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Zhang M, Leong MW, Mitch WA, Blish CA, Boehm A. Persistence and free chlorine disinfection of human coronaviruses and their surrogates in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0005524. [PMID: 38511945 PMCID: PMC11022552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00055-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic illustrates the importance of understanding the behavior and control of human pathogenic viruses in the environment. Exposure via water (drinking, bathing, and recreation) is a known route of transmission of viruses to humans, but the literature is relatively void of studies on the persistence of many viruses, especially coronaviruses, in water and their susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. To fill that knowledge gap, we evaluated the persistence and free chlorine disinfection of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and its surrogates, murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), in drinking water and laboratory buffer using cell culture methods. The decay rate constants of human coronavirus and its surrogates in water varied, depending on virus and water matrix. In drinking water without disinfectant addition, MHV showed the largest decay rate constant (estimate ± standard error, 2.25 ± 0.09 day-1) followed by HCoV-OC43 (0.99 ± 0.12 day-1) and TGEV (0.65 ± 0.06 day-1), while in phosphate buffer without disinfectant addition, HCoV-OC43 (0.51 ± 0.10 day-1) had a larger decay rate constant than MHV (0.28 ± 0.03 day-1) and TGEV (0.24 ± 0.02 day-1). Upon free chlorine disinfection, the inactivation rates of coronaviruses were independent of free chlorine concentration and were not affected by water matrix, though they still varied between viruses. TGEV showed the highest susceptibility to free chlorine disinfection with the inactivation rate constant of 113.50 ± 7.50 mg-1 min-1 L, followed by MHV (81.33 ± 4.90 mg-1 min-1 L) and HCoV-OC43 (59.42 ± 4.41 mg-1 min-1 L). IMPORTANCE This study addresses an important knowledge gap on enveloped virus persistence and disinfection in water. Results have immediate practical applications for shaping evidence-based water policies, particularly in the development of disinfection strategies for pathogenic virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle Wei Leong
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William A. Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexandria Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Silva EE, Moioffer SJ, Hassert M, Berton RR, Smith MG, van de Wall S, Meyerholz DK, Griffith TS, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Defining Parameters That Modulate Susceptibility and Protection to Respiratory Murine Coronavirus MHV1 Infection. J Immunol 2024; 212:563-575. [PMID: 38149923 PMCID: PMC10872354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience variable disease susceptibility, and patients with comorbidities such as sepsis are often hospitalized for COVID-19 complications. However, the extent to which initial infectious inoculum dose determines disease outcomes and whether this can be used for immunological priming in a genetically susceptible host has not been completely defined. We used an established SARS-like murine model in which responses to primary and/or secondary challenges with murine hepatitis virus type 1 (MHV-1) were analyzed. We compared the response to infection in genetically susceptible C3H/HeJ mice, genetically resistant C57BL/6J mice, and genetically diverse, variably susceptible outbred Swiss Webster mice. Although defined as genetically susceptible to MHV-1, C3H/HeJ mice displayed decreasing dose-dependent pathological changes in disease severity and lung infiltrate/edema, as well as lymphopenia. Importantly, an asymptomatic dose (500 PFU) was identified that yielded no measurable morbidity/mortality postinfection in C3H/HeJ mice. Polymicrobial sepsis induced via cecal ligation and puncture converted asymptomatic infections in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice to more pronounced disease, modeling the impact of sepsis as a comorbidity to β-coronavirus infection. We then used low-dose infection as an immunological priming event in C3H/HeJ mice, which provided neutralizing Ab-dependent, but not circulating CD4/CD8 T cell-dependent, protection against a high-dose MHV-1 early rechallenge. Together, these data define how infection dose, immunological status, and comorbidities modulate outcomes of primary and secondary β-coronavirus infections in hosts with variable susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvia E Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Roger R Berton
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Matthew G Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Bartak M, Bąska P, Chodkowski M, Tymińska B, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Neurons cytoskeletal architecture remodeling during the replication cycle of mouse coronavirus MHV-JHM: a morphological in vitro study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:18. [PMID: 38195523 PMCID: PMC10775625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the population is still struggling with a post-COVID19 syndrome known as long COVID, including a broad spectrum of neurological problems. There is an urgent need for a better understanding and exploration of the mechanisms of coronavirus neurotropism. For this purpose, the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM) originating from the beta-coronavirus genus, the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been used. The role of the cytoskeleton during virus replication in neurons in vitro was determined to understand the mechanisms of MHV-JHM neuroinfection. We have described for the first time the changes of actin filaments during MHV-JHM infection. We also observed productive replication of MHV-JHM in neurons during 168 h p.i. and syncytial cytopathic effect. We discovered that the MHV-JHM strain modulated neuronal cytoskeleton during infection, which were manifested by: (i) condensation of actin filaments in the cortical layer of the cytoplasm, (ii) formation of microtubule cisternae structures containing viral antigen targeting viral replication site (iii) formation of tunneling nanotubes used by MHV-JHM for intercellular transport. Additionally, we demonstrated that the use of cytoskeletal inhibitors have reduced virus replication in neurons, especially noscapine and nocodazole, the microtubule shortening factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., Warsaw, 01-063, Poland
| | - Beata Tymińska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin W Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
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Curran CS, Cui X, Li Y, Jeakle M, Sun J, Demirkale CY, Minkove S, Hoffmann V, Dhamapurkar R, Chumbris S, Bolyard C, Iheanacho A, Eichacker PQ, Torabi-Parizi P. Anti-PD-L1 therapy altered inflammation but not survival in a lethal murine hepatitis virus-1 pneumonia model. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1308358. [PMID: 38259435 PMCID: PMC10801642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because prior immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in cancer patients presenting with COVID-19 may affect outcomes, we investigated the beta-coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus (MHV)-1, in a lethal pneumonia model in the absence (Study 1) or presence of prior programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibody (PD-L1mAb) treatment (Study 2). Methods In Study 1, animals were inoculated intratracheally with MHV-1 or vehicle and evaluated at day 2, 5, and 10 after infection. In Study 2, uninfected or MHV-1-infected animals were pretreated intraperitoneally with control or PD-L1-blocking antibodies (PD-L1mAb) and evaluated at day 2 and 5 after infection. Each study examined survival, physiologic and histologic parameters, viral titers, lung immunophenotypes, and mediator production. Results Study 1 results recapitulated the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and revealed increased cell surface expression of checkpoint molecules (PD-L1, PD-1), higher expression of the immune activation marker angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), but reduced detection of the MHV-1 receptor CD66a on immune cells in the lung, liver, and spleen. In addition to reduced detection of PD-L1 on all immune cells assayed, PD-L1 blockade was associated with increased cell surface expression of PD-1 and ACE, decreased cell surface detection of CD66a, and improved oxygen saturation despite reduced blood glucose levels and increased signs of tissue hypoxia. In the lung, PD-L1mAb promoted S100A9 but inhibited ACE2 production concomitantly with pAKT activation and reduced FOXO1 levels. PD-L1mAb promoted interferon-γ but inhibited IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production, contributing to reduced bronchoalveolar lavage levels of eosinophils and neutrophils. In the liver, PD-L1mAb increased viral clearance in association with increased macrophage and lymphocyte recruitment and liver injury. PD-L1mAb increased the production of virally induced mediators of injury, angiogenesis, and neuronal activity that may play role in COVID-19 and ICI-related neurotoxicity. PD-L1mAb did not affect survival in this murine model. Discussion In Study 1 and Study 2, ACE was upregulated and CD66a and ACE2 were downregulated by either MHV-1 or PD-L1mAb. CD66a is not only the MHV-1 receptor but also an identified immune checkpoint and a negative regulator of ACE. Crosstalk between CD66a and PD-L1 or ACE/ACE2 may provide insight into ICI therapies. These networks may also play role in the increased production of S100A9 and neurological mediators in response to MHV-1 and/or PD-L1mAb, which warrant further study. Overall, these findings support observational data suggesting that prior ICI treatment does not alter survival in patients presenting with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S. Curran
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xizhong Cui
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark Jeakle
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cumhur Y. Demirkale
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samuel Minkove
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rhea Dhamapurkar
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Symya Chumbris
- Texcell North-America, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Q. Eichacker
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Parizad Torabi-Parizi
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Xie T, Yang J, Fang C, Zhang J, Lin H, Zhu Y, Tang T, Wang C. The survival of murine hepatitis virus (a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2) on conventional packaging materials under cold chain conditions. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1319828. [PMID: 38115844 PMCID: PMC10728718 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1319828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cold chain conditions have been suggested to facilitate long-distance transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but it is unclear how viable the virus is on cold chain packaging materials. Methods This study used the MHV-JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus as a model organism to investigate the viability of SARS-CoV-2 on foam, plastic, cardboard, and wood sheets at different temperatures (-40°C, -20°C, and 4°C). In addition, the ability of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite to eliminate the MHV-JHM on plastic and cardboard sheets were also evaluated. Results The results indicate that MHV-JHM can survive on foam, plastic, or cardboard sheets for up to 28 days at -40°C and -20°C, and up to 14 days on foam and plastic surfaces at 4°C. Although viral nucleic acids were still detectable after storing at 4°C for 28 days, the corresponding virus titer was below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Discussion The study highlights that a positive nucleic acid test result may not indicate that the virus is still viable, and confirms that peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite can effectively eliminate MHV-JHM on packaging materials under cold chain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Xie
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxue Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chubin Fang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalan Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu YH, Zhu L, Zhang ZW, Liu TT, Cheng QY, Zhang M, Niu YX, Ding L, Yan WM, Luo XP, Ning Q, Chen T. C-C chemokine receptor 5 is essential for conventional NK cell trafficking and liver injury in a murine hepatitis virus-induced fulminant hepatic failure model. J Transl Med 2023; 21:865. [PMID: 38017505 PMCID: PMC10685630 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells migrated into the liver from peripheral organs and exerted cytotoxic effects on hepatocytes in virus-induced liver failure. AIM This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of chemokine receptors in the migration of NK cells in a murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (MHV-3-FHF) model and its mechanism. RESULTS By gene array analysis, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) was found to have remarkably elevated expression levels in hepatic NK cells after MHV-3 infection. The number of hepatic CCR5+ conventional NK (cNK) cells increased and peaked at 48 h after MHV-3 infection, while the number of hepatic resident NK (rNK) cells steadily declined. Moreover, the expression of CCR5-related chemokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was significantly upregulated in MHV-3-infected hepatocytes. In an in vitro Transwell migration assay, CCR5-blocked splenic cNK cells showed decreased migration towards MHV-3-infected hepatocytes, and inhibition of MIP-1β or RANTES but not MIP-1α decreased cNK cell migration. Moreover, CCR5 knockout (KO) mice displayed reduced infiltration of hepatic cNK cells after MHV-3 infection, accompanied by attenuated liver injury and improved mouse survival time. Adoptive transfer of cNK cells from wild-type mice into CCR5 KO mice resulted in the abundant accumulation of hepatic cNK cells and aggravated liver injury. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of CCR5 by maraviroc reduced cNK cell infiltration in the liver and liver injury in the MHV-3-FHF model. CONCLUSION The CCR5-MIP-1β/RANTES axis played a critical role in the recruitment of cNK cells to the liver during MHV-3-induced liver injury. Targeted inhibition of CCR5 provides a therapeutic approach to ameliorate liver damage during virus-induced acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hui Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Niu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei-Ming Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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Alhammad YM, Parthasarathy S, Ghimire R, Kerr CM, O’Connor JJ, Pfannenstiel JJ, Chanda D, Miller CA, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Unckless RL, Zuñiga S, Enjuanes L, More S, Channappanavar R, Fehr AR. SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 is required for IFN antagonism and efficient virus replication in cell culture and in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302083120. [PMID: 37607224 PMCID: PMC10468617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302083120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several coronavirus (CoV) encoded proteins are being evaluated as targets for antiviral therapies for COVID-19. Included in these drug targets is the conserved macrodomain, or Mac1, an ADP-ribosylhydrolase and ADP-ribose binding protein encoded as a small domain at the N terminus of nonstructural protein 3. Utilizing point mutant recombinant viruses, Mac1 was shown to be critical for both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV virulence. However, as a potential drug target, it is imperative to understand how a complete Mac1 deletion impacts the replication and pathogenesis of different CoVs. To this end, we created recombinant bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing complete Mac1 deletions (ΔMac1) in MHV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. While we were unable to recover infectious virus from MHV or MERS-CoV ΔMac1 BACs, SARS-CoV-2 ΔMac1 was readily recovered from BAC transfection, indicating a stark difference in the requirement for Mac1 between different CoVs. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 ΔMac1 replicated at or near wild-type levels in multiple cell lines susceptible to infection. However, in a mouse model of severe infection, ΔMac1 was quickly cleared causing minimal pathology without any morbidity. ΔMac1 SARS-CoV-2 induced increased levels of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene expression in cell culture and mice, indicating that Mac1 blocks IFN responses which may contribute to its attenuation. ΔMac1 infection also led to a stark reduction in inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. These results demonstrate that Mac1 only minimally impacts SARS-CoV-2 replication, unlike MHV and MERS-CoV, but is required for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and is a unique antiviral drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M. Alhammad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047
| | | | - Roshan Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078
| | - Catherine M. Kerr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047
| | - Joseph J. O’Connor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047
| | | | - Debarati Chanda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078
| | - Caden A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS66160
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS66160
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047
| | - Sonia Zuñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology, Madrid28049, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology, Madrid28049, Spain
| | - Sunil More
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078
| | | | - Anthony R. Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047
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Yang S, Cruz-Cosme R, Cao D, Zhou H, Wu S, Huang J, Luo Z, Zhu H, Tang Q. Murine Hepatitis Virus Exoribonuclease nsp14 Is Required for the Biogenesis of Viral Circular RNAs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0446022. [PMID: 37184400 PMCID: PMC10269776 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04460-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Songbin Wu
- Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Grabherr S, Waltenspühl A, Büchler L, Lütge M, Cheng HW, Caviezel-Firner S, Ludewig B, Krebs P, Pikor NB. An Innate Checkpoint Determines Immune Dysregulation and Immunopathology during Pulmonary Murine Coronavirus Infection. J Immunol 2023; 210:774-785. [PMID: 36715496 PMCID: PMC9986052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hallmarks of life-threatening, coronavirus-induced disease include dysregulated antiviral immunity and immunopathological tissue injury. Nevertheless, the sampling of symptomatic patients overlooks the initial inflammatory sequela culminating in severe coronavirus-induced disease, leaving a fundamental gap in our understanding of the early mechanisms regulating anticoronavirus immunity and preservation of tissue integrity. In this study, we delineate the innate regulators controlling pulmonary infection using a natural mouse coronavirus. Within hours of infection, the cellular landscape of the lung was transcriptionally remodeled altering host metabolism, protein synthesis, and macrophage maturation. Genetic perturbation revealed that these transcriptional programs were type I IFN dependent and critically controlled both host cell survival and viral spread. Unrestricted viral replication overshooting protective IFN responses culminated in increased IL-1β and alarmin production and triggered compensatory neutrophilia, interstitial inflammation, and vascular injury. Thus, type I IFNs critically regulate early viral burden, which serves as an innate checkpoint determining the trajectory of coronavirus dissemination and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grabherr
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Waltenspühl
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lorina Büchler
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mechthild Lütge
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Caviezel-Firner
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia B. Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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10
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Zhou Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Kong L, Smith VF, Zhang M, Gulbrandson AJ, Waller GH, Lin F, Liu X, Durkin DP, Chen H, Shuai D. Fe-Fe Double-Atom Catalysts for Murine Coronavirus Disinfection: Nonradical Activation of Peroxides and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3804-3816. [PMID: 36880272 PMCID: PMC9999944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxides find broad applications for disinfecting environmental pathogens particularly in the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the extensive use of chemical disinfectants can threaten human health and ecosystems. To achieve robust and sustainable disinfection with minimal adverse impacts, we developed Fe single-atom and Fe-Fe double-atom catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The Fe-Fe double-atom catalyst supported on sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride outperformed other catalysts for oxidation, and it activated PMS likely through a nonradical route of catalyst-mediated electron transfer. This Fe-Fe double-atom catalyst enhanced PMS disinfection kinetics for inactivating murine coronaviruses (i.e., murine hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59)) by 2.17-4.60 times when compared to PMS treatment alone in diverse environmental media including simulated saliva and freshwater. The molecular-level mechanism of MHV-A59 inactivation was also elucidated. Fe-Fe double-atom catalysis promoted the damage of not only viral proteins and genomes but also internalization, a key step of virus lifecycle in host cells, for enhancing the potency of PMS disinfection. For the first time, our study advances double-atom catalysis for environmental pathogen control and provides fundamental insights of murine coronavirus disinfection. Our work paves a new avenue of leveraging advanced materials for improving disinfection, sanitation, and hygiene practices and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Mengqiao Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lingchen Kong
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Virginia F. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Anders J. Gulbrandson
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Gordon H. Waller
- Chemistry
Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of
Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xitong Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - David P. Durkin
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Hanning Chen
- Texas
Advanced Computing Center, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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11
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Graff Reis J, Dai Prá I, Michelon W, Viancelli A, Piedrahita Marquez DG, Schmitz C, Maraschin M, Moura S, Thaís Silva I, de Oliveira Costa G, Tizziani T, Sandjo LP, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Characterization of Planktochlorella nurekis Extracts and Virucidal Activity against a Coronavirus Model, the Murine Coronavirus 3. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15823. [PMID: 36497896 PMCID: PMC9735810 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Certain members of the Coronaviridae family have emerged as zoonotic agents and have recently caused severe respiratory diseases in humans and animals, such as SARS, MERS, and, more recently, COVID-19. Antivirals (drugs and antiseptics) capable of controlling viruses at the site of infection are scarce. Microalgae from the Chlorellaceae family are sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor activity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate various extracts from Planktochlorella nurekis in vitro against murine coronavirus-3 (MHV-3), which is an essential human coronavirus surrogate for laboratory assays. Methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of P. nurekis were tested in cells infected with MHV-3, and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and the application of chemometrics through principal component analysis (PCA). All the extracts were highly efficient against MHV-3 (more than a 6 Log unit reduction), regardless of the solvent used or the concentration of the extract, but the dichloromethane extract was the most effective. Chemical characterization by spectrophotometry and NMR, with the aid of statistical analysis, showed that polyphenols, carbohydrates, and isoprene derivatives, such as terpenes and carotenoids have a more significant impact on the virucidal potential. Compounds identified by UPLC-MS were mainly lipids and only found in the dichloromethane extract. These results open new biotechnological possibilities to explore the biomass of P. nurekis; it is a natural extract and shows low cytotoxicity and an excellent antiviral effect, with low production costs, highlighting a promising potential for development and implementation of therapies against coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Graff Reis
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dai Prá
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - William Michelon
- Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Concórdia, Concórdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Viancelli
- Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Concórdia, Concórdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Schmitz
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Maraschin
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- LBIOP—Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil
| | - Izabella Thaís Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Geovanna de Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago Tizziani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Louis P. Sandjo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Section, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Centre for Emerging pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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12
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Featherstone AB, Brown AC, Chitlapilly Dass S. Murine Hepatitis Virus, a Biosafety Level 2 Model for SARS-CoV-2, Can Remain Viable on Meat and Meat Packaging Materials for at Least 48 Hours. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0186222. [PMID: 36069589 PMCID: PMC9603800 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01862-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020 and 2021, many meat processing plants faced temporary closures due to outbreaks of COVID-19 cases among the workers. There are several factors that could potentially contribute to the increased numbers of COVID-19 cases in meat processing plants: the survival of viable SARS-CoV-2 on meat and meat packaging materials, difficulties in maintaining workplace physical distancing, personal hygiene, and crowded living and transportation conditions. In this study, we used murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 to determine viral survival on the surface of meat, namely, stew-cut beef and ground beef, and commonly used meat packaging materials, such as plastic wrap, meat-absorbent material, and Styrofoam. From our studies, we observed the infectivity of MHV inoculated on ground beef and stew-cut beef for 48 h and saw no significant loss in infectivity for MHV from 0 to 6 h postinoculation (hpi) (unpaired t test). However, beginning at 9 hpi, viral infectivity steadily decreased, resulting in a 1.12-log reduction for ground beef and a 0.46-log reduction for stew-cut beef by 48 hpi. We also observed a significant persistence of MHV on meat packaging materials, with Styrofoam supporting the highest viability (3.25 × 103 ± 9.57 × 102 PFU/mL, a 0.91-log reduction after 48 hpi), followed by meat-absorbent material (75 ± 50 PFU/mL, a 1.10-log reduction after 48 hpi), and lastly, plastic wrap (no detectable PFU after 3 hpi, a 3.12-log reduction). Despite a notable reduction in infectivity, the virus was able to survive and remain infectious for up to 48 h at 7°C on four of the five test surfaces. Our results provide evidence that coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, could potentially survive on meat, meat-absorbent materials. and Styrofoam for up to 2 days, and potentially longer. IMPORTANCE The meat industry has been faced with astronomical challenges with the rampant spread of COVID-19 among meat processing plant workers. This has resulted in meat processing and packaging plant closures, creating bottlenecks everywhere in the chain, from farms to consumers, subsequently leading to much smaller production outputs and higher prices for all parties involved. This study tested the viability of meat and meat packaging materials as potential reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to survive and potentially spread among the workers. We used murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that ground beef, stew-cut beef, meat-absorbent material, and Styrofoam can harbor coronavirus particles, which can remain viable for at least 48 h. Furthermore, our study provides evidence that the environmental and physical conditions within meat processing facilities can facilitate the survival of viable virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Claire Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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13
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Peng X, Kim J, Gupta G, Agaronyan K, Mankowski MC, Korde A, Takyar SS, Shin HJ, Habet V, Voth S, Audia JP, Chang D, Liu X, Wang L, Cai Y, Tian X, Ishibe S, Kang MJ, Compton S, Wilen CB, Dela Cruz CS, Sharma L. Coronavirus Lung Infection Impairs Host Immunity against Secondary Bacterial Infection by Promoting Lysosomal Dysfunction. J Immunol 2022; 209:1314-1322. [PMID: 36165196 PMCID: PMC9523490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Postviral bacterial infections are a major health care challenge in coronavirus infections, including COVID-19; however, the coronavirus-specific mechanisms of increased host susceptibility to secondary infections remain unknown. In humans, coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, infect lung immune cells, including alveolar macrophages, a phenotype poorly replicated in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2. To overcome this, we used a mouse model of native murine β-coronavirus that infects both immune and structural cells to investigate coronavirus-enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections. Our data show that coronavirus infection impairs the host ability to clear invading bacterial pathogens and potentiates lung tissue damage in mice. Mechanistically, coronavirus limits the bacterial killing ability of macrophages by impairing lysosomal acidification and fusion with engulfed bacteria. In addition, coronavirus-induced lysosomal dysfunction promotes pyroptotic cell death and the release of IL-1β. Inhibition of cathepsin B decreased cell death and IL-1β release and promoted bacterial clearance in mice with postcoronavirus bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gayatri Gupta
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Asawari Korde
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shervin S Takyar
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hyeon Jun Shin
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Victoria Habet
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sarah Voth
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathon P Audia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL
| | - De Chang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging, EM Core Facility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lin Wang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Medicine; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Department of Medicine; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Min-Jong Kang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan Compton
- Comparative Medicine Molecular and Serological Diagnostics; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;
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14
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Luan Y, Yuan Q, Wang Q, Compton S, Wu D, Tang W. Pazopanib Is a Potential Treatment for Coronavirus-Induced Lung Injuries. J Immunol 2022; 209:723-730. [PMID: 35914834 PMCID: PMC9378470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome known as COVID-19, has rapidly spread in almost every country and devastated the global economy and health care system. Lung injury is an early disease manifestation believed to be a major contributor to short- and long-term pathological consequences of COVID-19, and thus drug discovery aiming to ameliorate lung injury could be a potential strategy to treat COVID-19 patients. By inducing a severe acute respiratory syndrome-like pulmonary disease model through infecting A/J mice with murine hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1), we show that i.v. administration of pazopanib ameliorates acute lung injuries without affecting MHV-1 replication. Pazopanib reduces cell apoptosis in MHV-1-infected lungs. Furthermore, we also identified that pazopanib has to be given no later than 48 h after the virus infection without compromising the therapeutic effect. Our study provides a potential treatment for coronavirus-induced lung injuries and support for further evaluation of pazopanib in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Qianying Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Qijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Susan Compton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and
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15
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Hardison RL, Nelson SW, Barriga D, Ruiz NF, Ghere JM, Fenton GA, Lindstrom DJ, James RR, Stewart MJ, Lee SD, Calfee MW, Ryan SP, Howard MW. Evaluation of surface disinfection methods to inactivate the beta coronavirus Murine Hepatitis Virus. J Occup Environ Hyg 2022; 19:455-468. [PMID: 35687041 PMCID: PMC9547328 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2088768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The list of EPA-approved disinfectants for coronavirus features many products for use on hard, non-porous materials. There are significantly fewer products registered for use on porous materials. Further, many common, high-touch surfaces fall in between non-porous materials such as glass and porous materials such as soft fabrics. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of selected commercially available disinfectant products against coronaviruses on common, high-touch surfaces. Four disinfectants (Clorox Total 360, Bleach solution, Vital Oxide, and Peroxide Multi-Surface Cleaner) were evaluated against Murine Hepatitis Virus A59 (MHV) as a surrogate coronavirus for SARS-CoV-2. MHV in cell culture medium was inoculated onto four materials: stainless steel, latex-painted drywall tape, Styrene Butadiene rubber (rubber), and bus seat fabric. Immediately (T0) or 2-hr (T2) post-inoculation, disinfectants were applied by trigger-pull or electrostatic sprayer and either held for recommended contact times (Spray only) or immediately wiped (Spray and Wipe). Recovered infectious MHV was quantified by median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Bleach solution, Clorox Total 360, and Vital Oxide were all effective (>3-log10 reduction or complete kill of infectious virus) with both the Spray Only and Spray and Wipe methods on stainless steel, rubber, and painted drywall tape when used at recommended contact times at both T0 and T2 hr. Multi-Surface Cleaner unexpectedly showed limited efficacy against MHV on stainless steel within the recommended contact time; however, it showed increased (2.3 times greater efficacy) when used in the Spray and Wipe method compared to Spray Only. The only products to achieve a 3-log10 reduction on fabric were Vital Oxide and Clorox Total 360; however, the efficacy of Vital Oxide against MHV on fabric was reduced to below 3-log10 when applied by an electrostatic sprayer compared to a trigger-pull sprayer. This study highlights the importance of considering the material, product, and application method when developing a disinfection strategy for coronaviruses on high-touch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Barriga
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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16
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Fang Y, Guo Y, Gao T, Han X, Jiang Y, Li M, Xue W, Yang B, Cui Y, Sun S, Zhao G. A Dual Role of Complement Activation in the Development of Fulminant Hepatic Failure Induced by Murine-Beta-Coronavirus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880915. [PMID: 35573780 PMCID: PMC9099255 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the epidemic of betacoronavirus increasing frequently, it poses a great threat to human public health. Therefore, the research on the pathogenic mechanism of betacoronavirus is becoming greatly important. Murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) is a strain of betacoronavirus which cause tissue damage especially fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in mice, and is commonly used to establish models of acute liver injury. Recently, MHV-3-infected mice have also been introduced to a mouse model of COVID-19 that does not require a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) facility. FHF induced by MHV-3 is a type of severe liver damage imbalanced by regenerative hepatocellular activity, which is related to numerous factors. The complement system plays an important role in host defense and inflammation and is involved in first-line immunity and/or pathogenesis of severe organ disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of aberrant complement activation in MHV-3 infection-induced FHF by strategies that use C3-deficient mice and intervene in the complement system. Our results showed that mice deficient in C3 had more severe liver damage, a higher viral load in the liver and higher serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines than wild-type controls. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with C3aR antagonist or anti-C5aR antibody reduced liver damage, viral load, and serum IFN-γ concentration compared with the control group. These findings indicated that complement system acts as a double-edged sword during acute MHV-3 infection. However, its dysregulated activation leads to sustained inflammatory responses and induces extensive liver damage. Collectively, by investigating the role of complement activation in MHV-3 infection, we can further understand the pathogenic mechanism of betacoronavirus, and appropriate regulation of immune responses by fine-tuning complement activation may be an intervention for the treatment of diseases induced by betacoronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyu Zhao, ; Shihui Sun, ; Yujun Cui,
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyu Zhao, ; Shihui Sun, ; Yujun Cui,
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyu Zhao, ; Shihui Sun, ; Yujun Cui,
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Sariol A, Zhao J, Abrahante JE, Perlman S. Virus-Specific Regulatory T Cells Persist as Memory in a Neurotropic Coronavirus Infection. J I 2022; 208:1989-1997. [PMID: 35365567 PMCID: PMC9012697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for regulating immunopathogenic responses in a variety of infections, including infection of mice with JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a neurotropic coronavirus that causes immune-mediated demyelinating disease. Although virus-specific Tregs are known to mitigate disease in this infection by suppressing pathogenic effector T cell responses of the same specificity, it is unclear whether these virus-specific Tregs form memory populations and persist similar to their conventional T cell counterparts of the same epitope specificity. Using congenically labeled JHMV-specific Tregs, we found that virus-specific Tregs persist long-term after murine infection, through at least 180 d postinfection and stably maintain Foxp3 expression. We additionally demonstrate that these cells are better able to proliferate and inhibit virus-specific T cell responses postinfection than naive Tregs of the same specificity, further suggesting that these cells differentiate into memory Tregs upon encountering cognate Ag. Taken together, these data suggest that virus-specific Tregs are able to persist long-term in the absence of viral Ag as memory Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Torii S, Oishi W, Zhu Y, Thakali O, Malla B, Yu Z, Zhao B, Arakawa C, Kitajima M, Hata A, Ihara M, Kyuwa S, Sano D, Haramoto E, Katayama H. Comparison of five polyethylene glycol precipitation procedures for the RT-qPCR based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150722. [PMID: 34610400 PMCID: PMC8487407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation is one of the conventional methods for virus concentration. This technique has been used to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater. The procedures and seeded surrogate viruses were different among implementers; thus, the reported whole process recovery efficiencies considerably varied among studies. The present study compared five PEG precipitation procedures, with different operational parameters, for the RT-qPCR-based whole process recovery efficiency of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and molecular process recovery efficiency of murine norovirus using 34 raw wastewater samples collected in Japan. The five procedures yielded significantly different whole process recovery efficiency of MHV (0.070%-2.6%) and phi6 (0.071%-0.51%). The observed concentration of indigenous PMMoV ranged from 8.9 to 9.7 log (8.2 × 108 to 5.6 × 109) copies/L. Interestingly, PEG precipitation with 2-h incubation outperformed that with overnight incubation partially due to the difference in molecular process recovery efficiency. The recovery load of MHV exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.70) with that of PMMoV, suggesting that PMMoV is the potential indicator of the recovery efficiency of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we reviewed 13 published studies and found considerable variability between different studies in the whole process recovery efficiency of enveloped viruses by PEG precipitation. This was due to the differences in operational parameters and surrogate viruses as well as the differences in wastewater quality and bias in the measurement of the seeded load of surrogate viruses, resulting from the use of different analytes and RNA extraction methods. Overall, the operational parameters (e.g., incubation time and pretreatment) should be optimized for PEG precipitation. Co-quantification of PMMoV may allow for the normalization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration by correcting for the differences in whole process recovery efficiency and fecal load among samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Wakana Oishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Engineering, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Zaizhi Yu
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Chisato Arakawa
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Monobe-Otsu 200, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Hardison RL, Nelson SW, Barriga D, Ghere JM, Fenton GA, James RR, Stewart MJ, Lee SD, Calfee MW, Ryan SP, Howard MW. Efficacy of detergent-based cleaning methods against coronavirus MHV-A59 on porous and non-porous surfaces. J Occup Environ Hyg 2022; 19:91-101. [PMID: 34878351 PMCID: PMC8965596 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.2015075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of detergent-based surface cleaning methods against Murine Hepatitis Virus A59 (MHV) as a surrogate coronavirus for SARS-CoV-2. MHV (5% soil load in culture medium or simulated saliva) was inoculated onto four different high-touch materials [stainless steel (SS), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene plastic (ABS), Formica, seat fabric (SF)]. Immediately and 2-hr post-inoculation, coupons were cleaned (damp wipe wiping) with and without pretreatment with detergent solution or 375 ppm hard water. Results identified that physical removal (no pretreatment) removed >2.3 log10 MHV on ABS, SS, and Formica when surfaces were cleaned immediately. Pretreatment with detergent or hard water increased effectiveness over wet wiping 2-hr post-inoculation; pretreatment with detergent significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) removal of MHV in simulated saliva, but not in culture media, over hard water pretreatment (Formica and ABS). Detergent and hard water cleaning methods were ineffective on SF under all conditions. Overall, efficacy of cleaning methods against coronaviruses are material- and matrix-dependent; pre-wetting surfaces with detergent solutions increased efficacy against coronavirus suspended in simulated saliva. This study provides data highlighting the importance of incorporating a pre-wetting step prior to detergent cleaning and can inform cleaning strategies to reducing coronavirus surface transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang Don Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M. Worth Calfee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shawn P. Ryan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
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Cox G, Gonzalez AJ, Ijezie EC, Rodriguez A, Miller CR, Van Leuven JT, Miura TA. Priming With Rhinovirus Protects Mice Against a Lethal Pulmonary Coronavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886611. [PMID: 35711419 PMCID: PMC9196734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) have been shown to inhibit subsequent infection by heterologous respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To better understand the mechanisms whereby RV protects against pulmonary coronavirus infection, we used a native murine virus, mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1), that causes severe disease in the lungs of infected mice. We found that priming of the respiratory tract with RV completely prevented mortality and reduced morbidity of a lethal MHV-1 infection. Replication of MHV-1 was reduced in RV-primed mouse lungs although expression of antiviral type I interferon, IFN-β, was more robust in mice infected with MHV-1 alone. We further showed that signaling through the type I interferon receptor was required for survival of mice given a non-lethal dose of MHV-1. RV-primed mice had reduced pulmonary inflammation and hemorrhage and influx of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, in the airways upon MHV-1 infection. Although MHV-1 replication was reduced in RV-primed mice, RV did not inhibit MHV-1 replication in coinfected lung epithelial cells in vitro. In summary, RV-mediated priming in the respiratory tract reduces viral replication, inflammation, and tissue damage, and prevents mortality of a pulmonary coronavirus infection in mice. These results contribute to our understanding of how distinct respiratory viruses interact with the host to affect disease pathogenesis, which is a critical step in understanding how respiratory viral coinfections impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Andres J. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Emmanuel C. Ijezie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Andres Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Craig R. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - James T. Van Leuven
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Tanya A. Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- *Correspondence: Tanya A. Miura,
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21
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Wu T, Hu J, Wang X, Luo X, Wang H, Ning Q. High-fat-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver potentiates vulnerability to and the severity of viral hepatitis in a C3H/HeN mouse model. Biofactors 2022; 48:216-227. [PMID: 34921696 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the concomitance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and viral hepatitis is soaring, there is not much knowledge about the impact of NAFLD on viral hepatitis. Here, we aimed to investigate how NAFLD influences the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Wild-type C3H/HeN mice with NAFLD induced by high-fat diet were infected with murine hepatitis virus 3 (MHV-3) and sacrificed at Days 4, 8, 12, and 16 post infection. Although there was no difference in the survival rate between mice with and without NAFLD, individuals with steatosis suffered more severe and prolonged liver injury demonstrated by transaminases and histology examination. The intrahepatic viral load was higher in NAFLD group during early infection, although it declined ultimately. On the contrary, the serum antiviral antibody titer remained in a lower level in mice with NAFLD throughout the investigation. In NAFLD group, the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and interleukin 17A) and the frequencies of antiviral immune cells (NKG2D+ NK cells and CD69+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]) were profoundly increased. Parallelly, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 10) and inhibitory checkpoint expression (NKG2A on NK cells and programmed cell death-1 on CTLs) were also significantly elevated to maintain homeostasis. However, the upregulation of interleukin 22, a protective cytokine was deficient in NAFLD group post MHV-3 infection. Conclusively, hepatic lipid metabolic abnormalities disturb antiviral immunity and increase the vulnerability to and severity of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junjian Hu
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Saadi F, Chakravarty D, Kumar S, Kamble M, Saha B, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J. CD40L protects against mouse hepatitis virus-induced neuroinflammatory demyelination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010059. [PMID: 34898656 PMCID: PMC8699621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59/RSA59) infection in mice induces acute neuroinflammation due to direct neural cell dystrophy, which proceeds with demyelination with or without axonal loss, the pathological hallmarks of human neurological disease, Multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies in the RSA59-induced neuroinflammation model of MS showed a protective role of CNS-infiltrating CD4+ T cells compared to their pathogenic role in the autoimmune model. The current study further investigated the molecular nexus between CD4+ T cell-expressed CD40Ligand and microglia/macrophage-expressed CD40 using CD40L-/- mice. Results demonstrate CD40L expression in the CNS is modulated upon RSA59 infection. We show evidence that CD40L-/- mice are more susceptible to RSA59 induced disease due to reduced microglia/macrophage activation and significantly dampened effector CD4+ T recruitment to the CNS on day 10 p.i. Additionally, CD40L-/- mice exhibited severe demyelination mediated by phagocytic microglia/macrophages, axonal loss, and persistent poliomyelitis during chronic infection, indicating CD40-CD40L as host-protective against RSA59-induced demyelination. This suggests a novel target in designing prophylaxis for virus-induced demyelination and axonal degeneration, in contrast to immunosuppression which holds only for autoimmune mechanisms of inflammatory demyelination. MS is primarily considered an autoimmune CNS disease, but its potential viral etiology cannot be ignored. Myelin-specific CD40L+CD4+ T cells migration into the CNS and resultant neuroinflammation is considered pathogenic in autoimmune MS. In contrast, CD40L+CD4+ T infiltration into the MHV-induced inflamed CNS and their interaction with CD40+ microglia/macrophages are shown to be protective in our study. Considering differential etiology but comparable demyelination and axonal loss, immunosuppressive treatments may not necessarily ameliorate MS in all patients. MHV-induced demyelination in this study indicates that the interaction between CD40L on CD4+T cells and CD40 on microglia/macrophage plays an important protective role against MHV-induced chronic progressive demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Debanjana Chakravarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Mithila Kamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- Neurology University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- * E-mail:
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Xia H, Zhang Z, You F. Inhibiting ACSL1-Related Ferroptosis Restrains Murine Coronavirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2383. [PMID: 34960652 PMCID: PMC8708337 DOI: 10.3390/v13122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) was shown to induce pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis of infected cells, especially in the murine macrophages. However, whether ferroptosis, a recently identified form of lytic cell death, was involved in the pathogenicity of MHV-A59 is unknown. We utilized murine macrophages and a C57BL/6 mice intranasal infection model to address this. In primary macrophages, the ferroptosis inhibitor inhibited viral propagation, inflammatory cytokines released, and cell syncytia formed after MHV-A59 infection. In the mouse model, we found that in vivo administration of liproxstatin-1 ameliorated lung inflammation and tissue injuries caused by MHV-A59 infection. To find how MHV-A59 infection influenced the expression of ferroptosis-related genes, we performed RNA-seq in primary macrophages and found that MHV-A59 infection upregulates the expression of the acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1), a novel ferroptosis inducer. Using ferroptosis inhibitors and a TLR4 inhibitor, we showed that MHV-A59 resulted in the NF-kB-dependent, TLR4-independent ACSL1 upregulation. Accordingly, ACSL1 inhibitor Triacsin C suppressed MHV-A59-infection-induced syncytia formation and viral propagation in primary macrophages. Collectively, our study indicates that ferroptosis inhibition protects hosts from MHV-A59 infection. Targeting ferroptosis may serve as a potential treatment approach for dealing with hyper-inflammation induced by coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fuping You
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (H.X.); (Z.Z.)
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Tan YL, Tan KSW, Chu JJH, Chow VT. Combination Treatment With Remdesivir and Ivermectin Exerts Highly Synergistic and Potent Antiviral Activity Against Murine Coronavirus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:700502. [PMID: 34395311 PMCID: PMC8362885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgency to develop effective antiviral therapies against the disease. Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a coronavirus that infects mice and shares some sequence identity to SARS-CoV-2. Both viruses belong to the Betacoronavirus genus, and MHV thus serves as a useful and safe surrogate model for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Clinical trials have indicated that remdesivir is a potentially promising antiviral drug against COVID-19. Using an in vitro model of MHV infection of RAW264.7 macrophages, the safety and efficacy of monotherapy of remdesivir, chloroquine, ivermectin, and doxycycline were investigated. Of the four drugs tested, remdesivir monotherapy exerted the strongest inhibition of live virus and viral RNA replication of about 2-log10 and 1-log10, respectively (at 6 µM). Ivermectin treatment showed the highest selectivity index. Combination drug therapy was also evaluated using remdesivir (6 µM) together with chloroquine (15 µM), ivermectin (2 µM) or doxycycline (15 µM) - above their IC50 values and at high macrophage cell viability of over 95%. The combination of remdesivir and ivermectin exhibited highly potent synergism by achieving significant reductions of about 7-log10 of live virus and 2.5-log10 of viral RNA in infected macrophages. This combination also resulted in the lowest cytokine levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and leukemia inhibitory factor. The next best synergistic combination was remdesivir with doxycycline, which decreased levels of live virus by ~3-log10 and viral RNA by ~1.5-log10. These results warrant further studies to explore the mechanisms of action of the combination therapy, as well as future in vivo experiments and clinical trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ling Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Pathak L, Gayan S, Pal B, Talukdar J, Bhuyan S, Sandhya S, Yeger H, Baishya D, Das B. Coronavirus Activates an Altruistic Stem Cell-Mediated Defense Mechanism that Reactivates Dormant Tuberculosis: Implications in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Am J Pathol 2021; 191:1255-1268. [PMID: 33887214 PMCID: PMC8054533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We postulate that similar to bacteria, adult stem cells may also exhibit an altruistic defense mechanism to protect their niche against external threat. Herein, we report mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)–based altruistic defense against a mouse model of coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1) infection of lung. MHV-1 infection led to reprogramming of CD271+ MSCs in the lung to an enhanced stemness phenotype that exhibits altruistic behavior, as per previous work in human embryonic stem cells. The reprogrammed MSCs exhibited transient expansion for 2 weeks, followed by apoptosis and expression of stemness genes. The conditioned media of the reprogrammed MSCs exhibited direct antiviral activity in an in vitro model of MHV-1–induced toxicity to type II alveolar epithelial cells by increasing their survival/proliferation and decreasing viral load. Thus, the reprogrammed MSCs can be identified as altruistic stem cells (ASCs), which exert a unique altruistic defense against MHV-1. In a mouse model of MSC-mediated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) dormancy, MHV-1 infection in the lung exhibited 20-fold lower viral loads than the MTB-free control mice on the third week of viral infection, and exhibited six-fold increase of ASCs, thereby enhancing the altruistic defense. Notably, these ASCs exhibited intracellular replication of MTB, and their extracellular release. Animals showed tuberculosis reactivation, suggesting that dormant MTB may exploit ASCs for disease reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekhika Pathak
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Stem Cell and Infection, Thoreau Lab for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Seema Bhuyan
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Sorra Sandhya
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Herman Yeger
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Stem Cell and Infection, Thoreau Lab for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.
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Ahmed W, Bertsch PM, Bibby K, Haramoto E, Hewitt J, Huygens F, Gyawali P, Korajkic A, Riddell S, Sherchan SP, Simpson SL, Sirikanchana K, Symonds EM, Verhagen R, Vasan SS, Kitajima M, Bivins A. Decay of SARS-CoV-2 and surrogate murine hepatitis virus RNA in untreated wastewater to inform application in wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Res 2020; 191:110092. [PMID: 32861728 PMCID: PMC7451058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) demonstrates potential for COVID-19 community transmission monitoring; however, data on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater are needed to interpret WBE results. The decay rates of RNA from SARS-CoV-2 and a potential surrogate, murine hepatitis virus (MHV), were investigated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in untreated wastewater, autoclaved wastewater, and dechlorinated tap water stored at 4, 15, 25, and 37 °C. Temperature, followed by matrix type, most greatly influenced SARS-CoV-2 RNA first-order decay rates (k). The average T90 (time required for 1-log10 reduction) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA ranged from 8.04 to 27.8 days in untreated wastewater, 5.71 to 43.2 days in autoclaved wastewater, and 9.40 to 58.6 days in tap water. The average T90 for RNA of MHV at 4 to 37 °C ranged from 7.44 to 56.6 days in untreated wastewater, 5.58-43.1 days in autoclaved wastewater, and 10.9 to 43.9 days in tap water. There was no statistically significant difference between RNA decay of SARS-CoV-2 and MHV; thus, MHV is suggested as a suitable persistence surrogate. Decay rate constants for all temperatures were comparable across all matrices for both viral RNAs, except in untreated wastewater for SARS-CoV-2, which showed less sensitivity to elevated temperatures. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 RNA is likely to persist long enough in untreated wastewater to permit reliable detection for WBE application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul M Bertsch
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4 - 3 -11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400 -8511, Japan
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Shane Riddell
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | | | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Seshadri S Vasan
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0032, Japan
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
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27
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Ahmed W, Bertsch PM, Bivins A, Bibby K, Farkas K, Gathercole A, Haramoto E, Gyawali P, Korajkic A, McMinn BR, Mueller JF, Simpson SL, Smith WJM, Symonds EM, Thomas KV, Verhagen R, Kitajima M. Comparison of virus concentration methods for the RT-qPCR-based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from untreated wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2020; 739:139960. [PMID: 32758945 PMCID: PMC7273154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a clear benefit for many countries to utilize wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as part of ongoing measures to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Since most wastewater virus concentration methods were developed and validated for nonenveloped viruses, it is imperative to determine the efficiency of the most commonly used methods for the enveloped severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Municipal wastewater seeded with a human coronavirus (CoV) surrogate, murine hepatitis virus (MHV), was used to test the efficiency of seven wastewater virus concentration methods: (A-C) adsorption-extraction with three different pre-treatment options, (D-E) centrifugal filter device methods with two different devices, (F) polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) precipitation, and (G) ultracentrifugation. MHV was quantified by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the recovery efficiency was calculated for each method. The mean MHV recoveries ranged from 26.7 to 65.7%. The most efficient methods were adsorption-extraction methods with MgCl2 pre-treatment (Method C), and without pre-treatment (Method B). The third most efficient method used the Amicon® Ultra-15 centrifugal filter device (Method D) and its recovery efficiency was not statistically different from the most efficient methods. The methods with the worst recovery efficiency included the adsorption-extraction method with acidification (A), followed by PEG precipitation (F). Our results suggest that absorption-extraction methods with minimal or without pre-treatment can provide suitably rapid, cost-effective and relatively straightforward recovery of enveloped viruses in wastewater. The MHV is a promising process control for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and can be used as a quality control measure to support community-level epidemic mitigation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul M Bertsch
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, 721 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, 721 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Amy Gathercole
- ComPath, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4 - 3 -11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Brian R McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Wendy J M Smith
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0032, Japan
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Delgado-Chaves FM, Gómez-Vela F, Divina F, García-Torres M, Rodriguez-Baena DS. Computational Analysis of the Global Effects of Ly6E in the Immune Response to Coronavirus Infection Using Gene Networks. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E831. [PMID: 32708319 PMCID: PMC7397019 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene networks have arisen as a promising tool in the comprehensive modeling and analysis of complex diseases. Particularly in viral infections, the understanding of the host-pathogen mechanisms, and the immune response to these, is considered a major goal for the rational design of appropriate therapies. For this reason, the use of gene networks may well encourage therapy-associated research in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, orchestrating experimental scrutiny and reducing costs. In this work, gene co-expression networks were reconstructed from RNA-Seq expression data with the aim of analyzing the time-resolved effects of gene Ly6E in the immune response against the coronavirus responsible for murine hepatitis (MHV). Through the integration of differential expression analyses and reconstructed networks exploration, significant differences in the immune response to virus were observed in Ly6E Δ H S C compared to wild type animals. Results show that Ly6E ablation at hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) leads to a progressive impaired immune response in both liver and spleen. Specifically, depletion of the normal leukocyte mediated immunity and chemokine signaling is observed in the liver of Ly6E Δ H S C mice. On the other hand, the immune response in the spleen, which seemed to be mediated by an intense chromatin activity in the normal situation, is replaced by ECM remodeling in Ly6E Δ H S C mice. These findings, which require further experimental characterization, could be extrapolated to other coronaviruses and motivate the efforts towards novel antiviral approaches.
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29
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Pan R, Zhang Q, Anthony SM, Zhou Y, Zou X, Cassell M, Perlman S. Oligodendrocytes that survive acute coronavirus infection induce prolonged inflammatory responses in the CNS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15902-15910. [PMID: 32571951 PMCID: PMC7355048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003432117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus, cause acute and chronic demyelinating encephalomyelitis with similarities to the human disease multiple sclerosis. Here, using a lineage-tracking system, we show that some cells, primarily oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), survive the acute MHV infection, are associated with regions of demyelination, and persist in the central nervous system (CNS) for at least 150 d. These surviving OLs express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and other genes associated with an inflammatory response. Notably, the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration was variable, dependent on anatomic location within the CNS, and without obvious correlation with numbers of surviving cells. We detected more demyelination in regions with larger numbers of T cells and microglia/macrophages compared to those with fewer infiltrating cells. Conversely, in regions with less inflammation, these previously infected OLs more rapidly extended processes, consistent with normal myelinating function. Together, these results show that OLs are inducers as well as targets of the host immune response and demonstrate how a CNS infection, even after resolution, can induce prolonged inflammatory changes with CNS region-dependent impairment in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruangang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Qinran Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiufen Zou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Martin Cassell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242;
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30
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Shi X, Yu L, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu P, Du P. Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates hepatic inflammation injury in viral hepatitis disease via a HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106578. [PMID: 32416454 PMCID: PMC7205693 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Licorice defect in TCM recipes leads to the hepatotoxicity in administrated mice. GA inhibits viral hepatitis by suppressing HMGB1 release and cytokine activity. GA treatment effect on infected mice is similar with HMGB1 neutralizing antibody. HMGB1-TLR4 axis is involved in murine hepatic injury during MHV infection.
Various human disorders are cured by the use of licorice, a key ingredient of herbal remedies. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL), a triterpenoid glycoside, is the aqueous extract from licorice root. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) has been reported to be a major bioactive hydrolysis product of GL and has been regarded as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases, including hepatitis. However, the mechanism by which GA inhibits viral hepatic inflammatory injury is not completely understood. In this study, we found that, by consecutively treating mice with a traditional herbal recipe, licorice plays an important role in the detoxification of mice. We also employed a murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infection model to illustrate that GA treatment inhibited activation of hepatic inflammatory responses by blocking high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) cytokine activity. Furthermore, decreased HMGB1 levels and downstream signaling triggered by injection of a neutralizing HMGB1 antibody or TLR4 gene deficiency, also significantly protected against MHV-induced severe hepatic injury. Thus, our findings characterize GA as a hepatoprotective therapy agent in hepatic infectious disease not only by suppressing HMGB1 release and blocking HMGB1 cytokine activity, but also via an underlying viral-induced HMGB1-TLR4 immunological regulation axis that occurs during the cytokine storm. The present study provides a new therapy strategy for the treatment of acute viral hepatitis in the clinical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/genetics
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Female
- Glycyrrhetinic Acid/pharmacology
- Glycyrrhetinic Acid/therapeutic use
- Glycyrrhiza
- HMGB1 Protein/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Shi
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China.
| | - Lijia Yu
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Yinglin Zhang
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Zequan Liu
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Yansong Zhang
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Ping Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peishuang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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31
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Lee S, Nedumaran B, Hypolite J, Caldwell B, Rudolph MC, Malykhina AP. Differential neurodegenerative phenotypes are associated with heterogeneous voiding dysfunction in a coronavirus-induced model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10869. [PMID: 31350464 PMCID: PMC6659655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) develop a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We previously characterized a murine model of neurogenic bladder dysfunction induced by a neurotropic strain of a coronavirus. In the present study, we further study the role of long-lasting neurodegeneration on the development of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in mice with corona-virus induced encephalitis (CIE). Long-term follow up study revealed three phenotypes of neurodegenerative symptom development: recovery (REC group), chronic progression (C-PRO group) and chronic disease with relapsing-remitting episodes (C-RELAP group). The levels of IL-1β in REC group, IL-10 in C-RELAP group, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in C-PRO group were diminished in the brain. The levels of TNF-α in REC group and INF-γ, IL-2, TGF-β and TNF-α in the C-PRO group were also diminished in the urinary bladder. Mice in C-RELAP group showed a delayed recovery of voiding function. In vitro contractility studies determined a decreased basal detrusor tone and reduced amplitude of nerve-mediated contractions in C-RELAP group, whereas C-PRO group had elevated muscle-mediated contractions. In conclusion, mice with CIE developed three phenotypes of neurologic impairment mimicking different types of MS progression in humans and showed differential mechanisms driving neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Balachandar Nedumaran
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Co, USA
| | - Joseph Hypolite
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Co, USA
| | - Brian Caldwell
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Co, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Co, USA
- NORC Metabolic and Cellular Analysis Core Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Co, USA
| | - Anna P Malykhina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Co, USA.
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32
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Tang Y, Li H, Li J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhou J, Zhou J, Lu X, Zhao W, Hou J, Wang XY, Chen Z, Zuo D. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 contributes to pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis via neutrophil-mediated complement activation. J Hepatol 2018; 68:733-743. [PMID: 29154963 PMCID: PMC5951742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (Msr1, also called SRA) is a pattern recognition receptor primarily expressed on myeloid cells, which plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Since MSR1 expression was upregulated in the livers of patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH), we investigated the functional mechanism of Msr1 in FH pathogenesis. METHODS Msr1-deficient (Msr1-/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were infected with mouse hepatitis virus strain-A59 (MHV-A59) to induce FH, and the levels of tissue damage, serum alanine aminotransferase, inflammatory cytokines and complement component 5a (C5a) were measured and compared. Liver injury was studied after MHV infection with or without neutrophil depletion. RESULTS Our results showed that Msr1-/- mice were resistant to MHV-induced hepatitis. Treatment with the C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRa) diminished the differences in inflammatory responses and liver injury between MHV-infected wild-type and Msr1-/- mice, suggesting that C5a-induced pro-inflammatory response plays a critical role in the Msr1-mediated regulation of FH pathogenesis. We demonstrated that Msr1 efficiently enhanced transforming growth factor-activated kinase-1 phosphorylation in neutrophils upon MHV-A59 stimulation, thereby promoting the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and subsequent NETosis formation. Moreover, we provided evidence that blockage of Msr1 attenuated the liver damage caused by MHV-A59 infection. CONCLUSIONS Msr1 promotes the pathogenesis of virus-induced FH by enhancing induction of neutrophil NETosis and subsequent complement activation. Targeting Msr1 may be employed as a new immunotherapeutic strategy for FH. LAY SUMMARY Virus-induced fulminant hepatitis (FH) is a disease with a high mortality worldwide. Enhanced levels of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (Msr1) in the liver of patients with FH and of murine experimental FH indicated Msr1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of FH. Herein, we demonstrate that mice deficient in Msr1 are resistant to FH induced by MHV-A59, and the Msr1 inhibitor fucoidan suppresses the progression of FH in mice. Our study suggests that use of drugs inhibiting MSR1 function could be beneficial to patients with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Junru Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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33
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Scavizzi F, Raspa M. Tissue distribution and duration of mouse hepatitis virus in naturally infected immunocompetent ICR (CD-1) and immunodeficient athymic nude-nu mouse strains used for ovarian transplantation and in vitro fertilization. Lab Anim 2016; 38:189-99. [PMID: 15070459 DOI: 10.1258/002367704322968876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During a natural outbreak of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection in an animal facility in Rome, 6-week-old, outbred, immunocompetent Hsd:ICR (CD-1) and immunodeficient Hsd:athymic nude-nu sentinel mice (barrier maintained) were exposed to MHV in order to study tissue distribution and duration of the virus in naturally infected mice. Infection was diagnosed by serology and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers directed to two separate but highly conserved regions of the MHV genome. Faeces, colons, spleens, lungs, brains, livers, epididymides, testes, uteri and ovaries from sentinels were tested by RT-PCR after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. A second round of amplification with nested primers was performed to increase the sensitivity of detection. The results indicated that all the organs tested became infected with the virus at various times. Furthermore, male and female reproductive organs were infected within 6 weeks of the beginning of exposure. Investigation of MHV transmission by ovarian transplantation and by in vitro fertilization (IVF) revealed that MHV was transmitted by infected ovaries transplanted into both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse strains but transmission was not observed when sperm from infected testes were used for IVF. These results suggest that sperm do not transmit infection from actively infected animals and that IVF could be considered a cleansing procedure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Fertilization in Vitro
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Immunocompromised Host/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Nude
- Murine hepatitis virus
- Ovary/transplantation
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Rodent Diseases/immunology
- Rodent Diseases/virology
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Scavizzi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Via E. Ramarini, 32, I-00016, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
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34
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Gan L, Zhang Z, Guo J, Xie Q, Meng Z, Wan W, Luo B. [Establishment of a murine model of hepatic steatosis induced by chronic viral hepatitis]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2012; 32:1722-1726. [PMID: 23268397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a animal model of hepatic steatosis induced by chronic viral hepatitis in C(57)BL/6 mice. METHODS C(57)BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to control group, high-fat diet group, mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) virus infection group, and high-fat diet plus virus infection group. At 13 weeks of the experiment, serum samples were collected to detect MHV antibodies and transaminase and lipid levels. The hepatic pathologies of the mice were examined with Oil red O staining of the frozen sections the and HE staining of paraffin-embedded sections. RESULTS The mice in the two virus infection groups showed strong positivity of MHV antibodies in the serum. Compared with the control group, the mice in high-fat diet group and the two virus infection groups had significantly increased AST and ALT levels with also elevated TC and LDL-C levels. The two virus infection groups both exhibited obvious pathologies in the liver characteristic of chronic viral hepatitis with increased lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. CONCLUSION We have successfully established a mouse model of hepatic steatosis induced by chronic viral hepatitis, which provides the basis for further study of the disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Karnam G, Rygiel TP, Raaben M, Grinwis GCM, Coenjaerts FE, Ressing ME, Rottier PJM, de Haan CAM, Meyaard L. CD200 receptor controls sex-specific TLR7 responses to viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002710. [PMID: 22615569 PMCID: PMC3355091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological checkpoints, such as the inhibitory CD200 receptor (CD200R), play a dual role in balancing the immune system during microbial infection. On the one hand these inhibitory signals prevent excessive immune mediated pathology but on the other hand they may impair clearance of the pathogen. We studied the influence of the inhibitory CD200-CD200R axis on clearance and pathology in two different virus infection models. We find that lack of CD200R signaling strongly enhances type I interferon (IFN) production and viral clearance and improves the outcome of mouse hepatitis corona virus (MHV) infection, particularly in female mice. MHV clearance is known to be dependent on Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7)-mediated type I IFN production and sex differences in TLR7 responses previously have been reported for humans. We therefore hypothesize that CD200R ligation suppresses TLR7 responses and that release of this inhibition enlarges sex differences in TLR7 signaling. This hypothesis is supported by our findings that in vivo administration of synthetic TLR7 ligand leads to enhanced type I IFN production, particularly in female Cd200(-/-) mice and that CD200R ligation inhibits TLR7 signaling in vitro. In influenza A virus infection we show that viral clearance is determined by sex but not by CD200R signaling. However, absence of CD200R in influenza A virus infection results in enhanced lung neutrophil influx and pathology in females. Thus, CD200-CD200R and sex are host factors that together determine the outcome of viral infection. Our data predict a sex bias in both beneficial and pathological immune responses to virus infection upon therapeutic targeting of CD200-CD200R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruswamy Karnam
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz P. Rygiel
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Raaben
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank E. Coenjaerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. M. Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Duhalde-Vega M, Retegui LA. Uric acid and HMGB1 are involved in the induction of autoantibodies elicited in mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus A59. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:631-40. [PMID: 21604970 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.579927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus A59 develop autoantibodies (autoAb) to liver and kidney fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Because it has been proposed that the immune system is stimulated by alarm signals called damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins, we investigated the participation of uric acid and high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in the autoimmune response elicited by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Mice subjected to MHV infection had increased plasmatic uric acid concentration that significantly decreased after 20 days of daily treatment with allopurinol and, simultaneously, autoAb to FAH were undetected. Furthermore, this autoAb disappeared after 30 days of treatment with ethyl pyruvate, along with a substantial reduction in serum HMGB1 concentration. Both results indicated a remarkable relationship between the autoimmune process induced by the virus and uric acid and HMGB1 liberation. Unexpectedly, it was found that allopurinol and ethyl pyruvate inhibited the release of both uric acid and HMGB1. Because HMGB1 is activated through binding to interleukin 1β, and that this cytokine is produced by the NLRP3 inflammasome that could be stimulated by uric acid, we propose that both alarmins could be acting in concert with the induction of the autoAb to FAH in MHV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Duhalde-Vega
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV S protein requires proteolytic cleavage by elastase, cathepsin or TMPRSS2 for S-mediated cell-cell or virus-cell membrane fusion. Activation of viral glycoprotein (GP) by protease also has been reported for influenza virus. The most distinctive difference between influenza virus and SARS-CoV is the stage during virus replication in which viral glycoproteins are cleaved by proteases. In influenza virus, the protease makes a simple cut in the GP during maturation. In contrast, SARS-CoV S protein is cleaved by the protease following receptor-induced conformational changes. The protease cleavage site in S protein is thought to be exposed only after receptor binding. In support of this model, we reported that the S protein of mouse hepatitis virus type 2 (MHV-2), which is highly similar to the S protein of SARS-CoV, requires two-step conformational changes mediated by sequential receptor binding and proteolysis to be activated for membrane fusion. Such a mechanism allows for tight temporal control over fusion by protecting the activating cleavage site from premature proteolysis yet allowing efficient cleavage upon binding to the receptor on target cells.
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Tang ZH, Su LX, Li HF, Guo JQ, Luo BD, Lin PZ. [Construction of MHV-A59 damp-heat mouse model and analysis of the relevant indices]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2010; 30:2452-2454. [PMID: 21097403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the impact of inflammation, water metabolism and immune function on the establishment of a mouse model of damp-heat syndrome with MHV-A59 infection. METHODS Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into control group, virus group, damp-heat group and model group. The peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry, and the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were assayed by ELISA. The expressions of NF-κB and AQP4 in the liver and stomach were determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of NF-κB and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in the virus and model groups were significantly higher than those in the damp-heat and control groups, while the expression of AQP4 was significantly higher in the model and damp-heat groups than in the other groups. Compared with the control group, the model group showed a significantly higher ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4. CONCLUSIONS MHV-A59 virus is the main cause of elevated NF-κB expression and CD4(+)/CD8(+)/ ratio, while damp-heat syndrome is responsible for increased AQP4 expression, and their synergistic effect results in increased IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. The mouse model established using MHV-A59 virus and the damp-heat factors can mimic damp-heat syndrome described in traditional Chinese medicine theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-hui Tang
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2712-7. [PMID: 20228108 PMCID: PMC2863430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02291-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with SARS-CoV and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Two potential surrogates were evaluated in this study; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were used to determine effects of AT and RH on the survival of coronaviruses on stainless steel. At 4 degrees C, infectious virus persisted for as long as 28 days, and the lowest level of inactivation occurred at 20% RH. Inactivation was more rapid at 20 degrees C than at 4 degrees C at all humidity levels; the viruses persisted for 5 to 28 days, and the slowest inactivation occurred at low RH. Both viruses were inactivated more rapidly at 40 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. The relationship between inactivation and RH was not monotonic, and there was greater survival or a greater protective effect at low RH (20%) and high RH (80%) than at moderate RH (50%). There was also evidence of an interaction between AT and RH. The results show that when high numbers of viruses are deposited, TGEV and MHV may survive for days on surfaces at ATs and RHs typical of indoor environments. TGEV and MHV could serve as conservative surrogates for modeling exposure, the risk of transmission, and control measures for pathogenic enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV and influenza virus, on health care surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Casanova
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Abstract
The functional role of ELR-positive CXC chemokines in host defense during acute viral-induced encephalomyelitis was determined. Inoculation of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice resulted in the rapid mobilization of PMNs expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR2 into the blood. Migration of PMNs to the CNS coincided with increased expression of transcripts specific for the CXCR2 ELR-positive chemokine ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 within the brain. Treatment of JHMV-infected mice with anti-CXCR2 blocking antibody reduced PMN trafficking into the CNS by >95%, dampened MMP-9 activity, and abrogated blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown. Correspondingly, CXCR2 neutralization resulted in diminished infiltration of virus-specific T cells, an inability to control viral replication within the brain, and 100% mortality. Blocking CXCR2 signaling did not impair the generation of virus-specific T cells, indicating that CXCR2 is not required to tailor anti-JHMV T cell responses. Evaluation of mice in which CXCR2 is genetically silenced (CXCR2−/− mice) confirmed that PMNs neither expressed CXCR2 nor migrated in response to ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, or CXCL5 in an in vitro chemotaxis assay. Moreover, JHMV infection of CXCR2−/− mice resulted in an approximate 60% reduction of PMN migration into the CNS, yet these mice survived infection and controlled viral replication within the brain. Treatment of JHMV-infected CXCR2−/− mice with anti-CXCR2 antibody did not modulate PMN migration nor alter viral clearance or mortality, indicating the existence of compensatory mechanisms that facilitate sufficient migration of PMNs into the CNS in the absence of CXCR2. Collectively, these findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for ELR-positive chemokines in enhancing host defense during acute viral infections of the CNS. Consequences of viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can range from encephalitis and paralytic poliomyelitis to relatively benign infections with limited clinical outcomes. The localized expression of proinflammatory chemokines within the CNS in response to viral infection has been shown to be important in host defense by attracting antigen-specific lymphocytes from the microvasculature into the parenchyma that control and eventually eliminate the replicating pathogen. However, the relationship between chemokine expression and recruitment of myeloid cells, e.g. neutrophils, to the CNS following infection with a neurotropic virus is not well characterized. Emerging evidence has indicated that the mobilization of neutrophils into the blood and recruitment to the CNS following microbial infection or injury contributes to permeabilization of the blood-brain-barrier that subsequently allows entry of inflammatory leukocytes. Therefore, we have defined the chemokines involved in promoting the directional migration of neutrophils to the CNS in response to viral infection. Using the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) as a model of acute viral encephalomyelitis, we demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for members of the ELR-positive CXC chemokine family in host defense by attracting PMNs bearing the receptor CXCR2 to the CNS in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Hosking
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Liping Liu
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Vaccines, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang XJ, Yan WM, Zhang JG, Wang HW, Zou Y, Luo XP, Ning Q. [Role of CD4-CD8- T cells in the murine hepatitis virus type 3 induced chronic viral hepatitis]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2009; 17:180-183. [PMID: 19335979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate role of CD4-CD8- T cells in murine hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV-3) induced chronic viral hepatitis in C3H/Hej mice and to identify their surface markers. METHODS Thirty C3H/Hej mice received 10 Pfu MHV-3 intraperitoneally, the CD4-CD8- T cells were isolated using magnetic bead sorting on 0, 4, 15, 30, 40 days post MHV-3 infection. The cytotoxic effects of CD4-CD8- T cells on normal and infected hepatocytes, CD8+ T cells and unrelated-virus (murine cytomegalovirus, MCMV) infected CD8+ T cells were examined by non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay. The surface markers of CD4-CD8- T cells were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS MHV-3 infected CD4-CD8- T cells showed significant cytotoxic effect on CD8+ T cells, but not on infected hepatocytes or MCMV infected CD8+ T cells. The analysis of cell surface markers demonstrated that the CD4-CD8- T cells are a completely new T cell subset. CONCLUSIONS CD4-CD8- T cells have significant cytotoxic effect on virus specific CD8+ T cells in MHV-3 infected C3H/Hej mice, which suggests that CD4-CD8- T cells have immune modulatory functions in the development of chronic viral hepatitis. The phenotype of these CD4-CD8- T cells detected by flow cytometry is TCR alpha beta +CD3+CD4- CD8- CD25- CD28- CD30- CD44+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Artwohl JE, Purcell JE, Fortman JD. The use of cross-foster rederivation to eliminate murine norovirus, Helicobacter spp., and murine hepatitis virus from a mouse colony. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2008; 47:19-24. [PMID: 19049248 PMCID: PMC2687133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 10 mo, 287 mouse litters were cross-fostered by using 1 of 2 paradigms to eliminate murine norovirus (MNV), Helicobacter spp., murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and Syphacia obvelata. Paradigm 1 involved cross-fostering litters at younger than 48 h with no attention to the changing of bedding material. Paradigm 2 involved cross-fostering litters at younger than 24 h from cages in which the bedding material was changed within 24 h before cross-fostering. After cross-foster rederivation, mice were tested for the presence of Helicobacter spp. by means of fecal PCR at 4, 8, and 12 wk. Surrogates also were tested for MNV by use of multiplex fluorometric assay serology at 4 wk and fecal PCR at 12 wk. Surrogate mice were tested for MHV by means of MFIA at 4 wk and for pinworms by perianal tape test and fecal flotation at 4 and 12 wk. Compared with those from paradigm 1, litters from paradigm 2 were less likely to be positive for MHV and Helicobacter spp. The use of cross-foster rederivation alone was unsuccessful for the elimination of Syphacia obvelata. For cross-foster rederivation, we recommend that litters be younger than 24 h and from cages in which the bedding material was changed within 24 h before cross-fostering. The presence of MNV, Helicobacter spp., and MHV can be predicted reliably at 12, 8, and 4 wk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Artwohl
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Zou Y, Chen T, Wang HW, Yan WM, Luo XP, Ning Q. [The functions of liver natural killer cells in murine fulminant hepatitis induced by murine hepatitis virus strain 3]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2008; 16:660-664. [PMID: 18822205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of liver natural killer cells (NK cells) in murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) induced murine fulminant hepatitis. METHOD Balb/cJ mice (6-8 weeks, female) were intraperitoneally injected with 100 PFU MHV-3. The numbers of NK cells in their livers, spleens, blood and bone marrow and the expression of CD69 on liver NK cells at 0, 24, 48 and 70 h after MHV-3 infection were analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytotoxic activity of liver NK cells was detected by a non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay. The levels of IFN gamma produced by hepatic NK cells were detected by intracellular cytokine staining. RESULT Following MHV-3 infection, the proportion of liver NK cells in the mice increased remarkably and reached the peak (43.9%+/-2.3%) at 48 h, then kept a high proportion until the mice were sacrificed. The proportion of NK cells in the peripheral blood also significantly increased and reached the peak (18.0%+/-5.4%) at 48 h. However, there were few NK cells in the peripheral blood at 70 h after infection; the ratio was only 1.3%+/-0.6%. In the spleens and bone marrow, the proportions of NK cells were both significantly decreased from 0 h to 48 h and then slightly increased. The expression of CD69 on liver NK cells was highly up-regulated after the infection and the cytotoxic activity of hepatic NK cells at 48 h was also significantly enhanced. In addition, an increase in IFN gamma production by hepatic NK cells was observed at 48 h. CONCLUSION After MHV-3 infection, NK cells were recruited to the liver quickly, probably from the spleen and bone marrow. Recruited NK cells remarkably express CD69, enhance cytotoxic activity and IFN gamma production, which correlate with the disease severity of fulminant viral hepatitis. Our results suggest that liver NK cells may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fulminant viral hepatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Liver Failure, Acute/immunology
- Liver Failure, Acute/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Murine hepatitis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Detrick B, Lee MT, Chin MS, Hooper LC, Chan CC, Hooks JJ. Experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR): retinal degeneration susceptible mice have an augmented interferon and chemokine (CXCL9, CXCL10) response early after virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 193:28-37. [PMID: 18037505 PMCID: PMC2562577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus induces a biphasic disease in BALB/c mice that consists of an acute retinitis followed by progression to a chronic retinal degeneration with autoimmune reactivity. Retinal degeneration resistant CD-1 mice do not develop the late phase. What host factors contribute to the distinct responses to the virus are unknown. Herein, we show that IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ act in concert as part of the innate immune response to the retinal infection. At day 2, high serum levels of IFN-γ, CXCL9 and CXCL10, were detected in BALB/c mice. Moreover, elevated levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 gene expression were detected in retinal tissue. Although IFN-γ and the chemokines were detected in CD-1 mice, they were at significantly lower levels compared to BALB/c mice. These augmented innate responses observed correlated with the development of autoimmune reactivity and retinal degeneration and thus may contribute to the pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-7065, USA.
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Huang J, Xiao F, Yu H, Huang T, Huang H, Ning Q. Differential gene expression profiles in acute hepatic failure model in mice infected with MHV-3 virus intervened by anti-hepatic failure compound. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2007; 27:538-542. [PMID: 18060630 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Differential gene expression profiles in Balb/cJ mouse model of acute hepatic failure infected with MHV-3 virus intervened by anti-hepatic failure compound (AHFC) and the changes of cytokines regulated by genes were investigated. The Balb/cj mice were divided into AHFC-intervened group and control group randomly. Acute hepatic failure model of Balb/cJ mice infected with MHV-3 virus was established. The survival rate in the two groups was observed. It was found that the survival rate in the AHFC-intervened group and control group was 90% and 50% respectively 48 h after intraperitoneal injection of MHV-3 (P<0.05). Before and after the experiment, the cytokines in peripheral blood of the survival mice were determined, and RNA was extracted from survival mouse liver tissue for the analysis of the differential gene expression by a 36 kb mouse oligonucleotide DNA array. In all the genes of microarray there were 332 genes expressed differently in the two groups, in which 234 genes were up-regulated and 78 genes down-regulated. Through clustering analysis, the differential expression of immune related genes, including TNF receptor superfamily, Kctd9, Bcl-2, Fgl2, IL-8, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha etc. might be related with the curative effectiveness of AHFC. It was suggested that AHFC can balance the immune state of mouse model of acute hepatic failure infected with MHV-3 virus mainly through regulating the expression of immune related genes, decrease the immune damage and inhibit liver cell apoptosis of mouse acute hepatic failure model obviously so as to increase the survival rate of mouse models of acute hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Huang
- Department of Infections Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) is a zinc-finger DNA binding protein that influences developing oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) cell proliferation, differentiation, and myelin gene transcription in vitro. The potential of Myt1 to play a role in OP responses leading to remyelination was examined using murine hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV) to induce spinal cord demyelination and potential relevance to human pathology was evaluated in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. In MHV-infected mice, the density of Myt1 expressing cells markedly increased in lesioned areas of spinal cord white matter. Myt1 expressing cells proliferated most extensively during active demyelination and subsequently accumulated to maximal levels during early remyelination. Cells with nuclear Myt1 immunoreactivity were mainly OP cells, identified by co-localization with platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor, with additional phenotypes being either oligodendrocytes or neural stem cells, identified by CC1 antigen and Musashi1, respectively. The density of OP cells expressing Myt1 was significantly increased in white matter of MHV-infected mice during demyelination and early remyelination then as remyelination advanced the values returned to levels comparable to PBS-injected control mice. In MHV lesions, Myt1 was not expressed in astrocytes, lymphocytes, or macrophage/microglial cells. MS lesions demonstrated increased Myt1 expression in both the periplaque white matter adjacent to lesions and within early remyelinating lesions. These results suggesta potential role for Myt1 in the regeneration of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in response to demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Vana
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Tuan Q. Le
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Regina C. Armstrong
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Regina C. Armstrong, Ph.D., Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Mahabir E, Bulian D, Needham J, Mayer A, Mateusen B, Van Soom A, Nauwynck H, Schmidt J. Transmission of mouse minute virus (MMV) but not mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) following embryo transfer with experimentally exposed in vivo-derived embryos. Biol Reprod 2006; 76:189-97. [PMID: 17021342 PMCID: PMC7109837 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.056135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence and location of fluorescent microspheres having the size of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and of mouse minute virus (MMV) in the zona pellucida (ZP) of in vivo-produced murine embryos, the transmission of these viruses by embryos during embryo transfer, and the time of seroconversion of recipients and pups. To this end, fertilized oocytes and morulae were exposed to different concentrations of MMVp for 16 h, while 2-cell embryos and blastocysts were coincubated for 1 h. In addition, morulae were exposed to MHV-A59 for 16 h. One group of embryos was washed, and the remaining embryos remained unwashed before embryo transfer. Serological analyses were performed by means of ELISA to detect antibodies to MHV or MMV in recipients and in progeny on Days 14, 21, 28, 42, and 63 and on Days 42, 63, 84, 112, 133, and 154, respectively, after embryo transfer. Coincubation with a minimum of 105/ml of fluorescent microspheres showed that particles with a diameter of 20 nm but not 100 nm crossed the ZP of murine blastocysts. Washing generally led to a 10-fold to 100-fold reduction of MMVp. Washed MMV-exposed but not MHV-exposed embryos led to the production of antibodies independent of embryonic stage and time of virus exposure. Recipients receiving embryos exposed to a minimum of 107 mean tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/ml of MHV-A59 and 102 TCID50/ml of MMVp seroconverted by Day 42 after embryo transfer. The results indicate that MMV but not MHV can be transmitted to recipients even after washing embryos 10 times before embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mahabir
- Department of Comparative Medicine, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Viral induced demyelination, in both humans and rodent models, has provided unique insights into the cell biology of oligodendroglia, their complex cell-cell interactions and mechanisms of myelin destruction. They illustrate mechanisms of viral persistence, including latent infections in which no infectious virus is readily evident, virus reactivation and viral-induced tissue damage. These studies have also provided excellent paradigms to study the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Although of interest in their own right, an understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by viruses to induce demyelination may shed light into the etiology and pathogenesis of the common demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). This notion is supported by the persistent view that a viral infection acquired during adolescence might initiate MS after a long period of quiescence. Demyelination in both humans and rodents can be initiated by infection with a diverse group of enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA viruses (Table 1). The mechanisms that ultimately result in the loss of CNS myelin appear to be equally diverse as the etiological agents capable of causing diseases which result in demyelination. Although demyelination can be a secondary result of axonal loss, in many examples of viral induced demyelination, myelin loss is primary and associated with axonal sparing. This suggests that demyelination induced by viral infections can result from: 1) a direct viral infection of oligodendroglia resulting in cell death with degeneration of myelin and its subsequent removal; 2) a persistent viral infection, in the presence or absence of infectious virus, resulting in the loss of normal cellular homeostasis and subsequent oligodendroglial death; 3) a vigorous virus-specific inflammatory response wherein the virus replicates in a cell type other than oligodendroglia, but cytokines and other immune mediators directly damage the oligodendroglia or the myelin sheath; or 4) infection initiates activation of an immune response specific for either oligodendroglia or myelin components. Virus-induced inflammation may be associated with the processing of myelin or oligodendroglial components and their presentation to the host's own T cell compartment. Alternatively, antigenic epitopes derived from the viral proteins may exhibit sufficient homology to host components that the immune response to the virus activates autoreactive T cells, i.e. molecular mimicry. Although it is not clear that each of these potential mechanisms participates in the pathogenesis of human demyelinating disease, analysis of the diverse demyelinating viral infections of both humans and rodents provides examples of many of these potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Stohlman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
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González JM, Bergmann CC, Ramakrishna C, Hinton DR, Atkinson R, Hoskin J, Macklin WB, Stohlman SA. Inhibition of interferon-gamma signaling in oligodendroglia delays coronavirus clearance without altering demyelination. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:796-804. [PMID: 16507895 PMCID: PMC1606538 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) induces an acute encephalomyelitis associated with demyelination. To examine the anti-viral and/or regulatory role of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) signaling in the cell that synthesizes and maintains the myelin sheath, we analyzed JHMV pathogenesis in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative IFN-gamma receptor on oligodendroglia. Defective IFN-gamma signaling was associated with enhanced oligodendroglial tropism and delayed virus clearance. However, the CNS inflammatory cell composition and CD8(+) T-cell effector functions were similar between transgenic and wild-type mice, supporting unimpaired peripheral and CNS immune responses in transgenic mice. Surprisingly, increased viral load in oligodendroglia did not affect the extent of myelin loss, the frequency of oligodendroglial apoptosis, or CNS recruitment of macrophages. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma receptor signaling is critical for the control of JHMV replication in oligodendroglia. In addition, the absence of a correlation between increased oligodendroglial infection and the extent of demyelination suggests a complex pathobiology of myelin loss in which infection of oligodendroglia is required but not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M González
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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50
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Levy GA, Adamson G, Phillips MJ, Scrocchi LA, Fung L, Biessels P, Ng NF, Ghanekar A, Rowe A, Ma MX, Levy A, Koscik C, He W, Gorczynski R, Brookes S, Woods C, McGilvray ID, Bell D. Targeted delivery of ribavirin improves outcome of murine viral fulminant hepatitis via enhanced anti-viral activity. Hepatology 2006; 43:581-91. [PMID: 16496340 PMCID: PMC7165489 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Side effects of interferon-ribavirin combination therapy limit the sustained viral response achievable in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. Coupling ribavirin to macromolecular carriers that target the drug to the liver would reduce systemic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a hemoglobin-ribavirin conjugate (HRC 203) in murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) induced viral hepatitis. HRC 203 had greater anti-viral activity on both isolated hepatocytes and macrophages, whereas both ribavirin and HRC 203 inhibited production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by macrophages. In vivo, untreated MHV-3-infected mice all developed clinical and biochemical signs of acute viral hepatitis and died by day 4 post infection. Livers recovered from untreated infected mice showed greater than 90% necrosis. In contrast, survival was enhanced in both ribavirin- and HRC 203-treated mice with a marked reduction in biochemical [ALT(max) 964 +/- 128 IU/L (ribavirin); 848 +/- 212 IU/L (HRC 203)] and histological evidence of hepatic necrosis (<10% in ribavirin/HRC 203 vs. 90% in untreated controls). Clinically, HRC 203-treated mice behaved normally, in contrast to ribavirin-treated mice, which developed lethargy and abnormal fur texture. In conclusion, targeted delivery of ribavirin to the liver alters the course of MHV-3 infection as demonstrated by prolonged survival, improved behavior, and reduced signs of histologically evident disease, as well as inhibition of viral replication and production of inflammatory cytokines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Levy
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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