1
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Marzonie MR, Nitschke MR, Bay LK, Bourne DG, Harrison HB. Symbiodiniaceae diversity varies by host and environment across thermally distinct reefs. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17342. [PMID: 38584356 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) influence coral thermal tolerance at both local and regional scales. In isolation, the effects of host genetics, environment, and thermal disturbances on symbiont communities are well understood, yet their combined effects remain poorly resolved. Here, we investigate Symbiodiniaceae across 1300 km in Australia's Coral Sea Marine Park to disentangle these interactive effects. We identified Symbiodiniaceae to species-level resolution for three coral species (Acropora cf humilis, Pocillopora verrucosa, and Pocillopora meandrina) by sequencing two genetic markers of the symbiont (ITS2 and psbAncr), paired with genotype-by-sequencing of the coral host (DArT-seq). Our samples predominantly returned sequences from the genus Cladocopium, where Acropora cf humilis affiliated with C3k, Pocillopora verrucosa with C. pacificum, and Pocillopora meandrina with C. latusorum. Multivariate analyses revealed that Acropora symbionts were driven strongly by local environment and thermal disturbances. In contrast, Pocillopora symbiont communities were both partitioned 2.5-fold more by host genetic structure than by environmental structure. Among the two Pocillopora species, the effects of environment and host genetics explained four times more variation in symbionts for P. meandrina than P. verrucosa. The concurrent bleaching event in 2020 had variable impacts on symbiont communities, consistent with patterns in P. verrucosa and A. cf humilis, but not P. meandrina. Our findings demonstrate how symbiont macroscale community structure responses to environmental gradients depend on host species and their respective population structure. Integrating host, symbiont, and environmental data will help forecast the adaptive potential of corals and their symbionts amidst a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magena R Marzonie
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Line K Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hugo B Harrison
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Deore P, Tsang Min Ching SJ, Nitschke MR, Rudd D, Brumley DR, Hinde E, Blackall LL, van Oppen MJH. Unique photosynthetic strategies employed by closely related Breviolum minutum strains under rapid short-term cumulative heat stress. J Exp Bot 2024:erae170. [PMID: 38636949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The thermal tolerance of symbiodiniacean photo-endosymbionts largely underpins the thermal bleaching resilience of their cnidarian hosts such as corals and the coral model, Exaiptasia diaphana. While variation in thermal tolerance between species is well documented, variation between conspecific strains is understudied. We compared the thermal tolerance of three closely related strains of Breviolum minutum represented by two internal transcribed spacer region 2 profiles (one strain B1-B1o-B1g-B1p and the other two strains B1-B1a-B1b-1g) and differences in photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, de-epoxidation state of photopigments, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species under rapid short-term cumulative temperature stress (26-40°C). We found that B. minutum strains employ distinct photoprotective strategies, resulting in different upper thermal tolerances. We provide evidence for previously unknown interdependencies between thermal tolerance traits and photoprotective mechanisms which include a delicate balancing of excitation energy and its dissipation through fast relaxing and state transition components of non-photochemical quenching. The more thermally tolerant B. minutum strain (B1-B1o-B1g-B1p) exhibited an enhanced de-epoxidation that is strongly linked to the thylakoid membrane melting point and possibly membrane rigidification minimising oxidative damage. This study provides an in-depth understanding of photoprotective mechanisms underpinning thermal tolerance in closely related strains of B. minutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali Deore
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6102, New Zealand
| | - David Rudd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Douglas R Brumley
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hinde
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda L Blackall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Butler CC, Turnham KE, Lewis AM, Nitschke MR, Warner ME, Kemp DW, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Fitt WK, van Oppen MJH, LaJeunesse TC. Formal recognition of host-generalist species of dinoflagellate (Cladocopium, Symbiodiniaceae) mutualistic with Indo-Pacific reef corals. J Phycol 2023; 59:698-711. [PMID: 37126002 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The existence of widespread species with the capacity to endure diverse, or variable, environments are of importance to ecological and genetic research, and conservation. Such "ecological generalists" are more likely to have key adaptations that allow them to better tolerate the physiological challenges of rapid climate change. Reef-building corals are dependent on endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Family: Symbiodiniaceae) for their survival and growth. While these symbionts are biologically diverse, certain genetic types appear to have broad geographic distributions and are mutualistic with various host species from multiple genera and families in the order Scleractinia that must acquire their symbionts through horizontal transmission. Despite the considerable ecological importance of putative host-generalist symbionts, they lack formal species descriptions. In this study, we used molecular, ecological, and morphological evidence to verify the existence of five new host-generalist species in the symbiodiniacean genus Cladocopium. Their geographic distribution and prevalence among host communities corresponds to prevailing environmental conditions at both regional and local scales. The influence that each species has on host physiology may partially explain regional differences in thermal sensitivities among coral communities. The potential increased prevalence of a generalist species that endures environmental instability is a consequential ecological response to warming oceans. Large-scale shifts in symbiont dominance could ensure reef coral persistence and productivity in the near term. Ultimately, these formal designations should advance scientific communication and generate informed research questions on the physiology and ecology of coral-dinoflagellate mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Butler
- Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kira E Turnham
- Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison M Lewis
- Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkely, California, USA
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Ezequiel J, Nitschke MR, Laviale M, Serôdio J, Frommlet JC. Concurrent bioimaging of microalgal photophysiology and oxidative stress. Photosynth Res 2023; 155:177-190. [PMID: 36463555 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an unavoidable consequence of oxygenic photosynthesis and represents a major cause of oxidative stress in phototrophs, having detrimental effects on the photosynthetic apparatus, limiting cell growth, and productivity. Several methods have been developed for the quantification of cellular ROS, however, most are invasive, requiring the destruction of the sample. Here, we present a new methodology that allows the concurrent quantification of ROS and photosynthetic activity, using the fluorochrome dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence, respectively. Both types of fluorescence were measured using an imaging Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometer, modified by adding a UVA-excitation light source (385 nm) and a green bandpass emission filter (530 nm) to enable the sequential capture of red chlorophyll fluorescence and green DCF fluorescence in the same sample. The method was established on Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, an important marine model diatom species, by determining protocol conditions that permitted the detection of ROS without impacting photosynthetic activity. The utility of the method was validated by quantifying the effects of two herbicides (DCMU and methyl viologen) on the photosynthetic activity and ROS production in P. tricornutum and of light acclimation state in Navicula cf. recens Lange-Bertalot, a common benthic diatom. The developed method is rapid and non-destructive, allowing for the high-throughput screening of multiple samples over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ezequiel
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- RAIZ - Forest and Paper Research Institute, Quinta de S. Francisco, Apartado 15, 3801-501, Eixo, Portugal
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martin Laviale
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, 57000, Metz, France
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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5
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Davies SW, Gamache MH, Howe-Kerr LI, Kriefall NG, Baker AC, Banaszak AT, Bay LK, Bellantuono AJ, Bhattacharya D, Chan CX, Claar DC, Coffroth MA, Cunning R, Davy SK, del Campo J, Díaz-Almeyda EM, Frommlet JC, Fuess LE, González-Pech RA, Goulet TL, Hoadley KD, Howells EJ, Hume BCC, Kemp DW, Kenkel CD, Kitchen SA, LaJeunesse TC, Lin S, McIlroy SE, McMinds R, Nitschke MR, Oakley CA, Peixoto RS, Prada C, Putnam HM, Quigley K, Reich HG, Reimer JD, Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Rosales SM, Saad OS, Sampayo EM, Santos SR, Shoguchi E, Smith EG, Stat M, Stephens TG, Strader ME, Suggett DJ, Swain TD, Tran C, Traylor-Knowles N, Voolstra CR, Warner ME, Weis VM, Wright RM, Xiang T, Yamashita H, Ziegler M, Correa AMS, Parkinson JE. Building consensus around the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae diversity. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15023. [PMID: 37151292 PMCID: PMC10162043 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Within microeukaryotes, genetic variation and functional variation sometimes accumulate more quickly than morphological differences. To understand the evolutionary history and ecology of such lineages, it is key to examine diversity at multiple levels of organization. In the dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae, which can form endosymbioses with cnidarians (e.g., corals, octocorals, sea anemones, jellyfish), other marine invertebrates (e.g., sponges, molluscs, flatworms), and protists (e.g., foraminifera), molecular data have been used extensively over the past three decades to describe phenotypes and to make evolutionary and ecological inferences. Despite advances in Symbiodiniaceae genomics, a lack of consensus among researchers with respect to interpreting genetic data has slowed progress in the field and acted as a barrier to reconciling observations. Here, we identify key challenges regarding the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae genetic diversity across three levels: species, populations, and communities. We summarize areas of agreement and highlight techniques and approaches that are broadly accepted. In areas where debate remains, we identify unresolved issues and discuss technologies and approaches that can help to fill knowledge gaps related to genetic and phenotypic diversity. We also discuss ways to stimulate progress, in particular by fostering a more inclusive and collaborative research community. We hope that this perspective will inspire and accelerate coral reef science by serving as a resource to those designing experiments, publishing research, and applying for funding related to Symbiodiniaceae and their symbiotic partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Gamache
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew C. Baker
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anastazia T. Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - Line Kolind Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Bellantuono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danielle C. Claar
- Nearshore Habitat Program, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, USA
| | | | - Ross Cunning
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Javier del Campo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jörg C. Frommlet
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lauren E. Fuess
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Raúl A. González-Pech
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Tamar L. Goulet
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Hoadley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama—Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Emily J. Howells
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Dustin W. Kemp
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama—Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, United States
| | - Carly D. Kenkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sheila A. Kitchen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Todd C. LaJeunesse
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Shelby E. McIlroy
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ryan McMinds
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Raquel S. Peixoto
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos Prada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hollie M. Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | | | - Hannah G. Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Stephanie M. Rosales
- The Cooperative Institute For Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Osama S. Saad
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Red Sea University, Port-Sudan, Sudan
| | - Eugenia M. Sampayo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott R. Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Edward G. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Stat
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy G. Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Marie E. Strader
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - David J. Suggett
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Swain
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, United States
| | - Cawa Tran
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nikki Traylor-Knowles
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Mark E. Warner
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Rachel M. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tingting Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen (Germany), Giessen, Germany
| | | | - John Everett Parkinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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6
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Nitschke MR, Rosset SL, Oakley CA, Gardner SG, Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Davy SK. The diversity and ecology of Symbiodiniaceae: A traits-based review. Adv Mar Biol 2022; 92:55-127. [PMID: 36208879 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the most successful microeukaryotes to form mutualisms with animals are dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These photosynthetic symbioses drive significant primary production and are responsible for the formation of coral reef ecosystems but are particularly sensitive when environmental conditions become extreme. Annual episodes of widespread coral bleaching (disassociation of the mutualistic partnership) and mortality are forecasted from the year 2060 under current trends of ocean warming. However, host cnidarians and dinoflagellate symbionts display exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and meaningful predictions of the future that embrace this biological complexity are difficult to make. A recent move to trait-based biology (and an understanding of how traits are shaped by the environment) has been adopted to move past this problem. The aim of this review is to: (1) provide an overview of the major cnidarian lineages that are symbiotic with Symbiodiniaceae; (2) summarise the symbiodiniacean genera associated with cnidarians with reference to recent changes in taxonomy and systematics; (3) examine the knowledge gaps in Symbiodiniaceae life history from a trait-based perspective; (4) review Symbiodiniaceae trait variation along three abiotic gradients (light, nutrients, and temperature); and (5) provide recommendations for future research of Symbiodiniaceae traits. We anticipate that a detailed understanding of traits will further reveal basic knowledge of the evolution and functional diversity of these mutualisms, as well as enhance future efforts to model stability and change in ecosystems dependent on cnidarian-dinoflagellate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sabrina L Rosset
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Center for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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7
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Camp EF, Nitschke MR, Clases D, Gonzalez de Vega R, Reich HG, Goyen S, Suggett DJ. Micronutrient content drives elementome variability amongst the Symbiodiniaceae. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:184. [PMID: 35395710 PMCID: PMC8994382 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elements are the basis of life on Earth, whereby organisms are essentially evolved chemical substances that dynamically interact with each other and their environment. Determining species elemental quotas (their elementome) is a key indicator for their success across environments with different resource availabilities. Elementomes remain undescribed for functionally diverse dinoflagellates within the family Symbiodiniaceae that includes coral endosymbionts. We used dry combustion and ICP-MS to assess whether Symbiodiniaceae (ten isolates spanning five genera Breviolum, Cladocopium, Durusdinium, Effrenium, Symbiodinium) maintained under long-term nutrient replete conditions have unique elementomes (six key macronutrients and nine micronutrients) that would reflect evolutionarily conserved preferential elemental acquisition. For three isolates we assessed how elevated temperature impacted their elementomes. Further, we tested whether Symbiodiniaceae conform to common stoichiometric hypotheses (e.g., the growth rate hypothesis) documented in other marine algae. This study considers whether Symbiodiniaceae isolates possess unique elementomes reflective of their natural ecologies, evolutionary histories, and resistance to environmental change. RESULTS Symbiodiniaceae isolates maintained under long-term luxury uptake conditions, all exhibited highly divergent elementomes from one another, driven primarily by differential content of micronutrients. All N:P and C:P ratios were below the Redfield ratio values, whereas C:N was close to the Redfield value. Elevated temperature resulted in a more homogenised elementome across isolates. The Family-level elementome was (C19.8N2.6 P1.0S18.8K0.7Ca0.1) · 1000 (Fe55.7Mn5.6Sr2.3Zn0.8Ni0.5Se0.3Cu0.2Mo0.1V0.04) mmol Phosphorous-1 versus (C25.4N3.1P1.0S23.1K0.9Ca0.4) · 1000 (Fe66.7Mn6.3Sr7.2Zn0.8Ni0.4Se0.2Cu0.2Mo0.2V0.05) mmol Phosphorous -1 at 27.4 ± 0.4 °C and 30.7 ± 0.01 °C, respectively. Symbiodiniaceae isolates tested here conformed to some, but not all, stoichiometric principles. CONCLUSIONS Elementomes for Symbiodiniaceae diverge from those reported for other marine algae, primarily via lower C:N:P and different micronutrient expressions. Long-term maintenance of Symbiodiniaceae isolates in culture under common nutrient replete conditions suggests isolates have evolutionary conserved preferential uptake for certain elements that allows these unique elementomes to be identified. Micronutrient content (normalised to phosphorous) commonly increased in the Symbiodiniaceae isolates in response to elevated temperature, potentially indicating a common elemental signature to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - David Clases
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Hannah G Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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8
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LaJeunesse TC, Wiedenmann J, Casado-Amezúa P, D’Ambra I, Turnham KE, Nitschke MR, Oakley CA, Goffredo S, Spano CA, Cubillos VM, Davy SK, Suggett DJ. Revival of Philozoon Geddes for host-specialized dinoflagellates, ‘zooxanthellae’, in animals from coastal temperate zones of northern and southern hemispheres. European Journal of Phycology 2022. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1080/09670262.2021.1914863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd C. LaJeunesse
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joerg Wiedenmann
- Coral Reef Laboratory, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pilar Casado-Amezúa
- Hombre y Territorio Association (HyT), Alameda Santa Eufemia 24. 41940, Tomares, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabella D’Ambra
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Kira E. Turnham
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stefano Goffredo
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, Fano, Italy
| | | | - Victor M. Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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9
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Maire J, Buerger P, Chan WY, Deore P, Dungan AM, Nitschke MR, van Oppen MJH. Effects of Ocean Warming on the Underexplored Members of the Coral Microbiome. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1700-1709. [PMID: 35259253 PMCID: PMC9801979 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The climate crisis is one of the most significant threats to marine ecosystems. It is leading to severe increases in sea surface temperatures and in the frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves. These changing conditions are directly impacting coral reef ecosystems, which are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. Coral-associated symbionts are particularly affected because summer heatwaves cause coral bleaching-the loss of endosymbiotic microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) from coral tissues, leading to coral starvation and death. Coral-associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria have been extensively studied in the context of climate change, especially in terms of community diversity and dynamics. However, data on other microorganisms and their response to climate change are scarce. Here, we review current knowledge on how increasing temperatures affect understudied coral-associated microorganisms such as archaea, fungi, viruses, and protists other than Symbiodiniaceae, as well as microbe-microbe interactions. We show that the coral-microbe symbiosis equilibrium is at risk under current and predicted future climate change and argue that coral reef conservation initiatives should include microbe-focused approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Buerger
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wing Yan Chan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Pranali Deore
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley M Dungan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C. LaJeunesse
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory Penn State University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade Wellington 6012 New Zealand
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11
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Baird AH, Guest JR, Edwards AJ, Bauman AG, Bouwmeester J, Mera H, Abrego D, Alvarez-Noriega M, Babcock RC, Barbosa MB, Bonito V, Burt J, Cabaitan PC, Chang CF, Chavanich S, Chen CA, Chen CJ, Chen WJ, Chung FC, Connolly SR, Cumbo VR, Dornelas M, Doropoulos C, Eyal G, Eyal-Shaham L, Fadli N, Figueiredo J, Flot JF, Gan SH, Gomez E, Graham EM, Grinblat M, Gutiérrez-Isaza N, Harii S, Harrison PL, Hatta M, Ho NAJ, Hoarau G, Hoogenboom M, Howells EJ, Iguchi A, Isomura N, Jamodiong EA, Jandang S, Keyse J, Kitanobo S, Kongjandtre N, Kuo CY, Ligson C, Lin CH, Low J, Loya Y, Maboloc EA, Madin JS, Mezaki T, Min C, Morita M, Moya A, Neo SH, Nitschke MR, Nojima S, Nozawa Y, Piromvaragorn S, Plathong S, Puill-Stephan E, Quigley K, Ramirez-Portilla C, Ricardo G, Sakai K, Sampayo E, Shlesinger T, Sikim L, Simpson C, Sims CA, Sinniger F, Spiji DA, Tabalanza T, Tan CH, Terraneo TI, Torda G, True J, Tun K, Vicentuan K, Viyakarn V, Waheed Z, Ward S, Willis B, Woods RM, Woolsey ES, Yamamoto HH, Yusuf S. An Indo-Pacific coral spawning database. Sci Data 2021; 8:35. [PMID: 33514754 PMCID: PMC7846567 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of multi-species synchronous spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef in the 1980s stimulated an extraordinary effort to document spawning times in other parts of the globe. Unfortunately, most of these data remain unpublished which limits our understanding of regional and global reproductive patterns. The Coral Spawning Database (CSD) collates much of these disparate data into a single place. The CSD includes 6178 observations (3085 of which were unpublished) of the time or day of spawning for over 300 scleractinian species in 61 genera from 101 sites in the Indo-Pacific. The goal of the CSD is to provide open access to coral spawning data to accelerate our understanding of coral reproductive biology and to provide a baseline against which to evaluate any future changes in reproductive phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Baird
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - James R. Guest
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. Edwards
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Bauman
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessica Bouwmeester
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Hawai’i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 USA
| | - Hanaka Mera
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - David Abrego
- grid.1031.30000000121532610National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450 Australia
| | - Mariana Alvarez-Noriega
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Russel C. Babcock
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Miguel B. Barbosa
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, KY16 9TH United Kingdom
| | - Victor Bonito
- Reef Explorer Fiji, Coral Coast Conservation Center, Votua Village, Korolevu, Nadroga Fiji
| | - John Burt
- grid.440573.1Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Patrick C. Cabaitan
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- grid.260664.00000 0001 0313 3026Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Rd, Keelung, 20224 Taiwan
| | - Suchana Chavanich
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chaolun A. Chen
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Jhen Chen
- grid.260664.00000 0001 0313 3026Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Rd, Keelung, 20224 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- grid.260664.00000 0001 0313 3026Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Beining Rd, Keelung, 20224 Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chen Chung
- Reef Guardian Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Tyng, Mile 6, North Road, Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - Sean R. Connolly
- grid.438006.90000 0001 2296 9689Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Vivian R. Cumbo
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Maria Dornelas
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Doropoulos
- grid.1016.60000 0001 2173 2719Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Gal Eyal
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lee Eyal-Shaham
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Nur Fadli
- grid.440768.90000 0004 1759 6066Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh Indonesia
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- grid.261241.20000 0001 2168 8324Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 N Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, Florida 33004 USA
| | - Jean-François Flot
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1050 Belgium
| | - Sze-Hoon Gan
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth Gomez
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Erin M. Graham
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797eResearch Centre, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Mila Grinblat
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Molecular & Cell biology, College of Public Health, Medical & Vet Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Nataly Gutiérrez-Isaza
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Saki Harii
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Peter L. Harrison
- grid.1031.30000000121532610Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480 Australia
| | - Masayuki Hatta
- grid.412314.10000 0001 2192 178XDepartment of Biology, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610 Japan
| | - Nina Ann Jin Ho
- grid.503008.eChina-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang Selangor, Darul Ehsan, 43900 Malaysia
| | - Gaetan Hoarau
- 12 Rue Caumont, Saint-Pierre Reunion Island, 97410 France
| | - Mia Hoogenboom
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Emily J. Howells
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XCentre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Akira Iguchi
- grid.466781.a0000 0001 2222 3430Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567 Japan
| | - Naoko Isomura
- grid.471922.b0000 0004 4672 6261Department of Bioresources Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa, 905-2192 Japan
| | - Emmeline A. Jamodiong
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 902-0213 Japan
| | - Suppakarn Jandang
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Jude Keyse
- Glenala State High School, Durack, Queensland 4077 Australia
| | - Seiya Kitanobo
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Narinratana Kongjandtre
- grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XAquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, 169 LongHaad Bangsaen Rd, Saensook, Mueang Chonburi 20131 Thailand
| | - Chao-Yang Kuo
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Charlon Ligson
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Che-Hung Lin
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey Low
- Coastal and Marine Branch, National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yossi Loya
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Israel
| | - Elizaldy A. Maboloc
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua S. Madin
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Hawai’i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 USA
| | - Takuma Mezaki
- Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, 560 Nishidomari, Otsuki Town, Hata Kochi, 788-0333 Japan
| | - Choo Min
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Reef Ecology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masaya Morita
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Aurelie Moya
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Su-Hwei Neo
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- grid.267827.e0000 0001 2292 3111School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 2820 New Zealand
| | | | - Yoko Nozawa
- grid.506939.0Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | | | - Sakanan Plathong
- grid.7130.50000 0004 0470 1162Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | | | - Kate Quigley
- grid.1046.30000 0001 0328 1619Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810 Australia
| | - Catalina Ramirez-Portilla
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1050 Belgium
| | - Gerard Ricardo
- grid.1046.30000 0001 0328 1619Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810 Australia
| | - Kazuhiko Sakai
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Eugenia Sampayo
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Tom Shlesinger
- grid.255966.b0000 0001 2229 7296Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6988 USA
| | - Leony Sikim
- Reef Guardian Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Tyng, Mile 6, North Road, Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - Chris Simpson
- 25 Mettam Street, Trigg, Western Australia 6029 Australia
| | - Carrie A. Sims
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Frederic Sinniger
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0227 Japan
| | - Davies A. Spiji
- Reef Guardian Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Tyng, Mile 6, North Road, Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - Tracy Tabalanza
- grid.11159.3d0000 0000 9650 2179Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila, 1101 Philippines
| | - Chung-Hong Tan
- grid.412255.50000 0000 9284 9319Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030 Malaysia
| | - Tullia I. Terraneo
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gergely Torda
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - James True
- grid.419784.70000 0001 0816 7508Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Rd, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Karenne Tun
- Coastal and Marine Branch, National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kareen Vicentuan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Voranop Viyakarn
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Reef Biology Research Group, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Zarinah Waheed
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Endangered Marine Species Research Unit, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400 Malaysia
| | - Selina Ward
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Bette Willis
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Rachael M. Woods
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | | | - Hiromi H. Yamamoto
- grid.505718.eOkinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa, 905-0206 Japan
| | - Syafyudin Yusuf
- grid.412001.60000 0000 8544 230XFaculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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12
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Fujise L, Suggett DJ, Stat M, Kahlke T, Bunce M, Gardner SG, Goyen S, Woodcock S, Ralph PJ, Seymour JR, Siboni N, Nitschke MR. Unlocking the phylogenetic diversity, primary habitats, and abundances of free-living Symbiodiniaceae on a coral reef. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:343-360. [PMID: 33141992 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae form mutualistic symbioses with marine invertebrates such as reef-building corals, but also inhabit reef environments as free-living cells. Most coral species acquire Symbiodiniaceae horizontally from the surrounding environment during the larval and/or recruitment phase, however the phylogenetic diversity and ecology of free-living Symbiodiniaceae on coral reefs is largely unknown. We coupled environmental DNA sequencing and genus-specific qPCR to resolve the community structure and cell abundances of free-living Symbiodiniaceae in the water column, sediment, and macroalgae and compared these to coral symbionts. Sampling was conducted at two time points, one of which coincided with the annual coral spawning event when recombination between hosts and free-living Symbiodiniaceae is assumed to be critical. Amplicons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region were assigned to 12 of the 15 Symbiodiniaceae genera or genera-equivalent lineages. Community compositions were separated by habitat, with water samples containing a high proportion of sequences corresponding to coral symbionts of the genus Cladocopium, potentially as a result of cell expulsion from in hospite populations. Sediment-associated Symbiodiniaceae communities were distinct, potentially due to the presence of exclusively free-living species. Intriguingly, macroalgal surfaces displayed the highest cell abundances of Symbiodiniaceae, suggesting a key role for macroalgae in ensuring the ecological success of corals through maintenance of a continuum between environmental and symbiotic populations of Symbiodiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fujise
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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13
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Nitschke MR, Craveiro SC, Brandão C, Fidalgo C, Serôdio J, Calado AJ, Frommlet JC. Description of Freudenthalidium gen. nov. and Halluxium gen. nov. to Formally Recognize Clades Fr3 and H as Genera in the Family Symbiodiniaceae (Dinophyceae). J Phycol 2020; 56:923-940. [PMID: 32267533 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Symbiodiniaceae are a family of marine dinoflagellates known mostly for their endosymbiotic interactions with invertebrates and protists, but facultatively and exclusively free-living life histories in this family are also evident. A recent systematic revision of the Symbiodiniaceae replaced the clade-based nomenclature of seven divergent lineages of "Symbiodinium" sensu lato with one based on formally described genera. The revised taxonomy was not extended to the whole group because type species to describe a new genus for each of the remaining clades and subclades were lacking. In an effort to characterize benthic habitats of symbiodiniaceans in sediments at Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia), we isolated >100 monoclonal Symbiodiniaceae cultures. Four of these belonged to Symbiodiniaceae 'subclade' Fr3, and three to Clade H, based on nucleotide sequence similarity (ITS2, LSU, cp23S, and mtCOB), representing the first cultures of these taxa. Based on these isolates, we propose two new genera: Freudenthalidium gen. nov. and Halluxium gen. nov., circumscribing Clades Fr3 and H, respectively. Three new species are described: Freudenthalidium heronense, F. endolithicum, and Halluxium pauxillum. Kofoidian tabulations of motile cells confirm previous observations that amphiesmal vesicle arrangements are generally conserved across the family. These descriptions are an important step toward completing the systematic revision of the Symbiodiniaceae. That this contribution was enabled by isolates from an endopsammic habitat highlights the potential of discovering new symbiodiniacean species in the environment, the study of which will lead to a deeper understanding of free-living versus symbiotic life histories in this ecologically important family of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Sandra C Craveiro
- Department of Biology and GeoBioTec Research Unit, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Brandão
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Fidalgo
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António J Calado
- Department of Biology and GeoBioTec Research Unit, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Nitschke MR, Fidalgo C, Simões J, Brandão C, Alves A, Serôdio J, Frommlet JC. Symbiolite formation: a powerful in vitro model to untangle the role of bacterial communities in the photosynthesis-induced formation of microbialites. ISME J 2020; 14:1533-1546. [PMID: 32203119 PMCID: PMC7242451 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbially induced calcification is an ancient, community-driven mineralisation process that produces different types of microbialites. Symbiolites are photosynthesis-induced microbialites, formed by calcifying co-cultures of dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria. Symbiolites encase the calcifying community as endolithic cells, pointing at an autoendolithic niche of symbiotic dinoflagellates, and provide a rare opportunity to study the role of bacteria in bacterial-algal calcification, as symbiodiniacean cultures display either distinct symbiolite-producing (SP) or non-symbiolite-producing (NP) phenotypes. Using Illumina sequencing, we found that the bacterial communities of SP and NP cultures differed significantly in the relative abundance of 23 genera, 14 families, and 2 phyla. SP cultures were rich in biofilm digesters from the phylum Planctomycetes and their predicted metagenomes were enriched in orthologs related to biofilm formation. In contrast, NP cultures were dominated by biofilm digesters from the Bacteroidetes, and were inferred as enriched in proteases and nucleases. Functional assays confirmed the potential of co-cultures and bacterial isolates to produce biofilms and point at acidic polysaccharides as key stimulators for mineral precipitation. Hence, bacteria appear to influence symbiolite formation primarily through their biofilm-producing and modifying activity and we anticipate that symbiolite formation, as a low-complexity in vitro model, will significantly advance our understanding of photosynthesis-induced microbial calcification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nitschke
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Cátia Fidalgo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Simões
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Brandão
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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Camp EF, Kahlke T, Nitschke MR, Varkey D, Fisher NL, Fujise L, Goyen S, Hughes DJ, Lawson CA, Ros M, Woodcock S, Xiao K, Leggat W, Suggett DJ. Revealing changes in the microbiome of Symbiodiniaceae under thermal stress. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1294-1309. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Nerissa L. Fisher
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Lisa Fujise
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - David J. Hughes
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Caitlin A. Lawson
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Mickael Ros
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Kun Xiao
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - William Leggat
- School of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW 2308 Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
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16
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Serôdio J, Schmidt W, Frommlet JC, Christa G, Nitschke MR. An LED-based multi-actinic illumination system for the high throughput study of photosynthetic light responses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5589. [PMID: 30202661 PMCID: PMC6128260 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The responses of photosynthetic organisms to light stress are of interest for both fundamental and applied research. Functional traits related to the photoinhibition, the light-induced loss of photosynthetic efficiency, are particularly interesting as this process is a key limiting factor of photosynthetic productivity in algae and plants. The quantitative characterization of light responses is often time-consuming and calls for cost-effective high throughput approaches that enable the fast screening of multiple samples. Here we present a novel illumination system based on the concept of ‘multi-actinic imaging’ of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. The system is based on the combination of an array of individually addressable low power RGBW LEDs and custom-designed well plates, allowing for the independent illumination of 64 samples through the digital manipulation of both exposure duration and light intensity. The illumination system is inexpensive and easily fabricated, based on open source electronics, off-the-shelf components, and 3D-printed parts, and is optimized for imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. The high-throughput potential of the system is illustrated by assessing the functional diversity in light responses of marine macroalgal species, through the fast and simultaneous determination of kinetic parameters characterizing the response to light stress of multiple samples. Although the presented illumination system was primarily designed for the measurement of phenotypic traits related to photosynthetic activity and photoinhibition, it can be potentially used for a number of alternative applications, including the measurement of chloroplast phototaxis and action spectra, or as the basis for microphotobioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - William Schmidt
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gregor Christa
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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17
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Fujise L, Nitschke MR, Frommlet JC, Serôdio J, Woodcock S, Ralph PJ, Suggett DJ. Cell Cycle Dynamics of Cultured Coral Endosymbiotic Microalgae (
Symbiodinium
) Across Different Types (Species) Under Alternate Light and Temperature Conditions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:505-517. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fujise
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Jörg C. Frommlet
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Peter J. Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
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18
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Gardner SG, Raina JB, Nitschke MR, Nielsen DA, Stat M, Motti CA, Ralph PJ, Petrou K. A multi-trait systems approach reveals a response cascade to bleaching in corals. BMC Biol 2017; 15:117. [PMID: 29216891 PMCID: PMC5719617 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change causes the breakdown of the symbiotic relationships between reef-building corals and their photosynthetic symbionts (genus Symbiodinium), with thermal anomalies in 2015-2016 triggering the most widespread mass coral bleaching on record and unprecedented mortality on the Great Barrier Reef. Targeted studies using specific coral stress indicators have highlighted the complexity of the physiological processes occurring during thermal stress, but have been unable to provide a clear mechanistic understanding of coral bleaching. RESULTS Here, we present an extensive multi-trait-based study in which we compare the thermal stress responses of two phylogenetically distinct and widely distributed coral species, Acropora millepora and Stylophora pistillata, integrating 14 individual stress indicators over time across a simulated thermal anomaly. We found that key stress responses were conserved across both taxa, with the loss of symbionts and the activation of antioxidant mechanisms occurring well before collapse of the physiological parameters, including gross oxygen production and chlorophyll a. Our study also revealed species-specific traits, including differences in the timing of antioxidant regulation, as well as drastic differences in the production of the sulfur compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate during bleaching. Indeed, the concentration of this antioxidant increased two-fold in A. millepora after the corals started to bleach, while it decreased 70% in S. pistillata. CONCLUSIONS We identify a well-defined cascading response to thermal stress, demarking clear pathophysiological reactions conserved across the two species, which might be central to fully understanding the mechanisms triggering thermally induced coral bleaching. These results highlight that bleaching is a conserved mechanism, but specific adaptations linked to the coral's antioxidant capacity drive differences in the sensitivity and thus tolerance of each coral species to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Gardner
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Nielsen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherina Petrou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
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19
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Klein SG, Pitt KA, Nitschke MR, Goyen S, Welsh DT, Suggett DJ, Carroll AR. Symbiodinium mitigate the combined effects of hypoxia and acidification on a noncalcifying cnidarian. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3690-3703. [PMID: 28390081 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nutrient inputs enhance microbial respiration within many coastal ecosystems, driving concurrent hypoxia and acidification. During photosynthesis, Symbiodinium spp., the microalgal endosymbionts of cnidarians and other marine phyla, produce O2 and assimilate CO2 and thus potentially mitigate the exposure of the host to these stresses. However, such a role for Symbiodinium remains untested for noncalcifying cnidarians. We therefore contrasted the fitness of symbiotic and aposymbiotic polyps of a model host jellyfish (Cassiopea sp.) under reduced O2 (~2.09 mg/L) and pH (~ 7.63) scenarios in a full-factorial experiment. Host fitness was characterized as asexual reproduction and their ability to regulate internal pH and Symbiodinium performance characterized by maximum photochemical efficiency, chla content and cell density. Acidification alone resulted in 58% more asexual reproduction of symbiotic polyps than aposymbiotic polyps (and enhanced Symbiodinium cell density) suggesting Cassiopea sp. fitness was enhanced by CO2 -stimulated Symbiodinium photosynthetic activity. Indeed, greater CO2 drawdown (elevated pH) was observed within host tissues of symbiotic polyps under acidification regardless of O2 conditions. Hypoxia alone produced 22% fewer polyps than ambient conditions regardless of acidification and symbiont status, suggesting Symbiodinium photosynthetic activity did not mitigate its effects. Combined hypoxia and acidification, however, produced similar numbers of symbiotic polyps compared with aposymbiotic kept under ambient conditions, demonstrating that the presence of Symbiodinium was key for mitigating the combined effects of hypoxia and acidification on asexual reproduction. We hypothesize that this mitigation occurred because of reduced photorespiration under elevated CO2 conditions where increased net O2 production ameliorates oxygen debt. We show that Symbiodinium play an important role in facilitating enhanced fitness of Cassiopea sp. polyps, and perhaps also other noncalcifying cnidarian hosts, to the ubiquitous effects of ocean acidification. Importantly we highlight that symbiotic, noncalcifying cnidarians may be particularly advantaged in productive coastal waters that are subject to simultaneous hypoxia and acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Klein
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David T Welsh
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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20
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Camp EF, Nitschke MR, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Houlbreque F, Gardner SG, Smith DJ, Zampighi M, Suggett DJ. Reef-building corals thrive within hot-acidified and deoxygenated waters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2434. [PMID: 28550297 PMCID: PMC5446402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are deteriorating under climate change as oceans continue to warm and acidify and thermal anomalies grow in frequency and intensity. In vitro experiments are widely used to forecast reef-building coral health into the future, but often fail to account for the complex ecological and biogeochemical interactions that govern reefs. Consequently, observations from coral communities under naturally occurring extremes have become central for improved predictions of future reef form and function. Here, we present a semi-enclosed lagoon system in New Caledonia characterised by diel fluctuations of hot-deoxygenated water coupled with tidally driven persistently low pH, relative to neighbouring reefs. Coral communities within the lagoon system exhibited high richness (number of species = 20) and cover (24-35% across lagoon sites). Calcification rates for key species (Acropora formosa, Acropora pulchra, Coelastrea aspera and Porites lutea) for populations from the lagoon were equivalent to, or reduced by ca. 30-40% compared to those from the reef. Enhanced coral respiration, alongside high particulate organic content of the lagoon sediment, suggests acclimatisation to this trio of temperature, oxygen and pH changes through heterotrophic plasticity. This semi-enclosed lagoon therefore provides a novel system to understand coral acclimatisation to complex climatic scenarios and may serve as a reservoir of coral populations already resistant to extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Fanny Houlbreque
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Marco Zampighi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD de Nouméa, ENTROPIE (UMR250), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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21
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Levin RA, Suggett DJ, Nitschke MR, van Oppen MJH, Steinberg PD. Expanding the Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae, Suessiales) Toolkit Through Protoplast Technology. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:588-597. [PMID: 28120360 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates within the genus Symbiodinium are photosymbionts of many tropical reef invertebrates, including corals, making them central to the health of coral reefs. Symbiodinium have therefore gained significant research attention, though studies have been constrained by technical limitations. In particular, the generation of viable cells with their cell walls removed (termed protoplasts) has enabled a wide range of experimental techniques for bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae such as ultrastructure studies, virus infection studies, patch clamping, genetic transformation, and protoplast fusion. However, previous studies have struggled to remove the cell walls from armored dinoflagellates, potentially due to the internal placement of their cell walls. Here, we produce the first Symbiodinium protoplasts from three genetically and physiologically distinct strains via incubation with cellulase and osmotic agents. Digestion of the cell walls was verified by a lack of Calcofluor White fluorescence signal and by cell swelling in hypotonic culture medium. Fused protoplasts were also observed, motivating future investigation into intra- and inter-specific somatic hybridization of Symbiodinium. Following digestion and transfer to regeneration medium, protoplasts remained photosynthetically active, regrew cell walls, regained motility, and entered exponential growth. Generation of Symbiodinium protoplasts opens exciting, new avenues for researching these crucial symbiotic dinoflagellates, including genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Levin
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville MC, Qld, 4810, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
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