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Fujise L, Suggett DJ, Stat M, Kahlke T, Bunce M, Gardner SG, Goyen S, Woodcock S, Ralph PJ, Seymour JR, Siboni N, Nitschke MR. Unlocking the phylogenetic diversity, primary habitats, and abundances of free-living Symbiodiniaceae on a coral reef. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:343-360. [PMID: 33141992 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae form mutualistic symbioses with marine invertebrates such as reef-building corals, but also inhabit reef environments as free-living cells. Most coral species acquire Symbiodiniaceae horizontally from the surrounding environment during the larval and/or recruitment phase, however the phylogenetic diversity and ecology of free-living Symbiodiniaceae on coral reefs is largely unknown. We coupled environmental DNA sequencing and genus-specific qPCR to resolve the community structure and cell abundances of free-living Symbiodiniaceae in the water column, sediment, and macroalgae and compared these to coral symbionts. Sampling was conducted at two time points, one of which coincided with the annual coral spawning event when recombination between hosts and free-living Symbiodiniaceae is assumed to be critical. Amplicons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region were assigned to 12 of the 15 Symbiodiniaceae genera or genera-equivalent lineages. Community compositions were separated by habitat, with water samples containing a high proportion of sequences corresponding to coral symbionts of the genus Cladocopium, potentially as a result of cell expulsion from in hospite populations. Sediment-associated Symbiodiniaceae communities were distinct, potentially due to the presence of exclusively free-living species. Intriguingly, macroalgal surfaces displayed the highest cell abundances of Symbiodiniaceae, suggesting a key role for macroalgae in ensuring the ecological success of corals through maintenance of a continuum between environmental and symbiotic populations of Symbiodiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fujise
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie G Gardner
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Camp EF, Kahlke T, Nitschke MR, Varkey D, Fisher NL, Fujise L, Goyen S, Hughes DJ, Lawson CA, Ros M, Woodcock S, Xiao K, Leggat W, Suggett DJ. Revealing changes in the microbiome of Symbiodiniaceae under thermal stress. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1294-1309. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Nerissa L. Fisher
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Lisa Fujise
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Samantha Goyen
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - David J. Hughes
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Caitlin A. Lawson
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Mickael Ros
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Kun Xiao
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
| | - William Leggat
- School of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW 2308 Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW 2007 Australia
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Fujise L, Nitschke MR, Frommlet JC, Serôdio J, Woodcock S, Ralph PJ, Suggett DJ. Cell Cycle Dynamics of Cultured Coral Endosymbiotic Microalgae (
Symbiodinium
) Across Different Types (Species) Under Alternate Light and Temperature Conditions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:505-517. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fujise
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Matthew R. Nitschke
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Jörg C. Frommlet
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Peter J. Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales 2007 Australia
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Fujise L, Yamashita H, Suzuki G, Sasaki K, Liao LM, Koike K. Moderate Thermal Stress Causes Active and Immediate Expulsion of Photosynthetically Damaged Zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium) from Corals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114321. [PMID: 25493938 PMCID: PMC4262390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The foundation of coral reef biology is the symbiosis between corals and zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium). Recently, coral bleaching, which often results in mass mortality of corals and the collapse of coral reef ecosystems, has become an important issue around the world as coral reefs decrease in number year after year. To understand the mechanisms underlying coral bleaching, we maintained two species of scleractinian corals (Acroporidae) in aquaria under non-thermal stress (27°C) and moderate thermal stress conditions (30°C), and we compared the numbers and conditions of the expelled Symbiodinium from these corals. Under non-thermal stress conditions corals actively expel a degraded form of Symbiodinium, which are thought to be digested by their host coral. This response was also observed at 30°C. However, while the expulsion rates of Symbiodinium cells remained constant, the proportion of degraded cells significantly increased at 30°C. This result indicates that corals more actively digest and expel damaged Symbiodinium under thermal stress conditions, likely as a mechanism for coping with environmental change. However, the increase in digested Symbiodinium expulsion under thermal stress may not fully keep up with accumulation of the damaged cells. There are more photosynthetically damaged Symbiodinium upon prolonged exposure to thermal stress, and corals release them without digestion to prevent their accumulation. This response may be an adaptive strategy to moderate stress to ensure survival, but the accumulation of damaged Symbiodinium, which causes subsequent coral deterioration, may occur when the response cannot cope with the magnitude or duration of environmental stress, and this might be a possible mechanism underlying coral bleaching during prolonged moderate thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fujise
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Sasaki
- Western Region Industrial Research Center, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Lawrence M. Liao
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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