021 due to infection in some regions (e.g., 26.6% [24.6 to 28.8] to 86.7% [84.6% to 88.5%] in Africa in December 2021) and vaccination and infection in others (e.g., 9.6% [8.3% to 11.0%] in June 2020 to 95.9% [92.6% to 97.8%] in December 2021, in European high-income countries [HICs]). After the emergence of Omicron in March 2022, infection-induced seroprevalence rose to 47.9% [41.0% to 54.9%] in Europe HIC and 33.7% [31.6% to 36.0%] in Americas HIC. In 2021 Quarter Three (July to September), median seroprevalence to cumulative incidence ratios ranged from around 2:1 in the Americas and Europe HICs to over 100:1 in Africa (LMICs). Children 0 to 9 years and adults 60+ were at lower risk of seropositivity than adults 20 to 29 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). In a multivariable model using prevaccination data, stringent public health and social measures were associated with lower seroprevalence (p = 0.02). The main limitations of our methodology include that some estimates were driven by certain countries or populations being overrepresented. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that global seroprevalence has risen considerably over time and with regional variation; however, over one-third of the global population are seronegative to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our estimates of infections based on seroprevalence far exceed reported Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Quality and standardized seroprevalence studies are essential to inform COVID-19 response, particularly in resource-limited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mairead G. Whelan
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harriet Ware
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Anthony Nardone
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Epiconcept, Paris, France
| | - Hannah C. Lewis
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Zihan Li
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaomeng Ma
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marta Valenciano
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Epiconcept, Paris, France
| | - Brianna Cheng
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lubna Al Ariqi
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Arash Rashidian
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph Okeibunor
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Tasnim Azim
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushpa Wijesinghe
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Linh-Vi Le
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Aisling Vaughan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Vicari
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization), Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Tingting Yan
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mercedes Yanes-Lane
- COVID-19 Immunity Task Force Secretariat, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Cao
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Clifton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Buckeridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niklas Bobrovitz
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rahul K. Arora
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Thibau A, Vaca DJ, Bagowski M, Hipp K, Bender D, Ballhorn W, Linke D, Kempf VAJ. Adhesion of Bartonella henselae to Fibronectin Is Mediated via Repetitive Motifs Present in the Stalk of Bartonella Adhesin A. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0211722. [PMID: 36165788 PMCID: PMC9602544 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02117-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to host cells is the first and most crucial step in infections with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and is often mediated by trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs). Bartonella henselae targets the extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin (Fn) via the Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) attaching the bacteria to the host cell. The TAA BadA is characterized by a highly repetitive passenger domain consisting of 30 neck/stalk domains with various degrees of similarity. To elucidate the motif sequences mediating Fn binding, we generated 10 modified BadA constructs and verified their expression via Western blotting, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy. We analyzed their ability to bind human plasma Fn using quantitative whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and fluorescence microscopy. Polyclonal antibodies targeting a 15-mer amino acid motif sequence proved to reduce Fn binding. We suggest that BadA adheres to Fn in a cumulative effort with quick saturation primarily via unpaired β-strands appearing in motifs repeatedly present throughout the neck/stalk region. In addition, we demonstrated that the length of truncated BadA constructs correlates with the immunoreactivity of human patient sera. The identification of BadA-Fn binding regions will support the development of new "antiadhesive" compounds inhibiting the initial adherence of B. henselae and other TAA-expressing pathogens to host cells. IMPORTANCE Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are important virulence factors and are widely present in various pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. TAA-expressing bacteria cause a wide spectrum of human diseases, such as cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), enterocolitis (Yersinia enterocolitica), meningitis (Neisseria meningitis), and bloodstream infections (multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii). TAA-targeted antiadhesive strategies (against, e.g., Bartonella adhesin A [BadA], Yersinia adhesin A [YadA], Neisseria adhesin A [NadA], and Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter [Ata]) might represent a universal strategy to counteract such bacterial infections. BadA is one of the best characterized TAAs, and because of its high number of (sub)domains, it serves as an attractive adhesin to study the domain-function relationship of TAAs in the infection process. The identification of common binding motifs between TAAs (here, BadA) and their major binding partner (here, fibronectin) provides a basis toward the design of novel "antiadhesive" compounds preventing the initial adherence of Gram-negative bacteria in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Diana J. Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marlene Bagowski
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Bender
- Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Wibke Ballhorn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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Nygren TM, Pilic A, Böhmer MM, Wagner-Wiening C, Wichmann O, Harder T, Hellenbrand W. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine effectiveness and barriers to vaccination in Germany. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11706. [PMID: 35810184 PMCID: PMC9271034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination coverage remains low in Germany. Our case-control study (2018-2020) aimed to examine reasons for low vaccine uptake, vaccine effectiveness (VE), and vaccine breakthrough infections (VBIs). Telephone interviews (581 cases, 975 matched controls) covered vaccinations, vaccination barriers, and confounders identified with directed acyclic graphs. Multivariable logistic regression determined VE as 1-odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We additionally calculated VE with the Screening method using routine surveillance and vaccination coverage data. Main vaccination barriers were poor risk perception and fear of adverse events. VE was 96.6% (95% CI 93.7-98.2) for ≥ 3 doses and manufacturer-recommended dosing intervals. Without boosters, VE after ≥ 3 doses at ≤ 10 years was 91.2% (95% CI 82.7-95.6). VE was similar for homologous/heterologous vaccination. Utilising routine surveillance data, VE was comparable (≥ 3 doses: 92.8%). VBIs (n = 17, 2.9% of cases) were older, had more comorbidities and higher severity than unvaccinated cases. However, only few VBIs were diagnostically confirmed; 57% of re-tested vaccinated cases (≥ 1 dose, n = 54) proved false positive. To increase TBE vaccine uptake, communication efforts should address complacency and increase confidence in the vaccines' safety. The observed duration of high VE may inform decision-makers to consider extending booster intervals to 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Nygren
- Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antonia Pilic
- Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merle M Böhmer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Ole Wichmann
- Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Harder
- Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hellenbrand
- Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Sprengholz P, Henkel L, Betsch C. Payments and freedoms: Effects of monetary and legal incentives on COVID-19 vaccination intentions in Germany. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268911. [PMID: 35609052 PMCID: PMC9129024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monetary and legal incentives have been proposed to promote COVID-19 vaccination uptake. To evaluate the suitability of incentives, an experiment with German participants examined the effects of payments (varied within subjects: 0 to 10,000 EUR) and freedoms (varied between subjects: vaccination leading vs. not leading to the same benefits as a negative test result) on the vaccination intentions of previously unvaccinated individuals (n = 782) in April 2021. While no effect could be found for freedoms, the share of participants willing to be vaccinated increased with the payment amount. However, a significant change required large rewards of 3,250 EUR or more. While monetary incentives could increase vaccination uptake by a few percentage points, the high costs of implementation challenge the efficiency of the measure and call for alternatives. As the data suggest that considering vaccination as safe, necessary, and prosocial increases an individual’s likelihood of wanting to get vaccinated without payment, interventions should focus on these features when promoting vaccination against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sprengholz
- Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Health Communication, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Luca Henkel
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Cornelia Betsch
- Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Boettcher C, Tittel SR, Meissner T, Gohlke B, Stachow R, Dost A, Wunderlich S, Lowak I, Lanzinger S. Sex differences over time for glycemic control, pump use and insulin dose in patients aged 10-40 years with type 1 diabetes: a diabetes registry study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/2/e002494. [PMID: 34969693 PMCID: PMC8718474 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate sex differences in people with type 1 diabetes concerning changes in glycemic control and trends in insulin pump use and insulin dose over two decades in adolescents and one-and-a-half decades in adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS People aged 10-20 years (data years 1999-2018) and 21-40 years (data years 2004-2018) with type 1 diabetes were identified in the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry (DPV). All available patients' data sets of the respective period were used for linear regression analyses to investigate trends in HbA1c, pump use, insulin doses and body mass index SD scores (BMI-SDS) in females and males. In addition, stratification by migrant background was made for the adolescent group. RESULTS In the youth group (n=68 662), both boys and girls showed an HbA1c decrease over the period examined. After stratification for migrant background, an HbA1c convergence between boys and girls was seen in those without migrant background as of 2016. Usage of insulin pumps increased continuously from 3% (boys and girls) to 47% (boys) and 54% (girls), respectively. The daily insulin dose in units per kilogram body weight and day increased continuously from 1999 to 2018. An insulin dose leveling between boys and girls occurred. BMI-SDS consistently increased in girls whereas only slight variations were observed in boys.The adult group (n=15 380) showed constant HbA1c sex differences from 2004 to 2018 with lower HbA1c level in females. The use of insulin pump therapy rose from 18% to 35% (males) and 30% to 50% (females). CONCLUSIONS The gap in metabolic control between boys and girls with type 1 diabetes seems to close, but predominantly in adolescents without a migrant background. Improved HbA1c was associated with increased insulin pump use, especially in girls.In adult patients, sex differences in metabolic control and insulin pump use persist: women show constantly lower HbA1c values and higher insulin pump use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Boettcher
- Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University of Bern Faculty of Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sascha R Tittel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry (ZIBMT), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Paediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Children's Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Gohlke
- Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Stachow
- Sylt Specialist Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Westerland, Germany
| | - Axel Dost
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille Wunderlich
- Clinic for Internal Medicine-Diabetology and Angiology Mitte, DRK Hospitals Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Lowak
- Diabetes Centre Forchheim, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lanzinger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry (ZIBMT), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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El Bcheraoui C, Müller SA, Vaughan EC, Jansen A, Cook R, Hanefeld J. De-escalation strategies for non-pharmaceutical interventions following infectious disease outbreaks: a rapid review and a proposed dynamic de-escalation framework. Global Health 2021; 17:106. [PMID: 34530861 PMCID: PMC8444163 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of COVID-19, as well as the speed and scale of its spread, has posed a global challenge. Countries around the world have implemented stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) to control transmission and prevent health systems from being overwhelmed. These NPI have had profound negative social and economic impacts. With the timeline to worldwide vaccine roll-out being uncertain, governments need to consider to what extent they need to implement and how to de-escalate these NPI. This rapid review collates de-escalation criteria reported in the literature to provide a guide to criteria that could be used as part of de-escalation strategies globally. METHODS We reviewed literature published since 2000 relating to pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks. The searches included Embase.com (includes Embase and Medline), LitCovid, grey literature searching, reference harvesting and citation tracking. Over 1,700 documents were reviewed, with 39 documents reporting de-escalation criteria included in the final analysis. Concepts retrieved through a thematic analysis of the included documents were interlinked to build a conceptual dynamic de-escalation framework. RESULTS We identified 52 de-escalation criteria, the most common of which were clustered under surveillance (cited by 43 documents, 10 criteria e.g. ability to actively monitor confirmed cases and contact tracing), health system capacity (cited by 30 documents, 11 criteria, e.g. ability to treat all patients within normal capacity) and epidemiology (cited by 28 documents, 7 criteria, e.g. number or changes in case numbers). De-escalation is a gradual and bi-directional process, and resurgence of infections or emergence of variants of concerns can lead to partial or full re-escalation(s) of response and control measures in place. Hence, it is crucial to rely on a robust public health surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS This rapid review focusing on de-escalation within the context of COVID-19 provides a conceptual framework and a guide to criteria that countries can use to formulate de-escalation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Evidence-Based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sophie Alice Müller
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleanor C Vaughan
- The Economist Intelligence Unit, 20 Cabot Square, E14 4QW, London, UK
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Information Centre for International Health Protection, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Cook
- The Economist Intelligence Unit, 20 Cabot Square, E14 4QW, London, UK
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Oh DY, Biere B, Grenz M, Wolff T, Schweiger B, Dürrwald R, Reiche J. Virological Surveillance and Molecular Characterization of Human Parainfluenzavirus Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Illness: Germany, 2015-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1508. [PMID: 34361941 PMCID: PMC8307145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are important causes of respiratory illness, especially in young children. However, surveillance for HPIV is rarely performed continuously, and national-level epidemiologic and genetic data are scarce. Within the German sentinel system, to monitor acute respiratory infections (ARI), 4463 respiratory specimens collected from outpatients < 5 years of age between October 2015 and September 2019 were retrospectively screened for HPIV 1-4 using real-time PCR. HPIV was identified in 459 (10%) samples. HPIV-3 was the most common HPIV-type, with 234 detections, followed by HPIV-1 (113), HPIV-4 (61), and HPIV-2 (49). HPIV-3 was more frequently associated with age < 2 years, and HPIV-4 was more frequently associated with pneumonia compared to other HPIV types. HPIV circulation displayed distinct seasonal patterns, which appeared to vary by type. Phylogenetic characterization clustered HPIV-1 in Clades 2 and 3. Reclassification was performed for HPIV-2, provisionally assigning two distinct HPIV-2 groups and six clades, with German HPIV-2s clustering in Clade 2.4. HPIV-3 clustered in C1, C3, C5, and, interestingly, in A. HPIV-4 clustered in Clades 2.1 and 2.2. The results of this study may serve to inform future approaches to diagnose and prevent HPIV infections, which contribute substantially to ARI in young children in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Grenz
- Consultant Laboratory for RSV, PIV and HMPV, Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- Consultant Laboratory for RSV, PIV and HMPV, Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Grimm J, Krickl J, Beck A, Nell J, Bergmann M, Tappe D, Grüner B, Barth TFE, Brehm K. Establishing and evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in human tissue. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009155. [PMID: 33630840 PMCID: PMC7906421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by metacestode larva of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. AE diagnostics currently rely on imaging techniques supported by serology, but unequivocal detection of AE is difficult. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to detect tapeworm DNA in biopsies have been suggested for several species, no validated protocol adhering to accepted guidelines has so far been presented for AE diagnostics. We herein established a PCR protocol for metacestode biopsies and technically evaluated the method using isolated parasite DNA and cells, biopsies of clinically relevant material, and formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissue blocks. We compared the results with an immunochemical (IHC) approach using the monoclonal antibody Em2G11 specific for the antigen Em2 of E. mulitlocularis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on tapeworm 12S rDNA sequences we established and validated a PCR protocol for robust detection of as little as 50 parasite cells per specimen and report 127 cases of positive identification of Echinococcus species in samples from humans and animals. For further validation, we analyzed 45 liver, heart, brain, and soft tissue samples as well as cytological probes of aspirates of FFPE-material from 18 patients with clinically confirmed AE. Of each patient we analyzed (i) fully viable lesions with laminated layer; (ii) tissue with mAbEm2G11-positive small particles of E. multilocularis (spems); (iii) mAbEm2G11-negative tissue adjacent to the main lesion; and (iv) lymph node tissue with mAbEm2G11-positive spems. To identify the areas for the PCR-based approach, we performed IHC-staining with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11. Micro-dissected tissue of these areas was then used for PCR-analysis. 9 of 15 analyzed samples with viable E. multilocularis lesions with laminated layer were positive by PCR. Of this group, all samples preserved for less than 6 years (6/6) were tested positive. 11 of 15 samples of spems and 7 of 9 samples of the control group mAbEm2G11-negative tissue were negative by PCR. We further show that all probes from lymph nodes with spems are PCR negative. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We present a sensitive PCR method for the detection of E. multilocularis in human tissue, particularly in fresh biopsy material and tissue blocks stored for less than 5 years. While the diagnostic sensitivity of material containing only spems was higher using IHC, PCR detection was possible in IHC negative liver tissue and in patients with negative serology. Our results support the view that spems do not contain parasitic DNA or viable cells of the parasite. spems thus most probably do not directly contribute to metastasis formation during AE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Krickl
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Beck
- Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliane Nell
- Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monika Bergmann
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Grüner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Brehm
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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21
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Llorens F, Villar-Piqué A, Hermann P, Schmitz M, Calero O, Stehmann C, Sarros S, Moda F, Ferrer I, Poleggi A, Pocchiari M, Catania M, Klotz S, O’Regan C, Brett F, Heffernan J, Ladogana A, Collins SJ, Calero M, Kovacs GG, Zerr I. Diagnostic Accuracy of Prion Disease Biomarkers in Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E290. [PMID: 32059611 PMCID: PMC7072321 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are classified into sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. Within this last group, iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD) is caused by human-to-human transmission through surgical and medical procedures. After reaching an incidence peak in the 1990s, it is believed that the iCJD historical period is probably coming to an end, thanks to lessons learnt from past infection sources that promoted new prion prevention and decontamination protocols. At this point, we sought to characterise the biomarker profile of iCJD and compare it to that of sporadic CJD (sCJD) for determining the value of available diagnostic tools in promptly recognising iCJD cases. To that end, we collected 23 iCJD samples from seven national CJD surveillance centres and analysed the electroencephalogram and neuroimaging data together with a panel of seven CSF biomarkers: 14-3-3, total tau, phosphorylated/total tau ratio, alpha-synuclein, neurofilament light, YKL-40, and real-time quaking induced conversion of prion protein. Using the cut-off values established for sCJD, we found the sensitivities of these biomarkers for iCJD to be similar to those described for sCJD. Given the limited relevant information on this issue to date, the present study validates the use of current sCJD biomarkers for the diagnosis of future iCJD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Llobregat, Spain
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olga Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC)-CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christiane Stehmann
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Shannon Sarros
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Fabio Moda
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Catania
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sigrid Klotz
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1097, Austria
| | - Carl O’Regan
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Francesca Brett
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Steven J. Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Miguel Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC)-CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabor G. Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1097, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Koban MB, Kampen H, Scheuch DE, Frueh L, Kuhlisch C, Janssen N, Steidle JLM, Schaub GA, Werner D. The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe, 17 years after its first detection, with a focus on monitoring methods. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:109. [PMID: 30871592 PMCID: PMC6419366 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first detection of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus in the year 2000 in France, its invasive nature was revealed in 2008 in Switzerland and Germany. In the following years, accumulating reports have shown that Ae. j. japonicus succeeded in establishing in several European countries. Surveillance efforts suggest that there are currently four populations in Europe, with the largest one, formed by the recent fusion of several smaller populations, ranging from West Germany, with extensions to Luxembourg and French Alsace, southwards to Switzerland and continuing westwards through Liechtenstein to western Austria. This paper summarises the present distribution of Ae. j. japonicus in Europe, based on published literature and hitherto unpublished findings by the authors, and critically reviews the monitoring strategies applied. A proposal for a more standardised monitoring approach is provided, aiming at the harmonisation of future data collections for improving the comparability between studies and the suitability of collected data for further research purposes, e.g. predictive modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B. Koban
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dorothee E. Scheuch
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Linus Frueh
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Nele Janssen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
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23
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Rattay P, von der Lippe E, Mauz E, Richter F, Hölling H, Lange C, Lampert T. Health and health risk behaviour of adolescents-Differences according to family structure. Results of the German KiGGS cohort study. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513693 PMCID: PMC5841741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study’s aim was to investigate the association between family structure and different health-related outcomes in adolescence (self-rated health, emotional and behavioural problems, health-related quality of life, regular smoking, and heavy episodic drinking). Furthermore, we analysed the extent to which socio-economic status, family cohesion and the pre-transition health status explain family structure-related health disparities. Methods We used longitudinal data from the first two waves of the German KiGGS cohort study carried out by the Robert Koch Institute (baseline: 2003–2006, follow-up: 2009–2012). The sample comprised 4,692 respondents aged 11 to 17 years. Using data from both waves, effects of family structure on health status at follow-up were calculated applying linear and logistic regression models. Results We found that adolescents continuously living with both birth parents were in good health. Adolescents whose parents separated after the baseline survey, reported poorer health and were more likely to smoke. The transition from stepfamily to single parent family was also associated with a higher risk of regular smoking. Lower health-related quality of life as well as higher scores for emotional and behavioural problems occurred in almost all non-nuclear family structures, although not all effects were statistically significant. No significant effects of family structure on heavy episodic drinking were found. While family cohesion mediated the effects of family structure on adolescents’ health, the mediating effect of socio-economic status was small. After controlling for pre-transition health, the effects were even lower. Conclusions Because the direct effects of family structure on adolescents’ health were small and family cohesion was found to be an important mediator in the association between family structure and adolescents’ health, prevention programmes and interventions should be directed towards the parent–adolescent relationship rather than just the family structure, in order to minimize the psychosocial stress of adolescents during the period of family transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rattay
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena von der Lippe
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elvira Mauz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Richter
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Hölling
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lange
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lampert
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Damm O, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, Kretzschmar MEE, Kaufmann AM, Deleré Y, Ultsch B, Wichmann O, Krämer A, Greiner W. Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in Germany. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2017; 15:18. [PMID: 28878573 PMCID: PMC5583986 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-017-0080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in addition to the current cervical cancer screening programme in Germany using a dynamic transmission model. METHODS Based on a mathematical model simulating the transmission dynamics and the natural history of HPV infection and associated diseases (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, and genital warts), we estimated the epidemiological and economic consequences of HPV vaccination with both the quadrivalent and bivalent vaccines. In our base case analysis, we assessed the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating 12-year-old girls with a 3-dose schedule. In sensitivity analysis, we also evaluated the use of a 2-dose schedule and assessed the impact of vaccinating boys. RESULTS From a health care payer perspective, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of a 3-dose schedule were €34,249 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) for the bivalent and €14,711 per QALY for the quadrivalent vaccine. Inclusion of indirect costs decreased ICERs by up to 40%. When adopting a health care payer perspective, ICERs of a 2-dose approach decreased to €19,450 per QALY for the bivalent and to €3645 per QALY for the quadrivalent vaccine. From a societal perspective, a 2-dose approach using the quadrivalent vaccine was a cost-saving strategy while using the bivalent vaccine resulted in an ICER of €13,248 per QALY. Irrespective of the perspective adopted, additional vaccination of boys resulted in ICERs exceeding €50,000 per QALY, except for scenarios with low coverage (20%) in girls. CONCLUSIONS Our model results suggest that routine HPV vaccination of 12-year-old girls with three doses is likely to be cost-effective in Germany. Due to the additional impact on genital warts, the quadrivalent vaccine appeared to be more cost-effective than the bivalent vaccine. A 2-dose schedule of the quadrivalent vaccine might even lead to cost savings when adopting a societal perspective. The cost-effectiveness of additional vaccination of boys was highly dependent on the coverage in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Damm
- Department of Health Economics and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes Horn
- Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rafael T. Mikolajczyk
- Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas M. Kaufmann
- Gynecologic Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ole Wichmann
- Immunisation Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Krämer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Greiner
- Department of Health Economics and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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