1
|
Huang W, Chen Y, Wu Q, Feng Y, Wang Y, Lu Z, Chen J, Chen B, Xiao Z, Meng L, Huang X, Wang Y, Yu K. Reduced genetic diversity and restricted gene flow of broadcast-spawning coral Galaxea fascicularis in the South China Sea reveals potential degradation under environmental change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115147. [PMID: 37331272 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Under the dual effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities, coral reefs in the South China Sea (SCS) are at serious risk of degradation. Galaxea fascicularis is a widely distributed species in the SCS, and the study of its genetics, survival, and adaptability is conducive to further understanding the future characteristics of coral reefs in the SCS. In this study, 146 G. fascicularis samples were selected from 9 survey stations across 12 latitudes in the SCS, and 8 pairs of microsatellite markers were used to characterize their genetic diversity and structure. The results showed moderate genetic diversity index values (Ar = 3.444-4.147, He = 0.634-0.782, Ho = 0.367-0.586). The AMOVA results and pairwise FST values showed a moderate level of genetic differentiation (ΦST = 0.119, P < 0.05) among G. fascicularis populations in the SCS, whereas its genetic structure showed high genetic differentiation (FST = 0.062-0.225) among relatively high-latitude populations (n = 3) and low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.012-0.064) in low-latitude populations (n = 6). The living environment of relatively high-latitude populations is disturbed by high-intensity human activities, leading to the specialization of local populations. Mantel test results showed a significant positive correlation between genetic differentiation among G. fascicularis populations and sea surface temperature (SST) variance (R2 = 0.4885; Mantel test, p = 0.010 < 0.05) in addition to geographical distance (R2 = 0.1134; Mantel, test p = 0.040 < 0.05), indicating that SST and geographical isolation were primary factors affecting the genetic structure of this species in the SCS. The lower genetic diversity and limited gene flow of G. fascicularis indicate limited genetic adaptation, and corresponding vulnerability may be more pronounced under future environmental changes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the conservation and restoration of coral reefs in the SCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinmin Chen
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhiying Lu
- The Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinlian Chen
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zunyong Xiao
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Linqing Meng
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baird AH, Guest JR, Edwards AJ, Bauman AG, Bouwmeester J, Mera H, Abrego D, Alvarez-Noriega M, Babcock RC, Barbosa MB, Bonito V, Burt J, Cabaitan PC, Chang CF, Chavanich S, Chen CA, Chen CJ, Chen WJ, Chung FC, Connolly SR, Cumbo VR, Dornelas M, Doropoulos C, Eyal G, Eyal-Shaham L, Fadli N, Figueiredo J, Flot JF, Gan SH, Gomez E, Graham EM, Grinblat M, Gutiérrez-Isaza N, Harii S, Harrison PL, Hatta M, Ho NAJ, Hoarau G, Hoogenboom M, Howells EJ, Iguchi A, Isomura N, Jamodiong EA, Jandang S, Keyse J, Kitanobo S, Kongjandtre N, Kuo CY, Ligson C, Lin CH, Low J, Loya Y, Maboloc EA, Madin JS, Mezaki T, Min C, Morita M, Moya A, Neo SH, Nitschke MR, Nojima S, Nozawa Y, Piromvaragorn S, Plathong S, Puill-Stephan E, Quigley K, Ramirez-Portilla C, Ricardo G, Sakai K, Sampayo E, Shlesinger T, Sikim L, Simpson C, Sims CA, Sinniger F, Spiji DA, Tabalanza T, Tan CH, Terraneo TI, Torda G, True J, Tun K, Vicentuan K, Viyakarn V, Waheed Z, Ward S, Willis B, Woods RM, Woolsey ES, Yamamoto HH, Yusuf S. An Indo-Pacific coral spawning database. Sci Data 2021; 8:35. [PMID: 33514754 PMCID: PMC7846567 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of multi-species synchronous spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef in the 1980s stimulated an extraordinary effort to document spawning times in other parts of the globe. Unfortunately, most of these data remain unpublished which limits our understanding of regional and global reproductive patterns. The Coral Spawning Database (CSD) collates much of these disparate data into a single place. The CSD includes 6178 observations (3085 of which were unpublished) of the time or day of spawning for over 300 scleractinian species in 61 genera from 101 sites in the Indo-Pacific. The goal of the CSD is to provide open access to coral spawning data to accelerate our understanding of coral reproductive biology and to provide a baseline against which to evaluate any future changes in reproductive phenology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Baird
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - James R. Guest
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. Edwards
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Bauman
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessica Bouwmeester
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Hawai’i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 USA
| | - Hanaka Mera
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - David Abrego
- grid.1031.30000000121532610National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450 Australia
| | - Mariana Alvarez-Noriega
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Russel C. Babcock
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Miguel B. Barbosa
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, KY16 9TH United Kingdom
| | - Victor Bonito
- Reef Explorer Fiji, Coral Coast Conservation Center, Votua Village, Korolevu, Nadroga Fiji
| | - John Burt
- grid.440573.1Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Patrick C. Cabaitan
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- grid.260664.00000 0001 0313 3026Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Rd, Keelung, 20224 Taiwan
| | - Suchana Chavanich
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chaolun A. Chen
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Jhen Chen
- grid.260664.00000 0001 0313 3026Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Rd, Keelung, 20224 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- grid.260664.00000 0001 0313 3026Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Rd, Keelung, 20224 Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chen Chung
- Reef Guardian Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Tyng, Mile 6, North Road, Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - Sean R. Connolly
- grid.438006.90000 0001 2296 9689Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Vivian R. Cumbo
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Maria Dornelas
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Doropoulos
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Gal Eyal
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lee Eyal-Shaham
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Nur Fadli
- grid.440768.90000 0004 1759 6066Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh Indonesia
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- grid.261241.20000 0001 2168 8324Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 N Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, Florida 33004 USA
| | - Jean-François Flot
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1050 Belgium
| | - Sze-Hoon Gan
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth Gomez
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Erin M. Graham
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797eResearch Centre, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Mila Grinblat
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Molecular & Cell biology, College of Public Health, Medical & Vet Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Nataly Gutiérrez-Isaza
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Saki Harii
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Peter L. Harrison
- grid.1031.30000000121532610Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480 Australia
| | - Masayuki Hatta
- grid.412314.10000 0001 2192 178XDepartment of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610 Japan
| | - Nina Ann Jin Ho
- grid.503008.eChina-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang Selangor, Darul Ehsan, 43900 Malaysia
| | - Gaetan Hoarau
- 12 Rue Caumont, Saint-Pierre Reunion Island, 97410 France
| | - Mia Hoogenboom
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Emily J. Howells
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XCentre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Akira Iguchi
- grid.466781.a0000 0001 2222 3430Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567 Japan
| | - Naoko Isomura
- grid.471922.b0000 0004 4672 6261Department of Bioresources Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa, 905-2192 Japan
| | - Emmeline A. Jamodiong
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 902-0213 Japan
| | - Suppakarn Jandang
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Jude Keyse
- Glenala State High School, Durack, Queensland 4077 Australia
| | - Seiya Kitanobo
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Narinratana Kongjandtre
- grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XAquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, 169 LongHaad Bangsaen Rd, Saensook, Mueang Chonburi 20131 Thailand
| | - Chao-Yang Kuo
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Charlon Ligson
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Che-Hung Lin
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey Low
- Coastal and Marine Branch, National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yossi Loya
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Israel
| | - Elizaldy A. Maboloc
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua S. Madin
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Hawai’i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 USA
| | - Takuma Mezaki
- Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, 560 Nishidomari, Otsuki Town, Hata Kochi, 788-0333 Japan
| | - Choo Min
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Reef Ecology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masaya Morita
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Aurelie Moya
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Su-Hwei Neo
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- grid.267827.e0000 0001 2292 3111School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 2820 New Zealand
| | | | - Yoko Nozawa
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | | | - Sakanan Plathong
- grid.7130.50000 0004 0470 1162Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | | | - Kate Quigley
- grid.1046.30000 0001 0328 1619Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810 Australia
| | - Catalina Ramirez-Portilla
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1050 Belgium
| | - Gerard Ricardo
- grid.1046.30000 0001 0328 1619Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810 Australia
| | - Kazuhiko Sakai
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Eugenia Sampayo
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Tom Shlesinger
- grid.255966.b0000 0001 2229 7296Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6988 USA
| | - Leony Sikim
- Reef Guardian Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Tyng, Mile 6, North Road, Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - Chris Simpson
- 25 Mettam Street, Trigg, Western Australia 6029 Australia
| | - Carrie A. Sims
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Frederic Sinniger
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Davies A. Spiji
- Reef Guardian Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Tyng, Mile 6, North Road, Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - Tracy Tabalanza
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Chung-Hong Tan
- grid.412255.50000 0000 9284 9319Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030 Malaysia
| | - Tullia I. Terraneo
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gergely Torda
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - James True
- grid.419784.70000 0001 0816 7508Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Rd, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Karenne Tun
- Coastal and Marine Branch, National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kareen Vicentuan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Voranop Viyakarn
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Zarinah Waheed
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Selina Ward
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Bette Willis
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Rachael M. Woods
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | | | - Hiromi H. Yamamoto
- grid.505718.eOkinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0206 Japan
| | - Syafyudin Yusuf
- grid.412001.60000 0000 8544 230XFaculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|