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Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Verasay Caviedes S, Pizarro-Lucero J, Cabello J, Vicencio R, Celis S, Ortiz C, Kemec I, Abuhadba-Mediano N, Asencio R, Vera F, Valencia C, Lagos R, Moreira-Arce D, Salinas F, Ramirez-Toloza G, Muñoz-Quijano R, Neira V, Salgado R, Abalos P, Parra B, Cárdenas-Cáceres S, Muena NA, Tischler ND, Del Pozo I, Aduriz G, Esperon F, Muñoz-Leal S, Aravena P, Alegría-Morán R, Cuadrado-Matías R, Ruiz-Fons F. High Exposure to Livestock Pathogens in Southern Pudu ( Pudu puda) from Chile. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:526. [PMID: 38396494 PMCID: PMC10886221 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant gap in exposure data for most livestock and zoonotic pathogens is common for several Latin America deer species. This study examined the seroprevalence against 13 pathogens in 164 wild and captive southern pudu from Chile between 2011 and 2023. Livestock and zoonotic pathogen antibodies were detected in 22 of 109 wild pudus (20.18%; 95% CI: 13.34-29.18) and 17 of 55 captive pudus (30.91%; 95% CI: 19.52-44.96), including five Leptospira interrogans serovars (15.38% and 10.71%), Toxoplasma gondii (8.57% and 37.50%), Chlamydia abortus (3.03% and 12.82%), Neospora caninum (0.00% and 9.52%), and Pestivirus (8.00% and 6.67%). Risk factors were detected for Leptospira spp., showing that fawn pudu have statistically significantly higher risk of positivity than adults. In the case of T. gondii, pudu living in "free-range" have a lower risk of being positive for this parasite. In under-human-care pudu, a Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to T. gondii, L. interrogans, and N. caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile. High seroprevalence of livestock pathogens such as Pestivirus and Leptospira Hardjo in wild animals suggests a livestock transmission in Chilean template forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastián Verasay Caviedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
| | - Jose Pizarro-Lucero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Javier Cabello
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Rocio Vicencio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Sebastián Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Ignacio Kemec
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; (S.C.); (C.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Nour Abuhadba-Mediano
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago 7580506, Chile;
| | - Ronie Asencio
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; (J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Frank Vera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (F.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Carola Valencia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (F.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Rocio Lagos
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
| | - Dario Moreira-Arce
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Fernanda Salinas
- Fundacion Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile;
- Escuela de Geografia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Galia Ramirez-Toloza
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Raul Muñoz-Quijano
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Victor Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Pedro Abalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (S.V.C.); (J.P.-L.); (R.V.); (G.R.-T.); (R.M.-Q.); (V.N.); (R.S.); (P.A.); (B.P.)
| | - Simone Cárdenas-Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Nicolás A. Muena
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.); (N.D.T.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Itziar Del Pozo
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.D.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Gorka Aduriz
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (I.D.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Fernando Esperon
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; (S.M.-L.); (P.A.)
| | - Paula Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; (S.M.-L.); (P.A.)
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito Libertador 146, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Raul Cuadrado-Matías
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.C.-M.)
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (R.C.-M.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Castillo A, Fasce R, Parra B, Andrade W, Covarrubias P, Hueche A, Campano C, Tambley C, Rojas M, Araya M, Hernández F, Bustos P, Fernández J. The first case of human infection with H5N1 avian Influenza A virus in Chile. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad083. [PMID: 37310882 PMCID: PMC10481412 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Highlights Here we present the first human case of Influenza A H5N1 infection in Chile, and the fifth worldwide in 2023.The patient is a 53-year-old man who lives in the north region of Chile, near the seashore.The Chilean sample was subtyped in the clade 2.3.4.4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Castillo
- Molecular Genetics Subdepartment, Public Health Institute of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fasce
- Section of Respiratory and Exanthematic Viruses, Institute of Public Health of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Barbara Parra
- Molecular Genetics Subdepartment, Public Health Institute of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Winston Andrade
- Section of Respiratory and Exanthematic Viruses, Institute of Public Health of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Paulo Covarrubias
- Molecular Genetics Subdepartment, Public Health Institute of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Andrea Hueche
- Section of Respiratory and Exanthematic Viruses, Institute of Public Health of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Constanza Campano
- Molecular Genetics Subdepartment, Public Health Institute of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Carolina Tambley
- Section of Respiratory and Exanthematic Viruses, Institute of Public Health of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Marcelo Rojas
- Molecular Genetics Subdepartment, Public Health Institute of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Maykol Araya
- Clinical Laboratory, Regional Hospital of Antofagasta, 10255 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Felipe Hernández
- Section of Respiratory and Exanthematic Viruses, Institute of Public Health of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Patricia Bustos
- Section of Respiratory and Exanthematic Viruses, Institute of Public Health of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Molecular Genetics Subdepartment, Public Health Institute of Chile, 1000 Ñuñoa, Chile
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3
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Vasquez I, Retamales J, Parra B, Machimbirike V, Robeson J, Santander J. Comparative Genomics of a Polyvalent Escherichia-Salmonella Phage fp01 and In Silico Analysis of Its Receptor Binding Protein and Conserved Enterobacteriaceae Phage Receptor. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020379. [PMID: 36851593 PMCID: PMC9961651 DOI: 10.3390/v15020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyvalent bacteriophage fp01, isolated from wastewater in Valparaiso, Chile, was described to have lytic activity across bacterial species, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovars. Due to its polyvalent nature, the bacteriophage fp01 has potential applications in the biomedical, food and agricultural industries. Also, fundamental aspects of polyvalent bacteriophage biology are unknown. In this study, we sequenced and described the complete genome of the polyvalent phage fp01 (MH745368.2) using long- (MinION, Nanopore) and short-reads (MiSeq, Illumina) sequencing. The bacteriophage fp01 genome has 109,515 bp, double-stranded DNA with an average G+C content of 39%, and 158 coding sequences (CDSs). Phage fp01 has genes with high similarity to Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella sp. phages. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the phage fp01 is a new Tequintavirus fp01 specie. Receptor binding protein gp108 was identified as potentially responsible for fp01 polyvalent characteristics, which binds to conserved amino acid regions of the FhuA receptor of Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Julio Retamales
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Barbara Parra
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 9140000, Chile
| | - Vimbai Machimbirike
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - James Robeson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2370000, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (J.S.)
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4
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Leite JA, Vicari A, Perez E, Siqueira M, Resende P, Motta FC, Freitas L, Fernandez J, Parra B, Castillo A, Fasce R, Martinez Caballero AA, Gresh L, Aldighieri S, Gabastou JM, Franco L, Mendez-Rico J. Implementation of a COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network for Latin America and Caribbean region. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0252526. [PMID: 35239677 PMCID: PMC8893691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The timely release of SARS-CoV-2 first genomic sequences allowed the identification of the etiologic agent and development of diagnostic protocols. Genomic sequencing was a crucial step in generating data for driving laboratory response and detections of SARS-CoV-2 since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of all the progression and achievements that timely release of genetic sequence data represents in the public health response, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in collaboration with countries' public health laboratories, started implementation of a network for strengthening the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region on timely generation of SARS-CoV-2 genomic data. Here we describe the implementation of the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network in the Americas region during the beginning of the pandemic. The establishment of this network has strengthened laboratory response capacity at the country level, as well as facilitated timely release of SARS-CoV-2 genomic information to be used to complement the multiple response strategies for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation. As genomic epidemiology is useful for guiding public health decisions on outbreak and response, we also analysed the first SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence data from countries of the Latin America and Caribbean Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida Leite
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Andrea Vicari
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Enrique Perez
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marilda Siqueira
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paola Resende
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Couto Motta
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Freitas
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge Fernandez
- Subdepartamento Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Parra
- Subdepartamento Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Castillo
- Subdepartamento Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fasce
- Subdepartamento Enfermidades Virales, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Lionel Gresh
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sylvain Aldighieri
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Gabastou
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Leticia Franco
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jairo Mendez-Rico
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Romero-Barrientos J, Damián JM, Molina F, Zambra M, Aguilera P, López-Usquiano F, Parra B, Ruiz A. Calculation of kinetic parameters β and Λ with modified open source Monte Carlo code OpenMC(TD). Nuclear Engineering and Technology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ulloa S, Bravo C, Parra B, Ramirez E, Acevedo A, Fasce R, Fernandez J. A simple method for SARS-CoV-2 detection by rRT-PCR without the use of a commercial RNA extraction kit. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113960. [PMID: 32835738 PMCID: PMC7442555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a pandemic caused by a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The growing demand for commercial kits used for automated extraction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, a key step before rRT-PCR diagnosis, could cause a shortage of stocks that hinders the rapid processing of samples. Although the recommendation is to use automated methods for nucleic acid extraction, alternatives are necessary to replace commercial kits. However, these alternatives should be as reliable as automated methods. This work describes a simple method to detect SARS-CoV-2 from specimens collected in different preservation media. Samples were previously inactivated by heating and precipitating with a PEG/NaCl solution before rRT-PCR assays for Orf1ab, N and S genes. The new method was compared with an automated protocol of nucleic acid extraction. Both procedures showed similar analytical results. Consequently, this simple and inexpensive method is a suitable procedure for laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulloa
- Molecular Genetics Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Bravo
- Molecular Genetics Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Parra
- Molecular Genetics Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Ramirez
- Viral Diseases Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Acevedo
- Viral Diseases Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Fasce
- Viral Diseases Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Fernandez
- Molecular Genetics Sub Department, Institute of Public Health of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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7
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Abstract
A 30-year-old Colombian woman with past history of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) presented to the emergency room with two days of global headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and low level fever and generalized erythematous rash. Platelets dropped to 9 × 109/L (fourth day of symptoms) without hemorrhagic manifestations but recovered to 30 × 109/L in 24 hours (fifth day). Dengue virus infection, as well as other viral infections, was ruled out. Zika virus (ZIKV) was evaluated in serum and urine samples by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (genomic regions within E protein and NS2b protein). Urine sample was positive and serum sample negative for ZIKV, confirming a recent ZIKV infection with urinary tract virus excretion at 7th day after disease onset. To our knowledge this is the first description of a case of severe immune thrombocytopenia exacerbation and antinuclear antibody positivity induced by ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Zea-Vera
- Microbiology Department, Health faculty, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - B Parra
- Microbiology Department, Health faculty, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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8
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Tognarelli J, Ulloa S, Villagra E, Lagos J, Aguayo C, Fasce R, Parra B, Mora J, Becerra N, Lagos N, Vera L, Olivares B, Vilches M, Fernández J. A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014. Arch Virol 2015; 161:665-8. [PMID: 26611910 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus circulating in Asia and Africa. In 2013, a large outbreak was reported on the archipelago of French Polynesia. In this study, we report the detection and molecular characterization of Zika virus for the first time in Chile from an outbreak among the inhabitants of Easter Island. A total of 89 samples from patients suspected of having ZIKV infection were collected between the period from January to May, 2014. Molecular diagnosis of the virus was performed by RT-PCR followed by the sequencing of the region containing the NS5 gene. A comparison of the viral nucleic acid sequence with those of other strains of ZIKA virus was performed using the MEGA software. Fifty-one samples were found positive for ZIKV by RT-PCR analysis. Further analysis of the NS5 gene revealed that the ZIKV strains identified in Easter Island were most closely related to those found in French Polynesia (99.8 to 99.9% nt and 100% aa sequence identity). These results strongly suggest that the transmission pathway leading to the introduction of Zika virus on Easter Island has its origin in French Polynesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tognarelli
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Ulloa
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Villagra
- Emergent and Hepatic Virus Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Lagos
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Aguayo
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Fasce
- Subdepartment of Virology, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Parra
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Mora
- Emergent and Hepatic Virus Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Becerra
- Emergent and Hepatic Virus Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Lagos
- Emergent and Hepatic Virus Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Vera
- Emergent and Hepatic Virus Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Olivares
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Vilches
- Emergent and Hepatic Virus Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Fernández
- Subdepartment of Molecular Genetics, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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9
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Ramírez JH, Parra B, Gutierrez S, Arce RM, Jaramillo A, Ariza Y, Contreras A. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are increased in untreated chronic periodontitis: a case control study. Aust Dent J 2014; 59:29-36. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JH Ramírez
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group; Dentistry School; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
- School of Health Sciences; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
| | - B Parra
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Sciences; Universidad del Valle; Colombia
| | - S Gutierrez
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group; Dentistry School; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
| | - RM Arce
- Department of Periodontics; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
| | - A Jaramillo
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group; Dentistry School; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
| | - Y Ariza
- School of Health Sciences; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
| | - A Contreras
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group; Dentistry School; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
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10
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Tizón J, Artigue J, Quijada Y, Oriol A, Parra B. A psychological and communitarian approach to treating early psychoses: A service description with some initial findings. Psychosis 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2010.516839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Botero JE, Contreras A, Parra B. Effects of cytomegalovirus infection on the mRNA expression of collagens and matrix metalloproteinases in gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2009; 43:649-57. [PMID: 18717780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to study the effects of human cytomegalovirus infection on the mRNA expression for collagens I and III and for matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival fibroblasts were experimentally infected with the Towne strain of human cytomegalovirus and the kinetics of expression of mRNA for collagens I and III and for matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 was studied at different time-points. Total RNA was isolated at the indicated time, and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the level of mRNA expression. In addition, gingival specimens were obtained from 14 periodontitis and from three non-periodontitis subjects and mRNA analysis for collagens and metalloproteinases was carried out. Nested polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the presence or absence of human cytomegalovirus in subgingival samples from each subject. RESULTS The infection of gingival fibroblasts with human cytomegalovirus during a 0-72-h period resulted in progressive reduction in the expression of mRNA for collagens I and III (p < 0.05). A higher concentration of human cytomegalovirus resulted in varying degrees of mRNA reduction, suggesting a virally mediated effect. Biopsies from human cytomegalovirus-positive individuals with periodontitis had a higher expression of mRNA for collagens I and III than biopsies from human cytomegalovirus-negative individuals. An up-regulation in the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 over time was observed (p < 0.05). Analysis of mRNA expression in gingival biopsies demonstrated higher expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human cytomegalovirus-positive periodontitis specimens compared with human cytomegalovirus-negative periodontitis specimens. CONCLUSION Altered expression of mRNA for collagens and metalloproteinases in human cytomegalovirus-infected gingival fibroblasts should be considered as possible modifying mechanisms in periodontitis-infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Botero
- Periodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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12
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Botero JE, Contreras A, Parra B. Profiling of inflammatory cytokines produced by gingival fibroblasts after human cytomegalovirus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:291-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Botero JE, Vidal C, Contreras A, Parra B. Comparison of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and viral culture for the detection of cytomegalovirus in subgingival samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:239-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Castilla J, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Brun A, Pintado B, Salguero FJ, Parra B, Segundo FDS, Ramírez MA, Rábano A, Cano MJ, Torres JM. Transgenic mice expressing bovine PrP with a four extra repeat octapeptide insert mutation show a spontaneous, non-transmissible, neurodegenerative disease and an expedited course of BSE infection. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6237-46. [PMID: 16253245 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice carrying four extra octapeptide repeats (OR) in the bovine PrP gene (10OR instead of 6) have been generated. In these mice, neuropathological changes were observed depending upon the level of transgene expression. These changes primarily involved a slowly advancing neurological disorder, characterized clinically by ataxia, and neuropathologically, by vacuolization in different brain areas, gliosis, and loss of cerebellar granule cells. Accumulation of insoluble bovine 10OR-PrP (bo10OR-PrP) was observed depending on the level of expression but no infectivity was found associated with this insoluble form. We also compared the behavior of bo6OR-PrP and bo10OR-PrP Tg mouse lines in response to BSE infection. BSE-inoculated bo10ORTg mice showed an altered course of BSE infection, reflected by reduced incubation times when compared to bo6ORTg mice expressing similar levels of the wild type 6OR-PrP. In BSE-inoculated mice, it was possible to detect PrP(res) in 100% of the animals. While insoluble bo10OR-PrP from non-inoculated bo10ORTg mice was non-infectious, brain homogenates from BSE-inoculated bo10ORTg mice were highly infectious in all the Tg mouse lines tested. This Tg mouse model constitutes a new way of understanding the pathobiology of bovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Its potential applications include the assessment of new therapies against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Tizón JL, Artigué J, Parra B, Gomá M, Ferrando J, Pareja F, Sorribes M, Pérez C, Parés A. [Schizophrenia in primary health care centers: the SASPE study (alert signs and prodromic symptoms of schizophrenia in primary health care)]. Aten Primaria 2004; 34:493-8. [PMID: 15563788 PMCID: PMC7688812 DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6567(04)79536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To contribute to the knowledge of the alert signs and precursors of the schizophrenia, just as they can appear in the childhood, and of the prodromic signs other ages. DESIGN Five descriptive studies: three retrospective, one transversal and one longitudinal study, based in the revision of clinical histories of an Community Mental Health Unit closely linked with the APS, additional revisions of the clinical histories of Family Doctors and Peadiatrics of Primary Care, and structured interviews with patients, patient's offspring, and PHC professionals. Two prospective studies: one, with schizophrenic's children; other, of children with alert signs detected in the first childhood. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT: USM-MHU of Sant Martí-La Mina, 5 Sanitary Basic Areas of Barcelona and Sant Adriá (Barcelona), besides the Functional Unit of Attention to the First Childhood of Sant Martí (Barcelona). PARTICIPANTS Schizophrenic patients and relatives detected by the USM-MHU. Schizophrenic patients and relatives not detected by the USM. MHU-USM assistance staff and assistance staff of 5 ABS and of the Functional Unit of Attention to the First Childhood (UFAPI). Children with alert signs detected in the UFAPI and children with alert signs or risk factors detected in the EAP and in the Pediatric Teams of PC. METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS: Diagnoses DSM-IV. Structured interviews SCAN and IRAOS. Scales of positive and negative symptoms. Scales or screenings for the first childhood: ARBB, CBCL, and LISMEP. Structured interviews to determine precursory and prodromic signs: FETZ (Colony), ERIE-IRAOS (Hamburg-Barcelona), ERIE-red (reduced version of the IRAOS, adapted by the investigating team).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Tizón
- Unitat de Salut Mental de Sant Martí-La Mina, Barcelona, España.
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Castilla J, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Brun A, Pintado B, Parra B, Ramírez MA, Salguero FJ, Díaz San Segundo F, Rábano A, Cano MJ, Torres JM. Different behavior toward bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection of bovine prion protein transgenic mice with one extra repeat octapeptide insert mutation. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2156-64. [PMID: 14999066 PMCID: PMC6730430 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3811-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, insert mutations within the repetitive octapeptide region of the prion protein gene (Prnp) are often associated with familial spongiform encephalopathies. In this study, transgenic mice expressing bovine PrP (boTg mice) bearing an additional octapeptide insertion to the wild type (seven octapeptide repeats instead of six) showed an altered course of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infection, reflected as reduced incubation times when compared with boTg mice expressing similar levels of the wild-type six-octapeptide protein. In both boTg mouse lines (bo6ORTg and bo7ORTg), incubation times were affected drastically depending on transgene expression levels and the inoculum used. In accordance with the lack of an interspecies barrier to BSE infection, we detected the typical signs of CNS spongiform degeneration by histopathological analysis and the presence of the bovine prion PrP(res) by Western blot or immunohistochemical analyses. When 7OR-PrP(res) was propagated in bo7ORTg mice, a similar earlier onset of clinical signs was observed compared with bo6ORTg mice. Proteins PrP(C) and PrP(res) containing seven octapeptides (7OR-PrP(C) and 7OR-PrP(res)) showed similar protease sensitivity and insolubility in nondenaturing detergents to homologous 6OR-PrP(C) and 6OR-PrP(res). In addition, bo7ORTg mice showed a higher sensitivity than bo6ORTg mice for detecting prion infection in specimens previously diagnosed as negative by conventional biochemical techniques. In the absence of clinical signs of disease, 7OR-PrP(res) could be detected as early as 120 d after inoculation by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. These findings may help us improve the current mouse bioassays and understand the role of the octapeptide repeat region in susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Center of Animal Health Investigation, National Institute of Agricultural Technology and Investigation, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Brun A, Castilla J, Parra B, Rodríguez F, Torres JM. [Involvement of the immunological system in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies]. Rev Neurol 2003; 37:648-53. [PMID: 14582023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We review the current knowledge relative to the role of different immune system components and their contribution the spread of prions throughout the infected organism. DEVELOPMENT During the last years research made on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies conducted to the assumption that changes in the structure of a determined protein (prion protein, PrP) may become self-propagative. The generally assumed finding of an abnormally folded protein as the causative agent, able to propagate in hosts different from it was originated, is changing our views of transmissible diseases. The concept of infection resulting from pathogen propagation within a susceptible host has been steadily linked to the ability of nucleic acids to replicate their own coded information. In the prionosis, term comprising all known prion disorders, the information seems to be coded within the own protein conformation. This phenomena, once again, challenges the well-established principles of molecular biology. CONCLUSIONS Propagation of prions uses strategies not previously recognized, and depends upon prion conformation and/or specific host restrictions. Thus, certain sheep and goat prion strains (scrapie) or human (variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) invade the brain after an initial interaction with the immune system of affected individuals. The involvement of the lymphoreticular system or, at least, certain host's immune competence seems to be a prerequisite for neuro-invasion after a natural infection or peripheral inoculation. On the other hand, proper identification of immune cell types involved may open the possibility for post exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Valdeolmos, España.
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18
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Castilla J, Gutiérrez Adán A, Brun A, Pintado B, Ramírez MA, Parra B, Doyle D, Rogers M, Salguero FJ, Sánchez C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Torres JM. Early detection of PrPres in BSE-infected bovine PrP transgenic mice. Arch Virol 2003; 148:677-91. [PMID: 12664293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-002-0958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse lines expressing different levels of the bovine prion protein gene (boPrP(C)) were generated. Upon infection with BSE prions, all transgenic lines tested exhibited characteristics of the bovine disease. Typical CNS spongiform degeneration was observed by histopathology and presence of PrP(res) could be detected both by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, confirming for this model the absence of an interspecies barrier to BSE infection. Differences in incubation times post-inoculation depend upon the expression level of boPrP(C) and the amount of prions in the inoculum. In the absence of clinical signs, pathognomonic markers of disease could be detected as early as 150 or 196 days post-inoculation by IHC and Western blot analysis, respectively. This result indicates that prion infectivity in experimental mouse bioassays can be measured earlier by assessing immunologically the presence of PrP(res) in brains from inoculated animals. Although these transgenic mice were also susceptible to sheep scrapie prion infection, the extent of incubation times was considerably longer and PrP(res) was detected in only 70 % of inoculated mice. Interestingly, transgenic mice-propagated sheep scrapie prions displayed distinct biochemical properties when compared to both the original sheep scrapie and transgenic mouse-propagated BSE inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Bergmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1333 San Pablo Street, MCH142, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Parra B, Bergmann CC, Hinton DR, Atkinson R, Stohlman SA. IFN-gamma secreted by virus-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to CNS viral clearance. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 494:335-40. [PMID: 11774489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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21
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Parra B, Morales S, Chandran R, Stohlman SA. B cell mediated lysis of JHMV infected targets. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 494:369-74. [PMID: 11774494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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22
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Abstract
Cells expressing the spike (S) glycoprotein of the neurotropic JHM strain (JHMV) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) are susceptible to lysis by B cells derived from naïve mice, including B cells from perforin-deficient mice. Cytolysis requires interaction of the virus receptor and the viral S glycoprotein, is independent of other viral-induced components, and is not a unique property of B cells. Neutralizing anti-S-protein monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and a mAb specific for the viral receptor inhibit lysis. However, cells infected with an MHV strain unable to induce cell-cell fusion are resistant to lysis and lysis of JHMV-infected cells is inhibited by an anti-S-protein nonneutralizing mAb which prevents S-protein-mediated cell fusion. These data suggest that B cells may function as antibody-independent innate immune response during JHMV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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23
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Parra B, Lin MT, Stohlman SA, Bergmann CC, Atkinson R, Hinton DR. Contributions of Fas-Fas ligand interactions to the pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus in the central nervous system. J Virol 2000; 74:2447-50. [PMID: 10666278 PMCID: PMC111729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2447-2450.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus in Fas-deficient mice suggested that Fas-mediated cytotoxicity may be required during viral clearance after the loss of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. The absence of both Fas- and perforin-mediated cytolysis resulted in an uncontrolled infection, suggesting a redundancy of cytolytic pathways to control virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Parra B, Hinton DR, Marten NW, Bergmann CC, Lin MT, Yang CS, Stohlman SA. IFN-gamma is required for viral clearance from central nervous system oligodendroglia. J Immunol 1999; 162:1641-7. [PMID: 9973424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) is a rodent model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. The inability of effective host immune responses to eliminate virus from the CNS results in a chronic infection associated with ongoing recurrent demyelination. JHMV infects a variety of CNS cell types during the acute phase of infection including ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia, and rarely in neurons. Replication within the majority of CNS cell types is controlled by perforin-dependent virus-specific CTL. However, inhibition of viral replication in oligodendroglia occurs via a perforin-independent mechanism(s). The potential role for IFN-gamma as mediator controlling JHMV replication in oligodendroglia was examined in mice deficient in IFN-gamma secretion (IFN-gamma0/0 mice). IFN-gamma0/0 mice exhibited increased clinical symptoms and mortality associated with persistent virus, demonstrating an inability to control replication. Neither antiviral Ab nor CTL responses were diminished in the absence of IFN-gamma, although increased IgG1 was detected in IFN-gamma0/0 mice. Increased virus Ag in the absence of IFN-gamma localized almost exclusively to oligodendroglia and was associated with increased CD8+ T cells localized within white matter. These data suggest that although perforin-dependent CTL control virus replication within astrocytes and microglia, which constitute the majority of infected CNS cells, IFN-gamma is critical for control of viral replication in oligodendroglia. Therefore, different mechanisms are used by the host defenses to control virus replication within the CNS, dependent upon the phenotype of the targets of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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25
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Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine. To examine its role in virus-induced encephalomyelitis, IL-10-deficient (IL-10 -/-) mice were infected with a neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV). JHMV-infected IL-10 -/- mice, compared to IL-4 -/- and syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, exhibited increased morbidity and mortality. Virus was cleared from the CNS of all groups of mice with equal kinetics by day 9 postinfection and the lack of either IL-4 or IL-10 did not alter the distribution of viral antigen, suggesting a lack of correlation between viral replication and the increased clinical disease in IL-10 -/- mice. In moribund IL-10 -/- mice, a moderate increase in mononuclear cell infiltration was correlated with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNAs. In the small percentage of IL-10 -/- mice that survived, no differences in either demyelination or inflammation were observed. Together, these results suggest that IL-10 is not required for viral clearance, and although it appears to be one of the mechanisms responsible for inhibiting the extent of inflammation in the CNS during acute JHMV infection, it has little role in the eventual resolution of CNS inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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26
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Zhang X, Hinton DR, Park S, Parra B, Liao CL, Lai MM, Stohlman SA. Expression of hemagglutinin/esterase by a mouse hepatitis virus coronavirus defective-interfering RNA alters viral pathogenesis. Virology 1998; 242:170-83. [PMID: 9501044 PMCID: PMC7131006 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A defective-interfering (DI) RNA of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was developed as a vector for expressing MHV hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) protein. The virus containing an expressed HE protein (A59-DE-HE) was generated by infecting cells with MHV-A59, which does not express HE, and transfecting the in vitro-transcribed DI RNA containing the HE gene. A similar virus (A59-DE-CAT) expressing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was used as a control. These viruses were inoculated intracerebrally into mice, and the role of the HE protein in viral pathogenesis was evaluated. Results showed that all mice infected with parental A59 or A59-DE-CAT succumbed to infection by 9 days postinfection (p.i.), demonstrating that inclusion of the DI did not by itself alter pathogenesis. In contrast, 60% of mice infected with A59-DE-HE survived infection. HE- or CAT-specific subgenomic mRNAs were detected in the brains at days 1 and 2 p.i. but not later, indicating that the genes in the DI vector were expressed only in the early stage of viral infection. No significant difference in virus titer or viral antigen expression in brains was observed between A59-DE-HE- and A59-DE-CAT-infected mice, suggesting that virus replication in brain was not affected by the expression of HE. However, at day 3 p.i. there was a slight increase in the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration in the brains of the A59-DE-HE-infected mice. Surprisingly, virus titers in the livers of A59-DE-HE-infected mice were 3 log10 lower than that of the A59-DE-CAT-infected mice at day 6 p.i. Also, substantially less necrosis and viral antigen were detected in the livers of the A59-DE-HE-infected mice. This may account for the reduced mortality of these mice. The possible contribution of the host immune system to this difference in pathogenesis was analyzed by comparing the expression of four cytokines. Results showed that both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 mRNAs increased in the brains of the A59-DE-HE-infected mice at day 2 p.i., whereas interferon-gamma and interleukin-1 alpha mRNAs were similar between A59-DE-HE- and A59-DE-CAT-infected mice. These data suggest that the transient expression of HE protein enhances an early innate immune response, possibly contributing to the eventual clearance of virus from the liver. This study indicates the feasibility of the DI expression system for studying roles of viral proteins during MHV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/biosynthesis
- Coronavirus Infections/mortality
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/pathogenicity
- Defective Viruses/physiology
- Genes, Reporter
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/mortality
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/physiopathology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Murine hepatitis virus/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Trigeminal Ganglion/pathology
- Trigeminal Ganglion/virology
- Viral Fusion Proteins
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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27
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Parra B, Hinton DR, Lin MT, Cua DJ, Stohlman SA. Kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system following lethal and nonlethal coronavirus-induced acute encephalomyelitis. Virology 1997; 233:260-70. [PMID: 9217050 PMCID: PMC7131685 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential role(s) of cytokines in the reduction of infectious virus and persistent viral infection in the central nervous system was examined by determining the kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression following infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Mice were infected with an antibody escape variant which produces a nonlethal encephalomyelitis and compared to a clonal virus population which produces a fulminant fatal encephalomyelitis. Infection with both viruses induced the accumulation of mRNAs associated with Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10. Peak mRNA accumulations were coincident with the clearance of virus and there was no obvious differences between lethally and nonlethally infected mice. TNF-alpha mRNA was induced more rapidly in lethally infected mice compared to mice undergoing a nonfatal encephalomyelitis. Rapid transient increases in the mRNAs encoding IL-12, iNOS, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 occurred following infection. Nonlethal infections were associated with increased IL-12, IL-1beta, and earlier expression of IL-6, while lethal infections were associated with increased iNOS and IL-1alpha mRNA. These data suggest a rapid but differential response within the central nervous system cells to infection by different JHMV variants. However, neither the accumulation nor kinetics of induction provide evidence to distinguish lethal infections from nonlethal infections leading to a persistent infection. Accumulation of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the central nervous system of JHMV-infected mice is consistent with the participation of both cytokines and cell immune effectors during resolution of acute viral-induced encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Stohlman SA, Lin M, Parra B, Bergmann CC, Hinton DR. Immune regulation of coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis. J Neurovirol 1997; 3 Suppl 1:S56-7. [PMID: 9179796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Stohlman
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Abstract
Even though viruses have been implicated in the etiology of several medical and dental disorders, little or no data are available on the possible involvement of human viruses in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease. This study investigated the presence of human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in crevicular fluid samples from 30 patients with advanced periodontitis and 26 subjects with gingivitis. Viral identification was performed on direct subgingival samples from 3 diseased sites in each patient using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Seventy-eight percent of advanced periodontitis patients were positive for at least one of the five test viruses. Cytomegalovirus was detected in 60% of the periodontitis patients, Epstein-Barr virus in 30%, herpes simplex virus in 20%, human papillomavirus in 17% and HIV in 7%. Forty percent of the periodontitis patients revealed coinfection by 2 to 5 viruses. Only 31% of the gingivitis subjects showed a positive viral identification in crevicular fluid, and infected individuals only revealed human cytomegalovirus. This study demonstrated that human viruses may occur in periodontitis lesions with relatively high prevalence. The pathogenetic significance of human viruses in destructive periodontal disease needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0641, USA
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Parra B, Buckey J, DeGraff D, Gaffney FA, Blomqvist CG. Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular mass by a non-geometric method. Aviat Space Environ Med 1987; 58:A64-8. [PMID: 3675507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of a new non-geometric method for calculating left ventricular myocardial volumes from 2-D echocardiographic images was assessed in vitro using 20 formalin-fixed normal human hearts. Serial oblique short axis images were acquired from one point at 5 degree intervals, for a total of 10 to 12 cross sections. Echocardiographic myocardial volumes were calculated as the difference between the volumes defined by the epi- and endocardial surfaces. Actual myocardial volumes were determined by water displacement. Volumes ranged from 80 to 174 ml (mean 130.8 ml). Linear regression analysis demonstrated excellent agreement between echocardiographic (X) and direct measurements (Y) i.e., y = 0.98 X + 4.3 ml; r = 0.94; SEE = 8.4; p = 0.001. Comparison of 10 duplicate measurements by two independent observers yielded an r of 0.96. These in vitro results suggest that with this technique, quantitative analysis of a limited number of cross sectional echocardiographic views will provide accurate left ventricular mass estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Pauline and Adolph Weinberger Laboratory for Cardiopulmonary Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235-9034
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Parra B, Barboza JS, Inglessis G, Fuenmayor A. [Study of left ventricular mass in pure mitral stenosis]. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1981; 51:341-351. [PMID: 7337477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied 19 patients (13 women and 6 men), with pure mitral stenosis by cineangiocardiograms taken in the right anterior 30 degrees oblique projection. Seven patients were also studied by single element M mode echocardiography in monoplane projection. We observed a significative diminution in the wall thickness and mass of the left ventricle in those patients in which the mitral valvular area was less than 1 cm2/m2. These results were interpreted as due to a global diminution in the cardiac mass induced by a reduction in the wall thickness of the left ventricle in all segments. When the patients with diminished mass were grouped by age, no correlation between chronicity and diminished mass was observed. We concluded that the diminution of the left ventricular mass in pure, severe mitral stenosis has a multifactorial etiology; the prolonged immobility of some myocardial segments could play a role, but the fibrosis secondary to acute or chronic myocarditis could be more important.
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