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Gräf T, Martinez AA, Bello G, Dellicour S, Lemey P, Colizza V, Mazzoli M, Poletto C, Cardoso VLO, da Silva AF, Motta FC, Resende PC, Siqueira MM, Franco L, Gresh L, Gabastou JM, Rodriguez A, Vicari A, Aldighieri S, Mendez-Rico J, Leite JA. Dispersion patterns of SARS-CoV-2 variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1837. [PMID: 38418815 PMCID: PMC10902334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions were an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Through the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network (COVIGEN), LAC countries produced an important number of genomic sequencing data that made possible an enhanced SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance capacity in the Americas, paving the way for characterization of emerging variants and helping to guide the public health response. In this study we analyzed approximately 300,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences generated between February 2020 and March 2022 by multiple genomic surveillance efforts in LAC and reconstructed the diffusion patterns of the main variants of concern (VOCs) and of interest (VOIs) possibly originated in the Region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spread of variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu reflects human mobility patterns due to variations of international air passenger transportation and gradual lifting of social distance measures previously implemented in countries. Our results highlight the potential of genetic data to reconstruct viral spread and unveil preferential routes of viral migrations that are shaped by human mobility patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gräf
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Alexander A Martinez
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- National Research System (SNI), National Secretary of Research, Technology and Innovation (SENACYT), Panama City, Panama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50 av. FD Roosevelt, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Mattia Mazzoli
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Chiara Poletto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Leiko Oikawa Cardoso
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Couto Motta
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda M Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leticia Franco
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Jean-Marc Gabastou
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Angel Rodriguez
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Andrea Vicari
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Sylvain Aldighieri
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Jairo Mendez-Rico
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Juliana Almeida Leite
- Infectious Hazards Management Unit, Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA.
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Nogareda F, Regan AK, Couto P, Fowlkes AL, Gharpure R, Loayza S, Leite JA, Rodríguez A, Vicari A, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Salas D. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospitalisation in Latin America during three pandemic waves, 2021-2022: a test-negative case-control design. Lancet Reg Health Am 2023; 27:100626. [PMID: 38035125 PMCID: PMC10682274 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Vaccine effectiveness (VE) is essential to monitor the performance of vaccines and generate strategic information to guide decision making. We pooled data from six Latin American countries to estimate the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalisation during three different pandemic waves from February 2021 to September 2022. Methods We used a test-negative case-control design in hospitalised adults in Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Uruguay. We estimated adjusted VE by age group (18-64 and ≥65 years), vaccine type and product for primary series vaccination and booster vaccination and by time since last dose during the Omicron variant dominant period. We used mixed effects logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, week of onset of symptom onset and pre-existing conditions with country fit as a random effect term. Findings We included 15,241 severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) patients in the analysis. Among adults 18-64 years, VE estimates for primary series vaccination during pre-Delta and Delta periods ranged by product from 66.5% to 95.1% and from 33.5% to 88.2% for older adults. During the Omicron period, VE estimates for primary series were lower and decreased by time since last vaccination, but VE increased to between 26.4% and 57.4% when a booster was administered. Interpretation mRNA and viral vector vaccines presented higher VE for both primary series and booster. While VE decreased over time, protection against severe COVID-19-associated hospitalisation increased when booster doses were administered. Vaccination with additional doses should be recommended, particularly for persons at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19. Funding This work was supported by a grant from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through cooperative agreements with the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette K. Regan
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
- School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, USA
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paula Couto
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ashley L. Fowlkes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. CDC, USA
| | - Radhika Gharpure
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. CDC, USA
| | - Sergio Loayza
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Vicari
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel Salas
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Akande OW, Carter LL, Abubakar A, Achilla R, Barakat A, Gumede N, Guseinova A, Inbanathan FY, Kato M, Koua E, Leite J, Marklewitz M, Mendez-Rico J, Monamele C, Musul B, Nahapetyan K, Naidoo D, Ochola R, Ozel M, Raftery P, Vicari A, Wijesinghe PR, Zwetyenga J, Safreed-Harmon K, Barnadas C, Mulders M, Pereyaslov DI, Sacks JA, Warren T, Cognat S, Briand S, Samaan G. Strengthening pathogen genomic surveillance for health emergencies: insights from the World Health Organization's regional initiatives. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1146730. [PMID: 37361158 PMCID: PMC10289157 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1146730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a rapid scale-up in the use of genomic surveillance as a pandemic preparedness and response tool. As a result, the number of countries with in-country SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing capability increased by 40% from February 2021 to July 2022. The Global Genomic Surveillance Strategy for Pathogens with Pandemic and Epidemic Potential 2022-2032 was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2022 to bring greater coherence to ongoing work to strengthen genomic surveillance. This paper describes how WHO's tailored regional approaches contribute to expanding and further institutionalizing the use of genomic surveillance to guide pandemic preparedness and response measures as part of a harmonized global undertaking. Challenges to achieving this vision include difficulties obtaining sequencing equipment and supplies, shortages of skilled staff, and obstacles to maximizing the utility of genomic data to inform risk assessment and public health action. WHO is helping to overcome these challenges in collaboration with partners. Through its global headquarters, six regional offices, and 153 country offices, WHO is providing support for country-driven efforts to strengthen genomic surveillance in its 194 Member States, with activities reflecting regional specificities. WHO's regional offices serve as platforms for those countries in their respective regions to share resources and knowledge, engage stakeholders in ways that reflect national and regional priorities, and develop regionally aligned approaches to implementing and sustaining genomic surveillance within public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa L. Carter
- Country Readiness Strengthening, World Health Organization Lyon Office, Lyon, France
| | - Abdinasir Abubakar
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rachel Achilla
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Amal Barakat
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nicksy Gumede
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Alina Guseinova
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Masaya Kato
- WHO Health Emergencies, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Etien Koua
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Juliana Leite
- PAHO Health Emergencies, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jairo Mendez-Rico
- PAHO Health Emergencies, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States
| | - Chavely Monamele
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Biran Musul
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Country Office, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Karen Nahapetyan
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dhamari Naidoo
- WHO Health Emergencies, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachel Ochola
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehmet Ozel
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Philomena Raftery
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Country Office, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Andrea Vicari
- PAHO Health Emergencies, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States
| | | | - Joanna Zwetyenga
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Céline Barnadas
- Country Readiness Strengthening, World Health Organization Lyon Office, Lyon, France
| | - Mick Mulders
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dmitriy I. Pereyaslov
- Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jilian A. Sacks
- Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Taylor Warren
- Disaster Risk Management and Resilience, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Cognat
- Country Readiness Strengthening, World Health Organization Lyon Office, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Briand
- Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gina Samaan
- Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Archer BN, Abdelmalik P, Cognat S, Grand PE, Mott JA, Pavlin BI, Barakat A, Dowell SF, Elmahal O, Golding JP, Gongal G, Hamblion E, Hersey S, Kato M, Koua EL, Krause G, Lee CT, Morgan O, Naidoo D, Pebody R, Sadek M, Sahak MN, Shindo N, Vicari A, Ihekweazu C. Defining collaborative surveillance to improve decision making for public health emergencies and beyond. Lancet 2023; 401:1831-1834. [PMID: 37230104 PMCID: PMC10202415 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett N Archer
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philip Abdelmalik
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastien Cognat
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Lyon Office, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre E Grand
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua A Mott
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris I Pavlin
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amal Barakat
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Osman Elmahal
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Gyanendra Gongal
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Esther Hamblion
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Hersey
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masaya Kato
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Etien L Koua
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Gérard Krause
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver Morgan
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dhamari Naidoo
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Richard Pebody
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahmoud Sadek
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad N Sahak
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahoko Shindo
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vicari
- Health Emergencies Programme, Pan American Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, Berlin, Germany.
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Obayashi N, Vicari A, Junge K, Shakir K, Hughes J. Control and Morphology Optimization of Passive Asymmetric Structures for Robotic Swimming. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2023.3240334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Junge
- CREATE Lab, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bergeri I, Whelan MG, Ware H, Subissi L, Nardone A, Lewis HC, Li Z, Ma X, Valenciano M, Cheng B, Al Ariqi L, Rashidian A, Okeibunor J, Azim T, Wijesinghe P, Le LV, Vaughan A, Pebody R, Vicari A, Yan T, Yanes-Lane M, Cao C, Clifton DA, Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Buckeridge D, Bobrovitz N, Arora RK, Van Kerkhove MD. Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004107. [PMID: 36355774 PMCID: PMC9648705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the global scale of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains incomplete: Routine surveillance data underestimate infection and cannot infer on population immunity; there is a predominance of asymptomatic infections, and uneven access to diagnostics. We meta-analyzed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies, standardized to those described in the World Health Organization's Unity protocol (WHO Unity) for general population seroepidemiological studies, to estimate the extent of population infection and seropositivity to the virus 2 years into the pandemic. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, preprints, and grey literature for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence published between January 1, 2020 and May 20, 2022. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020183634). We included general population cross-sectional and cohort studies meeting an assay quality threshold (90% sensitivity, 97% specificity; exceptions for humanitarian settings). We excluded studies with an unclear or closed population sample frame. Eligible studies-those aligned with the WHO Unity protocol-were extracted and critically appraised in duplicate, with risk of bias evaluated using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. We meta-analyzed seroprevalence by country and month, pooling to estimate regional and global seroprevalence over time; compared seroprevalence from infection to confirmed cases to estimate underascertainment; meta-analyzed differences in seroprevalence between demographic subgroups such as age and sex; and identified national factors associated with seroprevalence using meta-regression. We identified 513 full texts reporting 965 distinct seroprevalence studies (41% low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) sampling 5,346,069 participants between January 2020 and April 2022, including 459 low/moderate risk of bias studies with national/subnational scope in further analysis. By September 2021, global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from infection or vaccination was 59.2%, 95% CI [56.1% to 62.2%]. Overall seroprevalence rose steeply in 2021 due to infection in some regions (e.g., 26.6% [24.6 to 28.8] to 86.7% [84.6% to 88.5%] in Africa in December 2021) and vaccination and infection in others (e.g., 9.6% [8.3% to 11.0%] in June 2020 to 95.9% [92.6% to 97.8%] in December 2021, in European high-income countries [HICs]). After the emergence of Omicron in March 2022, infection-induced seroprevalence rose to 47.9% [41.0% to 54.9%] in Europe HIC and 33.7% [31.6% to 36.0%] in Americas HIC. In 2021 Quarter Three (July to September), median seroprevalence to cumulative incidence ratios ranged from around 2:1 in the Americas and Europe HICs to over 100:1 in Africa (LMICs). Children 0 to 9 years and adults 60+ were at lower risk of seropositivity than adults 20 to 29 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). In a multivariable model using prevaccination data, stringent public health and social measures were associated with lower seroprevalence (p = 0.02). The main limitations of our methodology include that some estimates were driven by certain countries or populations being overrepresented. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that global seroprevalence has risen considerably over time and with regional variation; however, over one-third of the global population are seronegative to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our estimates of infections based on seroprevalence far exceed reported Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Quality and standardized seroprevalence studies are essential to inform COVID-19 response, particularly in resource-limited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mairead G. Whelan
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harriet Ware
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Anthony Nardone
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Epiconcept, Paris, France
| | - Hannah C. Lewis
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Zihan Li
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaomeng Ma
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marta Valenciano
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Epiconcept, Paris, France
| | - Brianna Cheng
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lubna Al Ariqi
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Arash Rashidian
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph Okeibunor
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Tasnim Azim
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushpa Wijesinghe
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Linh-Vi Le
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Aisling Vaughan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Vicari
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization), Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Tingting Yan
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mercedes Yanes-Lane
- COVID-19 Immunity Task Force Secretariat, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Cao
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Clifton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Buckeridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niklas Bobrovitz
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rahul K. Arora
- Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Espinal MA, Alonso M, Sereno L, Escalada R, Saboya M, Ropero AM, Bascolo E, Perez F, Vigilato M, Soares A, Luciani S, Vicari A, Castellanos LG, Ghidinelli M, Barbosa J. Sustaining communicable disease elimination efforts in the Americas in the wake of COVID-19. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 13:100313. [PMID: 35856071 PMCID: PMC9279131 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted implementation of health interventions and set back priority programs aiming to control and eliminate communicable diseases. At the same time, the pandemic has opened up opportunities to expedite innovations in health service delivery to increase effectiveness and position health on the development and political agendas of leaders and policy makers. In this context, we present an integrated, sustainable approach to accelerate elimination of more than 35 communicable diseases and related conditions in the region of the Americas. The Elimination Initiative promotes a life-course, person-centred approach based on four dimensions - preventing new infections, ending mortality and morbidity, and preventing disability - and four critical lines of action including strengthening health systems integration and service delivery, strengthening health surveillance and information systems, addressing environmental and social determinants of health, and furthering governance, stewardship, and finance. We present key actions and operational considerations according to each line of action that countries can take advantage of to further advance disease elimination in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. Espinal
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Monica Alonso
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Leandro Sereno
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Rainier Escalada
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Martha Saboya
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alba M. Ropero
- Department of Family, Health Promotion and Life Course, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ernesto Bascolo
- Department of Health Systems and Services, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Freddy Perez
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marco Vigilato
- Pan American Center for Foot & Mouth Disease, Pan American Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agnes Soares
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Silvana Luciani
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Andrea Vicari
- Department of Health Emergencies, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Luis G. Castellanos
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Massimo Ghidinelli
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jarbas Barbosa
- Assistant Director Office, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
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8
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Lewis HC, Marcato AJ, Meagher N, Valenciano M, Villanueva‐Cabezas J, Spirkoska V, Fielding JE, Karahalios A, Subissi L, Nardone A, Cheng B, Rajatonirina S, Okeibunor J, Aly EA, Barakat A, Jorgensen P, Azim T, Wijesinghe PR, Le L, Rodriguez A, Vicari A, Van Kerkhove MD, McVernon J, Pebody R, Price DJ, Bergeri I, Alemu MA, Alvi Y, Bukusi EA, Chung PS, Dambadarjaa D, Das AK, Dub T, Dulacha D, Ebrahim F, González‐Duarte MA, Guruge D, Heraud J, Heredia‐Melo DC, Herman‐Roloff A, Herring BL, Inbanathan FY, Islam F, Jeewandara KC, Kant S, Khan W, Lako R, Leite J, Malavige GN, Mandakh U, Mariam W, Mend T, Mize VA, Musa S, Nohynek H, Olu OO, Osorio‐Merchán MB, Pereyaslov D, Randremanana RV, de Dieu Randria MJ, Ransom J, Saxena S, Sharma P, Sreedevi A, Satheesh M, Subhashini KJ, Tippet‐Barr BA, Usha A, Wamala JF, Watare SH, Yadav K. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in standardised first few X cases and household transmission investigations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:803-819. [PMID: 36825117 PMCID: PMC9343340 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the household secondary infection attack rate (hSAR) of SARS-CoV-2 in investigations aligned with the WHO Unity Studies Household Transmission Investigations (HHTI) protocol. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and medRxiv/bioRxiv for "Unity-aligned" First Few X cases (FFX) and HHTIs published 1 December 2019 to 26 July 2021. Standardised early results were shared by WHO Unity Studies collaborators (to 1 October 2021). We used a bespoke tool to assess investigation methodological quality. Values for hSAR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated from crude data. Heterogeneity was assessed by visually inspecting overlap of CIs on forest plots and quantified in meta-analyses. Of 9988 records retrieved, 80 articles (64 from databases; 16 provided by Unity Studies collaborators) were retained in the systematic review; 62 were included in the primary meta-analysis. hSAR point estimates ranged from 2% to 90% (95% prediction interval: 3%-71%; I 2 = 99.7%); I 2 values remained >99% in subgroup analyses, indicating high, unexplained heterogeneity and leading to a decision not to report pooled hSAR estimates. FFX and HHTI remain critical epidemiological tools for early and ongoing characterisation of novel infectious pathogens. The large, unexplained variance in hSAR estimates emphasises the need to further support standardisation in planning, conduct and analysis, and for clear and comprehensive reporting of FFX and HHTIs in time and place, to guide evidence-based pandemic preparedness and response efforts for SARS-CoV-2, influenza and future novel respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Lewis
- World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland,World Health Organization, Regional Office for AfricaBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Adrian J. Marcato
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Niamh Meagher
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Marta Valenciano
- World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland,EpiconceptParisFrance
| | - Juan‐Pablo Villanueva‐Cabezas
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,The Nossal Institute for Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Violeta Spirkoska
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference LaboratoryRoyal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - James E. Fielding
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference LaboratoryRoyal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Amalia Karahalios
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Anthony Nardone
- World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland,EpiconceptParisFrance
| | - Brianna Cheng
- World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland,School of Population and Global HealthMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | | | - Joseph Okeibunor
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for AfricaBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Eman A. Aly
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Amal Barakat
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | | | - Tasnim Azim
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for South‐East AsiaNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Linh‐Vi Le
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western PacificManilaPhilippines
| | - Angel Rodriguez
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization)WashingtonDCUSA
| | - Andrea Vicari
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization)WashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Jodie McVernon
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia,Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for EuropeCopenhagenDenmark
| | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Yasir Alvi
- Department of Community Medicine Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research New Delhi India
| | | | - Pui Shan Chung
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific Manila Philippines
| | - Davaalkham Dambadarjaa
- School of Public Health Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Ayan K. Das
- Department of Microbiology Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research New Delhi India
- Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital New Delhi India
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Faiqa Ebrahim
- World Health Organization Country Office Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Belinda L. Herring
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Republic of Congo
| | | | - Farzana Islam
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (HIMSR) New Delhi India
| | - Kamal Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura Nugegoda Sri Lanka
| | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Wasiq Khan
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Juliana Leite
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization) Washington DC USA
| | | | - Undram Mandakh
- Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Warisha Mariam
- Department of Community Medicine Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi India
| | - Tsogt Mend
- National Center for Communicable Diseases Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | - Sanjin Musa
- Institute for Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Department of Health Security Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James Ransom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Juba South Sudan
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Department of Microbiology Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi India
| | - Aswathy Sreedevi
- Department of Community Medicine Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Kochi Kerala India
| | - Mini Satheesh
- Kerala University of Health Sciences Kerala India
- Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - K. J. Subhashini
- Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Beth A. Tippet‐Barr
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nairobi Kenya
- Nyanja Health Research Institute Salima Malawi
| | - Anuja Usha
- Regional Prevention of Epidemic and Infectious Disease Cell Government of Kerala Kerala India
| | | | | | - Kapil Yadav
- Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
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9
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Azziz-Baumgartner E, Duca LM, González R, Calvo A, Kaydos-Daniels SC, Olson N, MacNeil A, Veguilla V, Domínguez R, Vicari A, Rauda R, Vuong N, Ropero AM, Armero J, Porter R, Franco D, Pascale JM. Incidence of respiratory virus illness and hospitalizations in a Panama and El Salvador birth cohort, 2014-2018. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 13:None. [PMID: 36189114 PMCID: PMC9485193 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Respiratory viruses remain a key cause of early childhood illness, hospitalization, and death globally.The recent pandemic has rekindled interest in the control of respiratory viruses among paediatric populations. We estimate the burden of such viruses among children <2 years. Methods Enrolled neonates were followed until two years of age. Weekly active symptom monitoring for the development of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) defined as cough, rhinorrhoea, difficulty breathing, asthenia, anorexia, irritability, or vomiting was conducted. When the child had ARI and fever, nasopharyngeal swabbing was performed, and samples were tested through singleplex RT-PCR. Incidence of respiratory viruses was calculated by dividing the number of laboratory-confirmed detections by the person-time accrued during weeks when that virus was detectable through national surveillance then corrected for under-ascertainment among untested children. Findings During December 2014-November 2017, 1567 enrolled neonates contributed 2,186.9 person-years (py). Six in ten (64·4%) children developed ARI (total 2493 episodes). Among children <2 years, incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated ARI episodes (21·0, 95%CI 19·3-22·8, per 100py) and rhinovirus-associated (20·5, 95%CI 20·4-20·7) were similar and higher than parainfluenza 1-3-associated (14·2, 95%CI 12·2-16·1), human metapneumovirus-associated (9·2, 95%CI 7·7-10·8), influenza-associated (5·9, 95%CI 4·4-7·5), and adenovirus-associated ARI episodes (5·1, 95%CI 5·0-5·2). Children aged <3 months had the highest rates of RSV ARI (49·1, 95%CI 44·0-54·1 per 100py) followed by children aged 3-5 (25·1, 95%CI 20·1-30·0), 6-11 (17·6, 95%CI 13·2-21·9), and 12-23 months (11·9, 95%CI 10·8-12·9). One in ten children with RSV was referred to the hospital (2·5, 95%CI 2·1-2·8, per 100py). Interpretation Children frequently developed viral ARI and a substantive proportion required hospital care. Such findings suggest the importance of exploring the value of new interventions and increasing uptake of existing prevention measures to mitigate burden of epidemic-prone respiratory viruses. Funding The study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey M Duca
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Arlene Calvo
- Gorgas Institute, Panama City, Panama
- University of South Florida, Panama
| | | | - Natalie Olson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam MacNeil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Rafael Rauda
- National Institute of Health of El Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Nga Vuong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Julio Armero
- National Institute of Health of El Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Rachael Porter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Leite JA, Vicari A, Perez E, Siqueira M, Resende P, Motta FC, Freitas L, Fernandez J, Parra B, Castillo A, Fasce R, Martinez Caballero AA, Gresh L, Aldighieri S, Gabastou JM, Franco L, Mendez-Rico J. Implementation of a COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network for Latin America and Caribbean region. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0252526. [PMID: 35239677 PMCID: PMC8893691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The timely release of SARS-CoV-2 first genomic sequences allowed the identification of the etiologic agent and development of diagnostic protocols. Genomic sequencing was a crucial step in generating data for driving laboratory response and detections of SARS-CoV-2 since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of all the progression and achievements that timely release of genetic sequence data represents in the public health response, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in collaboration with countries' public health laboratories, started implementation of a network for strengthening the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region on timely generation of SARS-CoV-2 genomic data. Here we describe the implementation of the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network in the Americas region during the beginning of the pandemic. The establishment of this network has strengthened laboratory response capacity at the country level, as well as facilitated timely release of SARS-CoV-2 genomic information to be used to complement the multiple response strategies for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation. As genomic epidemiology is useful for guiding public health decisions on outbreak and response, we also analysed the first SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence data from countries of the Latin America and Caribbean Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida Leite
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Andrea Vicari
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Enrique Perez
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marilda Siqueira
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paola Resende
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Couto Motta
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Freitas
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge Fernandez
- Subdepartamento Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Parra
- Subdepartamento Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Castillo
- Subdepartamento Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fasce
- Subdepartamento Enfermidades Virales, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Lionel Gresh
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sylvain Aldighieri
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Gabastou
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Leticia Franco
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jairo Mendez-Rico
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
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11
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Bergeri I, Lewis HC, Subissi L, Nardone A, Valenciano M, Cheng B, Glonti K, Williams B, Abejirinde IOO, Simniceanu A, Cassini A, Grant R, Rodriguez A, Vicari A, Al Ariqi L, Azim T, Wijesinghe PR, Rajatonirina SC, Okeibunor JC, Le LV, Katz M, Vaughan A, Jorgensen P, Freidl G, Pebody R, Van Kerkhove MD. Early epidemiological investigations: World Health Organization UNITY protocols provide a standardized and timely international investigation framework during the COVID-19 pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:7-13. [PMID: 34611986 PMCID: PMC8652791 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The declaration of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 required rapid implementation of early investigations to inform appropriate national and global public health actions. METHODS The suite of existing pandemic preparedness generic epidemiological early investigation protocols was rapidly adapted for COVID-19, branded the 'UNITY studies' and promoted globally for the implementation of standardized and quality studies. Ten protocols were developed investigating household (HH) transmission, the first few cases (FFX), population seroprevalence (SEROPREV), health facilities transmission (n = 2), vaccine effectiveness (n = 2), pregnancy outcomes and transmission, school transmission, and surface contamination. Implementation was supported by WHO and its partners globally, with emphasis to support building surveillance and research capacities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). RESULTS WHO generic protocols were rapidly developed and published on the WHO website, 5/10 protocols within the first 3 months of the response. As of 30 June 2021, 172 investigations were implemented by 97 countries, of which 62 (64%) were LMIC. The majority of countries implemented population seroprevalence (71 countries) and first few cases/household transmission (37 countries) studies. CONCLUSION The widespread adoption of UNITY protocols across all WHO regions indicates that they addressed subnational and national needs to support local public health decision-making to prevent and control the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bergeri
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hannah C Lewis
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Subissi
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Nardone
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland.,Epidemiology Departement, Epiconcept, Paris, France
| | - Marta Valenciano
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland.,Epidemiology Departement, Epiconcept, Paris, France
| | - Brianna Cheng
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ketevan Glonti
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bridget Williams
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alice Simniceanu
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Cassini
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Grant
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Vicari
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Lubna Al Ariqi
- World Health Organization for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tasnim Azim
- Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Linh-Vi Le
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mark Katz
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aisling Vaughan
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Jorgensen
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gudrun Freidl
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Pebody
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Leite JA, Gresh L, Vicari A, Gabastou JM, Perez E, Aldighieri S, Mendez-Rico J. COVID-19 laboratory preparedness and response in the Americas Region: Lessons learned. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253334. [PMID: 34185777 PMCID: PMC8241093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By the time the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 was identified as a novel coronavirus, no country in the Americas Region had laboratory capacity for detecting this new virus. A strategic multilevel approach with specific reagent purchase and delivery, regional trainings, in-country missions, and the provision of technical support was established for timely preparedness of national reference laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 detection. All countries should be prepared to timely detect any potential pandemic emerging agent. The rapid SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection implementation throughout the Americas showed the importance of an efficient and coordinated laboratory response for preparedness. Here we present how in 25 days the Americas Region went from no SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic capacity, to molecular detection fully implemented in 28 Member States, under the coordinated strategy of the Pan American Health Organization and collaborative work at regional and country level with national authorities and public health laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida Leite
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Andrea Vicari
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jean Marc Gabastou
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Enrique Perez
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Sylvain Aldighieri
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - SARINET laboratories Network
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jairo Mendez-Rico
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Faravelli A, Sironi M, Vicari A, Riva F. Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy: A Case Report with Subsequent Evolution into a Lymphoplasmacytic-Lymphoplasmacytoid Malignant Lymphoma. Tumori 2018; 68:265-70. [PMID: 7135491 DOI: 10.1177/030089168206800312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A case of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with transformation into a lymphoplasmacytoid malignant lymphoma is reported. The immunoperoridase method showed the polyclonality of the cells of the angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and the monoclonality of the cell population of the malignant lymphoma.
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14
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Ziegenhain U, Peter A, von Wietersheim H, Vicari A, Kolb A, Schulze U, Buchheim A. Unverarbeitete Verlusterfahrungen und Angststörungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1626971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungZielsetzung der vorliegenden Studie war es, erstmals im deutschen Sprachraum die generationsübergreifenden Zusammenhänge zwischen Angststörungen bei Müttern und möglichen Verhaltensauffälligkeiten ihrer Kinder im Kindergartenalter im Kontext der Weitergabe von Bindungsmustern zu untersuchen. Um bindungsspezifische Risikofaktoren zu identifizieren, wurden sowohl die Mütter als auch deren Kinder mit Methoden der Bindungsforschung untersucht. Entsprechend unserer Hypothese wurde bei den Müttern mit einer manifesten Angststörung ein hoher Anteil an unsicherer Bindungsrepräsentation und insbesondere unverarbeiteter Trauer klassifiziert. Die Kinder dieser Mütter zeigten ebenso zu einem hohen Prozentsatz unsicherer Bindungsmuster, jedoch nicht wie erwartet keinen erhöhten Anteil an desorganisierter Bindung. Die kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Untersuchung führte bei den meisten Kindern zum Befund einer nachweisbar erhöhten psychosozialen Belastung und Beeinträchtigung des psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus, wenn auch nicht im psychiatrisch auffälligen Bereich. Hier liegen die Chancen für eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit mit rechtzeitigen, auch präventiven Angeboten und Hilfen, wie sie in der klinischen Versorgungslandschaft derzeit noch nicht systematisch vorgehalten werden.
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15
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Künster A, Ziegenhain U, Schulze U, Buchheim A, von Wietersheim H, Vicari A, Peter A, Besier T. Transgenerationale Effekte mütterlicher Angst. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-012-2661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Date KA, Vicari A, Hyde TB, Mintz E, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Henry A, Tappero JW, Roels TH, Abrams J, Burkholder BT, Ruiz-Matus C, Andrus J, Dietz V. Considerations for oral cholera vaccine use during outbreak after earthquake in Haiti, 2010-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2105-12. [PMID: 22099114 PMCID: PMC3310586 DOI: 10.3201/eid1711.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been recommended in cholera-endemic settings and preemptively during outbreaks and complex emergencies. However, experience and guidelines for reactive use after an outbreak has started are limited. In 2010, after over a century without epidemic cholera, an outbreak was reported in Haiti after an earthquake. As intensive nonvaccine cholera control measures were initiated, the feasibility of OCV use was considered. We reviewed OCV characteristics and recommendations for their use and assessed global vaccine availability and capacity to implement a vaccination campaign. Real-time modeling was conducted to estimate vaccine impact. Ultimately, cholera vaccination was not implemented because of limited vaccine availability, complex logistical and operational challenges of a multidose regimen, and obstacles to conducting a campaign in a setting with population displacement and civil unrest. Use of OCVs is an option for cholera control; guidelines for their appropriate use in epidemic and emergency settings are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmira A Date
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Luciani S, Prieto-Lara E, Vicari A. Providing Vaccines Against Human Papillomavirus To Adolescent Girls In The Americas: Battling Cervical Cancer, Improving Overall Health. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 30:1089-95. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Luciani
- Silvana Luciani ( ) is an adviser on chronic disease prevention and control at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), in Washington, D.C
| | | | - Andrea Vicari
- Andrea Vicari is an adviser on immunization in the Comprehensive Family Immunization Project at PAHO
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18
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Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Calvari S, Del Negro C, Di Grazia G, Ganci G, Neri M, Vicari A, Boschi E. The initial phases of the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption: A multidisciplinary approach for hazard assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Cruciani F, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Vicari A, Amore FM, Di Pillo S, Mazzeo L. Causes of blind certification in an Italian province and comparison with other European countries. Clin Ter 2010; 161:e11-e16. [PMID: 20544148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low vision and blindness are significantly growing in both industrialized and developing countries. In Italy there are few epidemiological studies that provide data on this phenomenon. In this paper we report the main causes of blindness and the characteristics of the subjects who obtained a disability certification due to blindness in an Italian province. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disability certificates issued by the Civil Blind Provincial Commission of the Viterbo province over a 2-year period (2002-2003) were analysed. The causes of blindness and the age of occurrence were investigated and divided into 12 groups. RESULTS The four most frequent causes of blindness were age related macular degeneration (19%), cataract (14%), glaucoma (15%) and diabetic retinopathy (15%). The main eye pathology which caused partial blindness was age related macular degeneration (22.3%). Glaucoma (19.6%) was the main cause of total blindness. CONCLUSIONS The estimates of blindness were based on certification for visual impairment with limited characteristics as our data was exclusively administrative. However, a general appraisal of the magnitude and causes of visual impairment was determined. This is important towards planning appropriate preventive and management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cruciani
- Department of Ophthalmological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, IAPB-International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, Italian Branch, Rome, Italy.
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Amador JJ, Vicari A, Turcios-Ruiz RM, Melendez D. AC, Malek M, Michel F, Aldighieri S, Kerin T, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Andrus JK. Outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis with high mortality, Nicaragua, 2005. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2008; 23:277-84. [DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892008000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Andrus JK, Crouch AA, Fitzsimmons J, Vicari A, Tambini G. Immunization And The Millennium Development Goals: Progress And Challenges In Latin America And The Caribbean. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27:487-93. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gina Tambini
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), in Washington, D.C
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23
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Rota J, Lowe L, Rota P, Bellini W, Redd S, Dayan G, van Binnendijk R, Hahné S, Tipples G, Macey J, Espinoza R, Posey D, Plummer A, Bateman J, Gudiño J, Cruz-Ramirez E, Lopez-Martinez I, Anaya-Lopez L, Holy Akwar T, Giffin S, Carrión V, de Filippis AMB, Vicari A, Tan C, Wolf B, Wytovich K, Borus P, Mbugua F, Chege P, Kombich J, Akoua-Koffi C, Smit S, Bukenya H, Bwogi J, Baliraine FN, Kremer J, Muller C, Santibanez S. Identical genotype B3 sequences from measles patients in 4 countries, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1779-81. [PMID: 17283637 PMCID: PMC3372353 DOI: 10.3201/eid1211.060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of measles virus detected an epidemiologic link between a refugee from Kenya and a Dutch tourist in New Jersey, USA. Identical genotype B3 sequences from patients with contemporaneous cases in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in November and December 2005 indicate that Kenya was likely to have been the common source of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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de Barros FR, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Toscano C, Segatto TC, Vicari A, Luna E. Measles transmission during commercial air travel in Brazil. J Clin Virol 2006; 36:235-6. [PMID: 16720101 PMCID: PMC7129791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday
- Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization, 525 Twenty Third St., NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 202 974 3856; fax: +1 202 974 3635.
| | | | | | - Andrea Vicari
- Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization, 525 Twenty Third St., NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Expedito Luna
- Secretary of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brazil
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Abstract
The observation that in some cases tumors undergo spontaneous regression concomitantly with autoimmune manifestations has been interpreted as an indication of the involvement of the immune system in tumor rejection. This raised the conceptual possibility that the immune system could be used against the tumor. However, since tumor cells are poorly immunogenic by themselves, early attempts to develop immune-based approaches for cancer therapy saw the use of tumor cells transduced with genes coding for cytokines or costimulatory molecules to enhance in vivo immunity. The identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined tumor-associated antigens has allowed the development of new strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Novel adjuvants have been identified, and different modes of antigen delivery were devised which aim at inducing efficient CTL responses in patients. This review will discuss some of what is currently considered as relevant aspects of antitumor immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Renno
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough, 27 Chemin des Peupliers, 69571 Dardilly, France.
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26
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Folli F, Perego L, Ponzoni M, Girardi A, Bosi E, Ferreri A, Bellone M, Sabbadini M, Marchisio P, Vicari A, Trusolino L. Autoantibodies against a 72-kDa ductal cell membrane glycoprotein in a patient affected by Sjögren's syndrome and gastric MALT lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-003-0616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Asselin-Paturel C, Boonstra A, Dalod M, Durand I, Yessaad N, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Vicari A, O'Garra A, Biron C, Brière F, Trinchieri G. Mouse type I IFN-producing cells are immature APCs with plasmacytoid morphology. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:1144-50. [PMID: 11713464 DOI: 10.1038/ni736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We show here that mouse interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha)-producing cells (mIPCs) are a unique subset of immature antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that secrete IFN-alpha upon stimulation with viruses. mIPCs have a plasmacytoid morphology, can be stained with an antibody to Ly6G and Ly6C (anti-Ly6G/C) and are Ly6C+B220+CD11cloCD4+; unlike other dendritic cell subsets, however, they do not express CD8alpha or CD11b. Although mIPCs undergo apoptosis in vitro, stimulation with viruses, IFN-alpha or CpG oligonucleotides enhanced their survival and T cell stimulatory activity. In vivo, mIPCs were the main producers of IFN-alpha in cytomegalovirus-infected mice, as depletion of Ly6G+/C+ cells abrogated IFN-alpha production. mIPCs produced interleukin 12 (IL-12) in response to viruses and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, but not bacterial products. Although different pathogens can selectively engage various APC subsets for IL-12 production, IFN-alpha production is restricted to mIPCs' response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Asselin-Paturel
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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28
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Dinelli G, Accinelli C, Vicari A, Catizone P. Comparison of the persistence of atrazine and metolachlor under field and laboratory conditions. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:3037-3043. [PMID: 10898662 DOI: 10.1021/jf991057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out in a loamy soil to evaluate the degradation of atrazine and metolachlor under laboratory-controlled and field-variable conditions as a function of temperature and soil moisture content. In laboratory trials, metolachlor showed fast degradation, with half-lives from 100 to 5.7 days in a temperature range from 5 to 35 degrees C at 100% of field capacity, whereas in the same conditions the degradation rate of atrazine was relatively slow, with half-lives from 407 to 23 days. Modeling of laboratory degradation data to predict field persistence was carried out. Field persistence of atrazine and metolachlor was measured in the same soil during the corn growing seasons in 1993, 1994, and 1996. In the three years the mean half-dissipation times for atrazine and metolachlor were 36 and 21 days, respectively. Calculations from model equations gave acceptable prediction of field dissipation of both herbicides. Limitations and perspectives of employed modelization procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinelli
- Department of Agronomy, University of Bologna, via Filippo Re 6/8, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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29
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Caux C, Ait-Yahia S, Chemin K, de Bouteiller O, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Homey B, Massacrier C, Vanbervliet B, Zlotnik A, Vicari A. Dendritic cell biology and regulation of dendritic cell trafficking by chemokines. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2000; 22:345-69. [PMID: 11155441 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DC (dendritic cells) represent an heterogeneous family of cells which function as sentinels of the immune system. They traffic from the blood to the tissues where, while immature, they capture antigens. Then, following inflammatory stimuli, they leave the tissues and move to the draining lymphoid organs where, converted into mature DC, they prime naive T cells. The key role of DC migration in their sentinel function led to the investigation of the chemokine responsiveness of DC populations during their development and maturation. These studies have shown that immature DC respond to many CC and CXC chemokines (MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, MIP-3 alpha, MIP-5, MCP-3, MCP-4, RANTES, TECK and SDF-1) which are inducible upon inflammatory stimuli. Importantly, each immature DC population displays a unique spectrum of chemokine responsiveness. For examples, Langerhans cells migrate selectively to MIP-3 alpha (via CCR6), blood CD11c+ DC to MCP chemokines (via CCR2), monocytes derived-DC respond to MIP-1 alpha/beta (via CCR1 and CCR5), while blood CD11c- DC precursors do not respond to any of these chemokines. All these chemokines are inducible upon inflammatory stimuli, in particular MIP-3 alpha, which is only detected within inflamed epithelium, a site of antigen entry known to be infiltrated by immature DC. In contrast to immature DC, mature DC lose their responsiveness to most of these inflammatory chemokines through receptor down-regulation or desensitization, but acquire responsiveness to ELC/MIP-3 beta and SLC/6Ckine as a consequence of CCR7 up-regulation. ELC/MIP-3 beta and SLC/6Ckine are specifically expressed in the T-cell-rich areas where mature DC home to become interdigitating DC. Altogether, these observations suggest that the inflammatory chemokines secreted at the site of pathogen invasion will determine the DC subset recruited and will influence the class of the immune response initiated. In contrast, MIP-3 beta/6Ckine have a determinant role in the accumulation of antigenloaded mature DC in T cell-rich areas of the draining lymph node, as illustrated by recent observations in mice deficient for CCR7 or SLC/6Ckine. A better understanding of the regulation of DC trafficking might offer new opportunities of therapeutic interventions to suppress, stimulate or deviate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caux
- Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological Research, 27 chemin des Peupliers, BP 11, 69571 Dardilly, France
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30
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Dieu-Nosjean MC, Vicari A, Lebecque S, Caux C. Regulation of dendritic cell trafficking: a process that involves the participation of selective chemokines. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66:252-62. [PMID: 10449163 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.66.2.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
DC function as sentinels of the immune system. They traffic from the blood to the tissues where, while immature, they capture antigens. They then leave the tissues and move to the draining lymphoid organs where, converted into mature DC, they prime naive T cells. This suggestive link between DC traffic pattern and functions led to the investigation of the chemokine responsiveness of DC during their development and maturation. These studies have shown that immature and mature DC are not recruited by the same chemokines. Immature DC respond to many CC- and CXC-chemokines (MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MIP-5, MCP-3, MCP-4, RANTES, TECK, and SDF-1) and in particular to MIP-3alpha/LARC, which acts through CCR6, a receptor mainly expressed in DC and lymphocytes. Like most other chemokines acting on immature DC, MIP-3alpha is inducible on inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, mature DC have lost their responsiveness to most of these chemokines through receptor down-regulation or desensitization, but acquired responsiveness to MIP-3beta/ELC and 6Ckine/SLC as a consequence of CCR7 up-regulation. MIP-3alpha mRNA is only detected within inflamed epithelial crypts of tonsils, the site of antigen entry known to be infiltrated by immature DC, whereas MIP-3alpha and 6Ckine are specifically expressed in the T cell-rich areas where mature IDC home. These observations suggest a role for chemokines induced on inflammation such as MIP-3alpha in recruitment of immature DC at the site of injury and a role for MIP-3beta/6Ckine in accumulation of antigen-loaded mature DC in T cell-rich areas of the draining lymph node. A better understanding of the regulation of DC trafficking might offer new opportunities of therapeutic interventions to suppress or stimulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dieu-Nosjean
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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31
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Dieu MC, Vanbervliet B, Vicari A, Bridon JM, Oldham E, Aït-Yahia S, Brière F, Zlotnik A, Lebecque S, Caux C. Selective recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different anatomic sites. J Exp Med 1998; 188:373-86. [PMID: 9670049 PMCID: PMC2212459 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1034] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DCs (dendritic cells) function as sentinels of the immune system. They traffic from the blood to the tissues where, while immature, they capture antigens. They then leave the tissues and move to the draining lymphoid organs where, converted into mature DC, they prime naive T cells. This suggestive link between DC traffic pattern and functions led us to investigate the chemokine responsiveness of DCs during their development and maturation. DCs were differentiated either from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) cultured with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or from monocytes cultured with GM-CSF plus interleukin 4. Immature DCs derived from CD34(+) HPCs migrate most vigorously in response to macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha, but also to MIP-1alpha and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). Upon maturation, induced by either TNF-alpha, lipopolysaccharide, or CD40L, DCs lose their response to these three chemokines when they acquire a sustained responsiveness to a single other chemokine, MIP-3beta. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)6 and CCR7 are the only known receptors for MIP-3alpha and MIP-3beta, respectively. The observation that CCR6 mRNA expression decreases progressively as DCs mature, whereas CCR7 mRNA expression is sharply upregulated, provides a likely explanation for the changes in chemokine responsiveness. Similarly, MIP-3beta responsiveness and CCR7 expression are induced upon maturation of monocyte- derived DCs. Furthermore, the chemotactic response to MIP-3beta is also acquired by CD11c+ DCs isolated from blood after spontaneous maturation. Finally, detection by in situ hybridization of MIP-3alpha mRNA only within inflamed epithelial crypts of tonsils, and of MIP-3beta mRNA specifically in T cell-rich areas, suggests a role for MIP-3alpha/CCR6 in recruitment of immature DCs at site of injury and for MIP-3beta/CCR7 in accumulation of antigen-loaded mature DCs in T cell-rich areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dieu
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, 69571, Dardilly, France
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32
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Hedrick JA, Helms A, Vicari A, Zlotnik A. Characterization of a novel CC chemokine, HCC-4, whose expression is increased by interleukin-10. Blood 1998; 91:4242-7. [PMID: 9596672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified and characterized a human beta (CC) chemokine, designated HCC-4, that is most closely related to HCC-1 and which demonstrates chemotactic activity for monocytes. Northern analysis of multiple tissue blots and of activated monocytes mRNA shows expression of a 500-bp mRNA. A 1,500-bp mRNA was highly expressed in monocytes activated 12 hours in the presence of interleukin-10 (IL-10) but was absent in monocytes activated for only 1 hour regardless of the presence or absence of IL-10. The upregulation of expression in the presence of IL-10 is in contrast to the downregulatory effects of IL-10 on expression of most other chemokines. Recombinant HCC-4 demonstrated chemotactic activity for human monocytes and THP-1 monocyte cells but not for resting lymphocytes or neutrophils. HCC-4 also induced a Ca2+ flux in THP-1 cells that was desensitized by prior exposure to RANTES. Taken together, these data indicate that HCC-4 is a novel chemokine whose expression is uniquely upregulated by IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hedrick
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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33
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Garg AK, Vicari A. Radiographic modalities for diagnosis and treatment planning in implant dentistry. Implant Soc 1998; 5:7-11. [PMID: 9571835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early in the development of implant technology it became apparent that conventional dental imaging techniques were limited for evaluating patients for implant surgery. During the treatment planning phase, the recipient bed is routinely assessed by visual examination and palpation, as well as by periapical and panoramic radiology. These two imaging modalities provide a two-dimensional image of mesial-distal and occlusal-apical dimensions of the edentulous regions where implants might be placed. When adequate occlusal-apical bone height is available for endosteal implants, the buccal-lingual width and angulation of the available bone are the most important criteria for implant selection and success. However, neither buccal-lingual width nor angulation can be visualized on most traditional radiographs. Although clinical examination and traditional radiographs may be adequate for patients with wide residual ridges that exhibit sufficient bone crestal to the mandibular nerve and maxillary sinus, these methods do not allow for precise measurement of the buccolingual dimension of the bone or assessment of the location of unanticipated undercuts. For these concerns, it is necessary to view the recipient site in a plane perpendicular to a curved plane through the arch of the maxilla or mandible in the region of the proposed implants. Implant dentists soon recognized that, for optimum placement of implants, cross-sectional views of the maxilla and mandible were the ideal means of providing necessary pre-operative information. Today, the two most often employed and most applicable radiographic studies for implant treatment planning are the panoramic radiograph and tomography. Although distortion can be a major problem with panoramic radiographs, when performed properly they can provide valuable information, and are both readily accessible and cost efficient. To help localize potential implant sites and assist in obtaining accurate measurements, it is recommended that surgical stents be used with panoramic radiographs. In simple cases, where a limited number of implants are to be placed, panoramic radiography and/or tomography may be used to obtain a view of the arch of the jaw in the area of interest. For complex, cases, where multiple implants are required, the CT scan imaging procedure is recommended. Because of its ability to reconstruct a fully three dimensional model of the maxilla and mandible, CT provides a highly sophisticated format for precisely defining the jaw structure and locating critical anatomic structures. The use of CT scans in conjunction with software that renders immediate "treatment plans" using the most real and accurate information provides the most effective radiographic modality currently available for the evaluation of patients for oral implants. To follow patients after implant surgery, DSR can be helpful by addressing the limitations of other radiographic modalities in detecting postoperative changes. By eliminating unchanged information, DSR allows the clinician's eye to focus on actual changes that have occurred between the recordings of two images.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Garg
- Center for Dental Implants, Division of Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery & Dentistry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA
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Dinelli G, Mallegni R, Vicari A. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography as a method for determination of n-octanol/water partition coefficients of pesticides. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:214-9. [PMID: 9080128 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was used to determine the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of nonionic and ionic organic chemicals, mainly herbicides. Three electrolyte buffer systems with different organic modifiers were tested to evaluate their effect on the linear relationship between log Kow and log k'. The effect of the pH value of injected samples on linear log Kow/log k' relationship of ionic chemicals was also evaluated. Since a good correlation was found between log Kow values and the logarithms of the capacity factor (k') of each tested organic solvent, other parameters were considered to evaluate the efficacy of the method, such as the rate of electroosmotic flow, the efficiency and reproducibility of the separation, and the separation number (n). The method was found to be applicable over a range of log Kow values from 0.72 to 5.1 and demonstrated a good predictive capability giving similar results to direct experimental measures, at least within classes of compounds with similar physico-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinelli
- Department of Agronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Leite-de-Moraes MC, Herbelin A, Gombert JM, Vicari A, Papiernik M, Dy M. Requirement of IL-7 for IL-4-producing potential of MHC class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR alpha beta+ thymocytes. Int Immunol 1997; 9:73-9. [PMID: 9043949 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/9.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-7 plays an important role in the growth and differentiation of T cells. We have previously reported that IL-7 induces preferential expansion of MHC class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR alpha beta+ thymocytes which express a skewed V beta repertoire and are potent IL-4 producers. In this report, we provide evidence that IL-1 in combination with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor can also expand this population. Yet, these cells do not share the functional characteristics of those obtained in the presence of IL-7, i.e. cytotoxic activity and high IL-4 production. These functional capacities can be acquired by adding IL-7. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the capacity of MHC class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR alpha beta+ thymocytes to produce IL-4 as well as to kill target cells is IL-7 dependent.
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36
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Guimarães MJ, Peterson D, Vicari A, Cocks BG, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Ferrick DA, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF, Zlotnik A. Identification of a novel selD homolog from eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea: is there an autoregulatory mechanism in selenocysteine metabolism? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:15086-91. [PMID: 8986768 PMCID: PMC26360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli selenophosphate synthetase (SPS, the selD gene product) catalyzes the production of monoselenophosphate, the selenium donor compound required for synthesis of selenocysteine (Sec) and seleno-tRNAs. We report the molecular cloning of human and mouse homologs of the selD gene, designated Sps2, which contains an in-frame TGA codon at a site corresponding to the enzyme's putative active site. These sequences allow the identification of selD gene homologs in the genomes of the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae and the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii, which had been previously misinterpreted due to their in-frame TGA codon. Sps2 mRNA levels are elevated in organs previously implicated in the synthesis of selenoproteins and in active sites of blood cell development. In addition, we show that Sps2 mRNA is up-regulated upon activation of T lymphocytes and have mapped the Sps2 gene to mouse chromosome 7. Using the mouse gene isolated from the hematopoietic cell line FDCPmixA4, we devised a construct for protein expression that results in the insertion of a FLAG tag sequence at the N terminus of the SPS2 protein. This strategy allowed us to document the readthrough of the in-frame TGA codon and the incorporation of 75Se into SPS2. These results suggest the existence of an autoregulatory mechanism involving the incorporation of Sec into SPS2 that might be relevant to blood cell biology. This mechanism is likely to have been present in ancient life forms and conserved in a variety of living organisms from all domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Guimarães
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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37
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Gombert JM, Tancrède-Bohin E, Hameg A, Leite-de-Moraes MC, Vicari A, Bach JF, Herbelin A. IL-7 reverses NK1+ T cell-defective IL-4 production in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Int Immunol 1996; 8:1751-8. [PMID: 8943570 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/8.11.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging data suggest an important role for IL-7 in T lymphocyte maturation as illustrated by the severe T lymphopenia observed in IL-7-deficient mice. We recently reported that IL-7 preferentially promotes the in vitro expansion of a discrete MHC class I-dependent lymphocyte subset comprising both CD4+ and CD4-CD8- TCR alpha beta + cells bearing several NK cells markers such NK1.1 and Ly-49. These T cells, designated as NK1+ T cells, have the unique property among thymocytes of producing large amounts of IL-4 upon primary stimulation via the TCR. We have further demonstrated that thymic NK1+ T cells of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a spontaneous model of autoimmune type I diabetes, are markedly deficient in maturation both quantitatively and functionally (IL-4 production). In the present experiments, the addition of exogenous IL-7 completely restored IL-4 production by anti-TCR alpha beta-stimulated mature (HSA-CD8-) thymocytes in NOD mice. A short 2 h preincubation with IL-7 was sufficient to restore both the expression of IL-4 mRNA and IL-4 production capacity. This was related to a direct effect on NK1+ thymocytes since: (i) the effect of IL-7 was restricted to the non-mainstream MEL-14- 3G11- TCR alpha beta + subset which mostly concentrates the IL-4-producing capacity and (ii) IL-7 did not restore IL-4 production in class I-deficient mice which lack the NK1+ T cell subset. Importantly, this activity of IL-7 on NK1+ T cells was also demonstrated in non-autoimmune strains of mice. These results were extended in vivo by showing that the IL-7 treatment significantly increased the anti-CD3 triggered IL-4 production by NK1+ T spleen cells. These findings confirm the role of IL-7 in NK1+ T cell maturation and suggest that the NK1+ T cell defect in NOD mice could be related to insufficient intrathymic IL-7 bioavailability.
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38
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Abstract
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has demonstrated itself to be an extremely powerful analytical technique. However, CE has not yet been fully evaluated for the environmental analysis of herbicides. In this paper, the potential and drawbacks of CE for the separation and detection of herbicides in water sources are outlined. Details are given both on the applicability of CE to trace level monitoring of herbicides in water sources and on its usefulness in studies regarding the environmental behaviour of herbicides in water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinelli
- Department of Agronomy, University of Bologna, Italy
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39
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Leite-de-Moraes MC, Herbelin A, Machavoine F, Vicari A, Gombert JM, Papiernik M, Dy M. MHC class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells are a potential source of IL-4 during primary immune response. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4+ lymphocytes into either Th1 or Th2 cells is influenced by the cytokine present during initial Ag priming. IL-4 is the critical element in the induction of Th2 response; however, its origin during a primary immune response is not well defined. In the present study, we characterized a novel potential source of IL-4, the class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells. In a first set of experiments, we demonstrated that CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ thymocytes produce a large amount of IL-4 after in vitro anti-CD3 stimulation. This phenomenon was not observed in class I-deficient mice, demonstrating that among these cells, the class I-selected subset was predominantly responsible for IL-4 production. Further studies focused on the in vivo IL-4-producing capacity of peripheral CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells. To this end, a single injection of anti-CD3 mAb, which promptly induces IL-4 mRNA expression, was used. Peripheral CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells express high levels of IL-4 mRNA in response to in vivo anti-CD3 challenge. Furthermore, analysis performed in mice lacking MHC class I or class II molecules demonstrates that both the class I-selected subset of CD4-CD8-TCR+ and CD4+ peripheral T lymphocytes are the major IL-4 producers after in vivo anti-CD3 stimulation. These findings suggest that class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ and CD4+ T cell populations are important sources of IL-4 probably implicated in the development of specific Th2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Herbelin
- René Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - A Vicari
- René Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - M Dy
- René Descartes University, Paris, France
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40
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Leite-de-Moraes MC, Herbelin A, Machavoine F, Vicari A, Gombert JM, Papiernik M, Dy M. MHC class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells are a potential source of IL-4 during primary immune response. J Immunol 1995; 155:4544-50. [PMID: 7594451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4+ lymphocytes into either Th1 or Th2 cells is influenced by the cytokine present during initial Ag priming. IL-4 is the critical element in the induction of Th2 response; however, its origin during a primary immune response is not well defined. In the present study, we characterized a novel potential source of IL-4, the class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells. In a first set of experiments, we demonstrated that CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ thymocytes produce a large amount of IL-4 after in vitro anti-CD3 stimulation. This phenomenon was not observed in class I-deficient mice, demonstrating that among these cells, the class I-selected subset was predominantly responsible for IL-4 production. Further studies focused on the in vivo IL-4-producing capacity of peripheral CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells. To this end, a single injection of anti-CD3 mAb, which promptly induces IL-4 mRNA expression, was used. Peripheral CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells express high levels of IL-4 mRNA in response to in vivo anti-CD3 challenge. Furthermore, analysis performed in mice lacking MHC class I or class II molecules demonstrates that both the class I-selected subset of CD4-CD8-TCR+ and CD4+ peripheral T lymphocytes are the major IL-4 producers after in vivo anti-CD3 stimulation. These findings suggest that class I-selected CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ and CD4+ T cell populations are important sources of IL-4 probably implicated in the development of specific Th2 immune responses.
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41
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Abstract
An active surveillance system for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) has been established in Switzerland. The system is based on the detection of typical gross pathological lesions in the lungs of slaughtered cattle, followed by microbiological analysis of the sampled organs and sero-epidemiological investigation of the herd of origin for each suspect case. The programme was tested over six months. The prevalence of lung lesions detected in carcasses during this period in the 108 participating abattoirs was 0.04%, but Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC was not isolated from any of these organs. On the basis of the results presented, there is no evidence of CBPP in Switzerland. The surveillance programme will continue, however, in order to document the situation and eventually obtain a disease-free status in accordance with international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Stärk
- Epidemiology Group, Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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42
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Fragasso G, Pastore MR, Vicari A, Chierchia SL, Pozza G. Myocardial infarction in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during L-asparaginase therapy. Am J Hematol 1995; 48:136-7. [PMID: 7847336 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830480222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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43
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Herbelin A, Machavoine F, Vicari A, Schneider E, Papiernik M, Ziltener H, Penit C, Dy M. Endogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in IL-1- and IL-7-induced murine thymocyte proliferation. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.5.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have reported previously that IL-1 induces murine thymocyte proliferation in the absence of artificial comitogens, provided that the cells are cultured at high densities. In the present study, we show that, in these conditions, TdR uptake in response to IL-1 is diminished significantly by anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Abs. Indeed, a substantial production of this growth factor occurs when thymocytes are cultured in the presence of IL-1. Maximal GM-CSF levels are attained within 3 days of culture, and mRNA expression is detected after a 48-h stimulation. Both GM-CSF production and IL-1-induced thymocyte proliferation are decreased considerably by the depletion of I-A+ Mac-1+ accessory cells. Yet, addition of exogenous GM-CSF to accessory cell-depleted thymocytes does not restore the proliferative response to IL-1 alone, suggesting the implication of another accessory cell-derived mediator. Our data design IL-7 as the endogenous factor required in our culture system because: 1) GM-CSF can reverse the decrease in the proliferation after accessory cell depletion when IL-7 is provided together with IL-1, and 2) the proliferative response to IL-1 plus IL-7 is diminished as much by neutralization of GM-CSF by its specific Abs as by accessory cell removal (approximately 30%). Finally, the cells responding to IL-1 + IL-7 were identified as mature CD4-CD8-TCR+ thymocytes by the use of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), suggesting that the GM-CSF produced by thymic accessory cells in response to IL-1 participates in IL-7-dependent, intrathymic expansion of the CD4-CD8-TCR+ compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herbelin
- INSERM U 25, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - A Vicari
- INSERM U 25, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - H Ziltener
- INSERM U 25, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Penit
- INSERM U 25, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Dy
- INSERM U 25, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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44
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Herbelin A, Machavoine F, Vicari A, Schneider E, Papiernik M, Ziltener H, Penit C, Dy M. Endogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in IL-1- and IL-7-induced murine thymocyte proliferation. J Immunol 1994; 153:1973-81. [PMID: 8051402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have reported previously that IL-1 induces murine thymocyte proliferation in the absence of artificial comitogens, provided that the cells are cultured at high densities. In the present study, we show that, in these conditions, TdR uptake in response to IL-1 is diminished significantly by anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Abs. Indeed, a substantial production of this growth factor occurs when thymocytes are cultured in the presence of IL-1. Maximal GM-CSF levels are attained within 3 days of culture, and mRNA expression is detected after a 48-h stimulation. Both GM-CSF production and IL-1-induced thymocyte proliferation are decreased considerably by the depletion of I-A+ Mac-1+ accessory cells. Yet, addition of exogenous GM-CSF to accessory cell-depleted thymocytes does not restore the proliferative response to IL-1 alone, suggesting the implication of another accessory cell-derived mediator. Our data design IL-7 as the endogenous factor required in our culture system because: 1) GM-CSF can reverse the decrease in the proliferation after accessory cell depletion when IL-7 is provided together with IL-1, and 2) the proliferative response to IL-1 plus IL-7 is diminished as much by neutralization of GM-CSF by its specific Abs as by accessory cell removal (approximately 30%). Finally, the cells responding to IL-1 + IL-7 were identified as mature CD4-CD8-TCR+ thymocytes by the use of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), suggesting that the GM-CSF produced by thymic accessory cells in response to IL-1 participates in IL-7-dependent, intrathymic expansion of the CD4-CD8-TCR+ compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herbelin
- INSERM U 25, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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45
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Vicari A, de Moraes MDC, Gombert JM, Dy M, Penit C, Papiernik M, Herbelin A. Interleukin 7 induces preferential expansion of V beta 8.2+CD4-8- and V beta 8.2+CD4+8- murine thymocytes positively selected by class I molecules. J Exp Med 1994; 180:653-61. [PMID: 8046338 PMCID: PMC2191612 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.2.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the phenotype and V beta-T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, together with interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) expression in unfractionated thymocytes stimulated in vitro with IL-7. This culture system results in a specific proliferation of mature thymocytes belonging to the CD3+CD4-, CD4+8-, and CD4-8+ subsets. IL-7 induced a preferential expansion of V beta 8.2+CD4-8- and V beta 8.2+CD4-8- thymocytes. This phenomenon is not observed in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice, showing that a fraction of CD4+8- thymocytes, enriched in V beta 8.2+ cells, is selected by class I molecules in normal mice, as are a large proportion of CD4-8- alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes. Our findings also establish that IL-7 plays a major role in the expansion of rare thymocyte subsets, which could exert important functions in inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vicari
- INSERM U345, Institut Necker, Paris, France
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46
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Vicari A, Abehsira-Amar O, Papiernik M, Boyd RL, Tucek CL. MTS-32 monoclonal antibody defines CD4+8- thymocyte subsets that differ in their maturation level, lymphokine secretion, and selection patterns. J Immunol 1994; 152:2207-13. [PMID: 7907634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described MTS-32 as identifying an Ag on both thymic stromal cells and thymocytes. In contrast with CD4+8+ and CD4-8+ thymocytes, of which the vast majority are MTS-32+, a notable subset of CD4+8- thymocytes is MTS-32-. Here we show that with regard to heat-stable Ags, Qa-2, and CD69 expression CD4+8- MTS-32- thymocytes are phenotypically enriched in mature cells when compared with their MTS-32+ counterparts. Moreover, sorted CD4+8- MTS-32+ thymocytes are unable to respond to anti-CD3 cross-linking, whereas MTS-32- CD4+8- thymocytes respond to the same stimulus by producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and trace amounts of IL-2. In addition, MTS-32- CD4+8- and CD4-8- TCR-alpha beta+ thymocytes differ in their TCR V beta repertoire on a Mls-1a selecting background. We therefore suggest that the MTS-32 ligand is involved in signals consecutive with TCR recognition in the thymus, i.e., selection, activation, and lymphokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vicari
- INSERM U 345, Necker Institute, Paris, France
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47
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Vicari A, Abehsira-Amar O, Papiernik M, Boyd RL, Tucek CL. MTS-32 monoclonal antibody defines CD4+8- thymocyte subsets that differ in their maturation level, lymphokine secretion, and selection patterns. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously described MTS-32 as identifying an Ag on both thymic stromal cells and thymocytes. In contrast with CD4+8+ and CD4-8+ thymocytes, of which the vast majority are MTS-32+, a notable subset of CD4+8- thymocytes is MTS-32-. Here we show that with regard to heat-stable Ags, Qa-2, and CD69 expression CD4+8- MTS-32- thymocytes are phenotypically enriched in mature cells when compared with their MTS-32+ counterparts. Moreover, sorted CD4+8- MTS-32+ thymocytes are unable to respond to anti-CD3 cross-linking, whereas MTS-32- CD4+8- thymocytes respond to the same stimulus by producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and trace amounts of IL-2. In addition, MTS-32- CD4+8- and CD4-8- TCR-alpha beta+ thymocytes differ in their TCR V beta repertoire on a Mls-1a selecting background. We therefore suggest that the MTS-32 ligand is involved in signals consecutive with TCR recognition in the thymus, i.e., selection, activation, and lymphokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vicari
- INSERM U 345, Necker Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - M Papiernik
- INSERM U 345, Necker Institute, Paris, France
| | - R L Boyd
- INSERM U 345, Necker Institute, Paris, France
| | - C L Tucek
- INSERM U 345, Necker Institute, Paris, France
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48
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Garg AK, Vicari A. Concepts in impressions for dental implantology. Implant Soc 1994; 5:11-16. [PMID: 9571825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Garg
- Center for Dental Implants, Division of Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery & Dentistry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA
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49
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Vicari A, Papiernik M. Multiple effects caused by anti-IL-4 mAb inoculation in the thymus and spleen of adult mice. Eur Cytokine Netw 1993; 4:111-9. [PMID: 8318671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the physiological role of IL-4 in the thymus and spleen by administering a neutralizing monoclonal anti-IL-4 antibody (11B11 mAb) into adult mice for 7 or 14 days. After this treatment the thymus decreased in size, this was mainly attributed to a decrease in the CD4+CD8+ subset after 7 days and both the CD4+CD8+ and the CD4+CD8- subsets after 14 days. These data suggest that IL-4 has a role in CD4+CD8+ thymocyte development and can differentially modulate the maturation of CD4+CD8- thymocytes in adult mice. Conversely, anti-IL-4 inoculation induced an increase in spleen size. After 7 days of treatment this enlargement appeared to be due to a increase in number of immature cells, the majority of which were CD4-CD8-alpha beta TCR-B220-slg-Ia-Mac-1-Pgp1 positive. After 14 days, an expanded spleen size was mainly due to inflated numbers of mature CD4+CD8-, B and Mac-1+ cells. In addition, we showed that anti-IL4 mAb in vivo enhanced the CD4-CD8-alpha beta TCRlow subset within the spleen after 7 days which is also observed at 14 days of treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that anti-IL-4 mAb treatment is highly stimulatory for hemopoietic activity in the adult spleen. Taken together, these results support the notion that IL-4 acts in vivo, directly or indirectly, on T cell differentiation in the thymus and T subsets homeostasis as well as on other cell types in the spleen of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vicari
- INSERM U 345, CHU Necker, Paris, France
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50
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Ezine S, Lucas B, Vicari A, Dautigny N, Vasseur F, Penit C. A novel CD45RA+CD4+ transient thymic subpopulation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice: its relation to non-proliferating CD4-CD8-CD45RA+ tumor cells. Int Immunol 1993; 5:89-96. [PMID: 8443124 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/5.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MRL-lpr/lpr mice have hypertrophied lymph nodes comprising CD4-CD8- T cells. In addition, they contain CD4+CD8- T cells co-expressing the CD45RA marker. The correlation between these two subpopulations has been difficult to assess. We analyzed the expression of CD45RA (with the RA3-2C2 antibody) in various thymic and peripheral T cell subsets, using three-color immunofluorescence. We showed that in lpr mice (i) a transient CD4+CD8- thymic subset co-expresses CD45RA during the course of the disease, and (ii) thymic as well as peripheral CD4-CD8- and CD4+CD8- T cells brightly express CD45RA; furthermore (iii) in the lymph nodes, during lymphadenopathy, CD4+CD8-CD45RA+ T cells show a broad range of the CD4 fluorescence intensity, and (iv) the increase in MHC class II expression is restricted to CD45RA-T cells of the thymus and lymph nodes of lpr mice. Taken together, these data suggest that the CD4+CD8-CD45RA+ population might generate the CD4-CD8- tumor cells. In addition, using the bromodeoxyuridine labeling technique, we demonstrate that these cells are not the result of increased proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ezine
- U345 INSERM, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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