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Alder-Rangel A, Bailão AM, Herrera-Estrella A, Rangel AEA, Gácser A, Gasch AP, Campos CBL, Peters C, Camelim F, Verde F, Gadd GM, Braus G, Eisermann I, Quinn J, Latgé JP, Aguirre J, Bennett JW, Heitman J, Nosanchuk JD, Partida-Martínez LP, Bassilana M, Acheampong MA, Riquelme M, Feldbrügge M, Keller NP, Keyhani NO, Gunde-Cimerman N, Nascimento R, Arkowitz RA, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Naz SA, Avery SV, Basso TO, Terpitz U, Lin X, Rangel DEN. The IV International Symposium on Fungal Stress and the XIII International Fungal Biology Conference. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1157-1179. [PMID: 37495306 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the International Symposium on Fungal Stress was joined by the XIII International Fungal Biology Conference. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS), always held in Brazil, is now in its fourth edition, as an event of recognized quality in the international community of mycological research. The event held in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, in September 2022, featured 33 renowned speakers from 12 countries, including: Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, México, Pakistan, Spain, Slovenia, USA, and UK. In addition to the scientific contribution of the event in bringing together national and international researchers and their work in a strategic area, it helps maintain and strengthen international cooperation for scientific development in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada-Langebio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Attila Gácser
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Audrey P Gasch
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Claudia B L Campos
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Christina Peters
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Office Latin America, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Camelim
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), DWIH, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fulvia Verde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerhard Braus
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, UK
| | - Janet Quinn
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology FORTH and School of Medicine, University of Crete Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jesus Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Martine Bassilana
- Institute of Biology Valrose, University Côte D'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Nice, France
| | | | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Raquel Nascimento
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Office Latin America, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert A Arkowitz
- Institute of Biology Valrose, University Côte D'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Nice, France
| | - Rosa Reyna Mouriño-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Sehar Afshan Naz
- Lab of Applied Microbiology and Clinical Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Simon V Avery
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
| | - Thiago Olitta Basso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Vrabl P, Zottele M, Colleselli L, Schinagl CW, Mayerhofer L, Siewert B, Strasser H. Light in the box-photobiological examination chamber with light trap ventilation system for studying fungal surface cultures illustrated with Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria brongniartii. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 37248509 PMCID: PMC10228068 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their versatile way of life as saprophytes, endophytes, and entomopathogens, fungi of the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria are exposed to varying illumination conditions in their natural habitats, which makes a thorough adaptation to light very likely. While the few available studies for these genera support this assumption, research in this field is still in its infancy and the data material restricted to only a few fungal species. Thus, the aim of this work was to explore how light influences growth, conidial production and secondary metabolite formation of two industrial relevant strains of M. brunneum (MA 43, formerly M. anisopliae var. anisopliae BIPESCO 5/F52) and B. brongniartii (BIPESCO 2). To achieve this, we constructed an easily adjustable illumination device for highly standardized photophysiological studies of fungi on Petri dishes, the so-called LIGHT BOX. With the aid of this device, M. brunneum and B. brongniartii were grown on S4G or S2G agar at 25 °C for 14 days either in complete darkness or under constant illumination with red light (λpeak = 635 nm), green light (λpeak = 519 nm) or blue light (λpeak = 452 nm). In addition, for each wavelength the effect of different illumination intensities was tested, i.e., intensities of red light ranging from 22.1 ± 0.1 to 136.5 ± 0.3 µW cm-2, green light from 16.5 ± 0.1 to 96.2 ± 0.1 µW cm-2, and blue light from 56.1 ± 0.2 to 188.9 ± 0.6 µW cm-2. Both fungi strongly responded in terms of growth, conidial production, pigmentation and morphology to changes in the wavelength and irradiation intensity. The wavelength-dependent production of the well-known secondary metabolite oosporein which is secreted by the genus Beauveria in particular, was also increased under green and blue light exposure. The established LIGHT BOX system allows not only to optimize conidial production yields with these biotechnologically relevant fungi, but also allows the photobiological exploration of other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Maria Zottele
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucia Colleselli
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Walter Schinagl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Mayerhofer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Strasser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Bayram ÖS, Bayram Ö. An Anatomy of Fungal Eye: Fungal Photoreceptors and Signalling Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050591. [PMID: 37233302 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms have developed different features to capture or sense sunlight. Vertebrates have evolved specialized organs (eyes) which contain a variety of photosensor cells that help them to see the light to aid orientation. Opsins are major photoreceptors found in the vertebrate eye. Fungi, with more than five million estimated members, represent an important clade of living organisms which have important functions for the sustainability of life on our planet. Light signalling regulates a range of developmental and metabolic processes including asexual sporulation, sexual fruit body formation, pigment and carotenoid production and even production of secondary metabolites. Fungi have adopted three groups of photoreceptors: (I) blue light receptors, White Collars, vivid, cryptochromes, blue F proteins and DNA photolyases, (II) red light sensors, phytochromes and (III) green light sensors and microbial rhodopsins. Most mechanistic data were elucidated on the roles of the White Collar Complex (WCC) and the phytochromes in the fungal kingdom. The WCC acts as both photoreceptor and transcription factor by binding to target genes, whereas the phytochrome initiates a cascade of signalling by using mitogen-activated protein kinases to elicit its cellular responses. Although the mechanism of photoreception has been studied in great detail, fungal photoreception has not been compared with vertebrate vision. Therefore, this review will mainly focus on mechanistic findings derived from two model organisms, namely Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa and comparison of some mechanisms with vertebrate vision. Our focus will be on the way light signalling is translated into changes in gene expression, which influences morphogenesis and metabolism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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4
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Pérez-Lara G, Olivares-Yañez C, van Bakel H, Larrondo LF, Canessa P. Genome-Wide Characterization of Light-Regulated Gene Expression in Botrytis cinerea Reveals Underlying Complex Photobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8705. [PMID: 37240051 PMCID: PMC10218500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus characterized mainly by its wide host range of infected plants. The deletion of the white-collar-1 gene (bcwcl1), which encodes for a blue-light receptor/transcription factor, causes a decrease in virulence, particularly when assays are conducted in the presence of light or photocycles. However, despite ample characterization, the extent of the light-modulated transcriptional responses regulated by BcWCL1 remains unknown. In this study, pathogen and pathogen:host RNA-seq analyses, conducted during non-infective in vitro plate growth and when infecting Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, respectively, informed on the global gene expression patterns after a 60 min light pulse on the wild-type B05.10 or ∆bcwcl1 B. cinerea strains. The results revealed a complex fungal photobiology, where the mutant did not react to the light pulse during its interaction with the plant. Indeed, when infecting Arabidopsis, no photoreceptor-encoding genes were upregulated upon the light pulse in the ∆bcwcl1 mutant. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in B. cinerea under non-infecting conditions were predominantly related to decreased energy production in response to the light pulse. In contrast, DEGs during infection significantly differ in the B05.10 strain and the ∆bcwcl1 mutant. Upon illumination at 24 h post-infection in planta, a decrease in the B. cinerea virulence-associated transcripts was observed. Accordingly, after a light pulse, biological functions associated with plant defense appear enriched among light-repressed genes in fungus-infected plants. Taken together, our results show the main transcriptomic differences between wild-type B. cinerea B05.10 and ∆bcwcl1 after a 60 min light pulse when growing saprophytically on a Petri dish and necrotrophically over A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pérez-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
| | - Consuelo Olivares-Yañez
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Luis F. Larrondo
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
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5
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Xing P, Diao H, Wang D, Zhou W, Tian J, Ma R. Identification, Pathogenicity, and Culture Conditions of a New Isolate of Cordyceps javanica (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) From Soil. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:98-107. [PMID: 36534984 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study decribes a highly effective insecticidal isolate of Cordyceps javanica (Frieder. & Bally) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) named IJ-tg19, which was isolated from soil. Spray bioassays were performed with IJ-tg19 on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) adults, third-instar nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to determine the pathogenicity of the isolate. The corrected mortality rates for all three pests were 100% when the conidia concentration was 1 × 106 conidia/ml, the lowest concentration in this study, and the median survival times (MST) were 4, 4, and 3 d. The MST shortens with increasing conidia concentration. The effects of laboratory culture conditions on the sporulation and growth of the isolate were also studied. This isolate had the greatest conidia production and fastest growth rate on malt extract agar medium at 25°C. The amount of conidia produced had positive correlation to light duration, with the highest production at 24 hr light. The growth of mycelium can adapt to a moderately alkaline environment, but the optimum conidial production occurred at the pH of 7. Our finding and research will be useful in biocontrol programs that are considering using the new isolate of C. javanica against greenhouse pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixiang Xing
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Hongliang Diao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wenwen Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Life Sciences, Lvliang University, Lvliang, 033001, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Truckenbrodt
- Convergent Research, E11 Bio. 1600 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California94502, United States
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7
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Cerón-Bustamante M, Balducci E, Beccari G, Nicholson P, Covarelli L, Benincasa P. Effect of light spectra on cereal fungal pathogens, a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Ruger-Herreros M, Nordzieke S, Vega-Álvarez C, Avalos J, Limón MC. Relation between CarS expression and activation of carotenogenesis by stress in Fusarium fujikuroi. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1000129. [PMID: 36277400 PMCID: PMC9581392 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi, a model organism for secondary metabolism in fungi, produces carotenoids, terpenoid pigments with antioxidant activity. Previous results indicate that carotenoid synthesis in F. fujikuroi is stimulated by light or by different stress conditions and downregulated by a RING finger protein encoded by carS gene. Here, we have analyzed the effects of three stressors, nitrogen scarcity, heat shock, and oxidative stress. We compared them with the effect of light in the wild type, a carS mutant that overproduces carotenoids, and its complemented strain. The assayed stressors increase the synthesis of carotenoids in the three strains, but mRNA levels of structural genes of carotenogenesis, carRA and carB, are only enhanced in the presence of a functional carS gene. In the wild-type strain, the four conditions affect in different manners the mRNA levels of carS: greater in the presence of light, without significant changes in nitrogen starvation, and with patent decreases after heat shock or oxidative stress, suggesting different activation mechanisms. The spores of the carS mutant are more resistant to H2O2 than those of the wild type; however, the mutant shows a greater H2O2 sensitivity at the growth level, which may be due to the participation of CarS in the regulation of genes with catalase domains, formerly described. A possible mechanism of regulation by heat stress has been found in the alternative splicing of the intron of the carS gene, located close to its 3′ end, giving rise to the formation of a shorter protein. This action could explain the inducing effect of the heat shock, but not of the other inducing conditions, which may involve other mechanisms of action on the CarS regulator, either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally.
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Schmoll M, Hinterdobler W. Tools for adapting to a complex habitat: G-protein coupled receptors in Trichoderma. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:65-97. [PMID: 36357080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensing the environment and interpretation of the received signals are crucial competences of living organisms in order to properly adapt to their habitat, succeed in competition and to reproduce. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are members of a large family of sensors for extracellular signals and represent the starting point of complex signaling cascades regulating a plethora of intracellular physiological processes and output pathways in fungi. In Trichoderma spp. current research involves a wide range of topics from enzyme production, light response and secondary metabolism to sexual and asexual development as well as biocontrol, all of which require delicate balancing of resources in response to the environmental challenges or biotechnological needs at hand, which are crucially impacted by the surroundings of the fungi and their intercellular signaling cascades triggering a precisely tailored response. In this review we summarize recent findings on sensing by GPCRs in Trichoderma, including the function of pheromone receptors, glucose sensing by CSG1 and CSG2, regulation of secondary metabolism by GPR8 and impacts on mycoparasitism by GPR1. Additionally, we provide an overview on structural determinants, posttranslational modifications and interactions for regulation, activation and signal termination of GPCRs in order to inspire future in depth analyses of their function and to understand previous regulatory outcomes of natural and biotechnological processes modulated or enabled by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Recent advances in metabolic regulation and bioengineering of gibberellic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:131. [PMID: 35689127 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA3), as one of the representative secondary metabolites, is widely used in agriculture, horticulture and brewing industry. GA3 is detected in both plants and several fungi with the ability to stimulate plant growth. Currently, the main mode of industrial production of GA3 is depended on the microbial fermentation via long-period submerged fermentation using Fusarium fujikuroi as the only producing strain, qualified for its natural productivity. However, the demand of large-sale industrialization of GA3 was still restricted by the low productivity. The biosynthetic route of GA3 in F. fujikuroi is now well-defined. Furthermore, the multi-level regulation mechanisms involved in the whole network of GA3 production have also been gradually unveiled by the past two decades based on the identification and characterization of several global regulators and their mutual functions. Combined with the quick development of genetic manipulation techniques, the rational modification of producing strain F. fujikuroi development become practical for higher productivity achievement. Herein, we review the latest advances in the molecular regulation of GA3 biosynthesis in F. fujikuroi and conclude a comprehensive network involving nitrogen depression, global regulator, histone modification and G protein signaling pathway. Correspondingly, the bioengineering strategies covering conventional random mutation, genetic manipulating platform development, metabolic edition and fermentation optimization were also systematically proposed.
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11
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Pócsi I, Szigeti ZM, Emri T, Boczonádi I, Vereb G, Szöllősi J. Use of red, far-red, and near-infrared light in imaging of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3895-3912. [PMID: 35599256 PMCID: PMC9200671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract While phototoxicity can be a useful therapeutic modality not only for eliminating malignant cells but also in treating fungal infections, mycologists aiming to observe morphological changes or molecular events in fungi, especially when long observation periods or high light fluxes are warranted, encounter problems owed to altered regulatory pathways or even cell death caused by various photosensing mechanisms. Consequently, the ever expanding repertoire of visible fluorescent protein toolboxes and high-resolution microscopy methods designed to investigate fungi in vitro and in vivo need to comply with an additional requirement: to decrease the unwanted side effects of illumination. In addition to optimizing exposure, an obvious solution is red-shifted illumination, which, however, does not come without compromises. This review summarizes the interactions of fungi with light and the various molecular biology and technology approaches developed for exploring their functions on the molecular, cellular, and in vivo microscopic levels, and outlines the progress towards reducing phototoxicity through applying far-red and near-infrared light. Key points • Fungal biological processes alter upon illumination, also under the microscope • Red shifted fluorescent protein toolboxes decrease interference by illumination • Innovations like two-photon, lightsheet, and near IR microscopy reduce phototoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa M Szigeti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Boczonádi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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A Simple and Low-Cost Strategy to Improve Conidial Yield and Stress Resistance of Trichoderma guizhouense through Optimizing Illumination Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010050. [PMID: 35049990 PMCID: PMC8779183 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is perceived by photoreceptors in fungi and further integrated into the stress-activated MAPK HOG pathway, and thereby potentially activates the expression of genes for stress responses. This indicates that the precise control of light conditions can likely improve the conidial yield and stress resistance to guarantee the low cost and long shelf life of Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. In this study, effects of wavelengths and intensities of light on conidial yield and stress tolerance to osmotic, oxidative and pH stresses in Trichoderma guizhouense were investigated. We found that 2 μmol photons/(m2 × s) of blue light increased the conidial yield more than 1000 folds as compared to dark condition and simultaneously enhanced conidial stress resistance. The enhanced conidial stress resistance is probably due to the upregulated stress-related genes in blue light, which is under the control of the blue light receptor BLR1 and the MAP kinase HOG1.
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13
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Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Corrochano LM, Braga GÚL. Photobiology of the keystone genus Metarhizium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112374. [PMID: 34954528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium fungi are soil-inhabiting ascomycetes which are saprotrophs, symbionts of plants, pathogens of insects, and participate in other trophic/ecological interactions, thereby performing multiple essential ecosystem services. Metarhizium species are used to control insect pests of crop plants and insects that act as vectors of human and animal diseases. To fulfil their functions in the environment and as biocontrol agents, these fungi must endure cellular stresses imposed by the environment, one of the most potent of which is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we examine the cellular stress biology of Metarhizium species in context of their photobiology, showing how photobiology facilitates key aspects of their ecology as keystone microbes and as mycoinsectides. The biophysical basis of UV-induced damage to Metarhizium, and mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular responses to effect damage repair, are discussed and interpreted in relation to the solar radiation received on Earth. We analyse the interplay between UV and visible light and how the latter increases cellular tolerance to the former via expression of a photolyase gene. By integrating current knowledge, we propose the mechanism through which Metarhizium species use the visible fraction of (low-UV) early-morning light to mitigate potentially lethal damage from intense UV radiation later in the day. We also show how this mechanism could increase Metarhizium environmental persistence and improve its bioinsecticide performance. We discuss the finding that visible light modulates stress biology in the context of further work needed on Metarhizium ecology in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and as keystone microbes that provide essential services within Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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14
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Panzer S, Zhang C, Konte T, Bräuer C, Diemar A, Yogendran P, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Nagel G, Gao S, Terpitz U. Modified Rhodopsins From Aureobasidium pullulans Excel With Very High Proton-Transport Rates. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:750528. [PMID: 34790700 PMCID: PMC8591190 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.750528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is a black fungus that can adapt to various stressful conditions like hypersaline, acidic, and alkaline environments. The genome of A. pullulans exhibits three genes coding for putative opsins ApOps1, ApOps2, and ApOps3. We heterologously expressed these genes in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. Localization in the plasma membrane was greatly improved by introducing additional membrane trafficking signals at the N-terminus and the C-terminus. In patch-clamp and two-electrode-voltage clamp experiments, all three proteins showed proton pump activity with maximal activity in green light. Among them, ApOps2 exhibited the most pronounced proton pump activity with current amplitudes occasionally extending 10 pA/pF at 0 mV. Proton pump activity was further supported in the presence of extracellular weak organic acids. Furthermore, we used site-directed mutagenesis to reshape protein functions and thereby implemented light-gated proton channels. We discuss the difference to other well-known proton pumps and the potential of these rhodopsins for optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Panzer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tilen Konte
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Celine Bräuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Diemar
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Parathy Yogendran
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first discovered in the animal retina in 1876, but a different type of rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, was reported to be present in the cell membrane of an extreme halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum, 95 years later. Although these findings were made by physiological observation of pigmented tissue and cell bodies, recent progress in genomic and metagenomic analyses has revealed that there are more than 10,000 microbial rhodopsins and 9000 animal rhodopsins with large diversity and tremendous new functionality. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the diversity of functions, structures, color discrimination mechanisms and optogenetic applications of these two rhodopsin families, and will also highlight the third distinctive rhodopsin family, heliorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagata
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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16
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Brancini GTP, Bachmann L, Braga GÚL. Timing and duration of light exposure during conidia development determine tolerance to ultraviolet radiation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6402900. [PMID: 34665247 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium is an important genus of soil-inhabiting fungi that are used for the biological control of insects. The efficiency of biocontrol is dependent on the maintenance of inoculum viability under adverse field conditions such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Therefore, increasing the tolerance of Metarhizium to UV radiation is necessary. It was previously established that, in mycelium, exposure to visible light increases tolerance to UV radiation. Similarly, growth under visible light for 14 days induces the production of tolerant conidia. However, a study evaluating if and how visible light affects conidia and their relationship with UV radiation was never performed. Here, we report that a relatively short and timed exposure to light around the time of conidiation is sufficient to induce the production of conidia with increased photoreactivating capacity and UV tolerance in Metarhizium acridum. Conidia produced by this method retain their characteristic higher tolerance even after many days of being transferred to the dark. Furthermore, we show that mature conidia of M. acridum and Metarhizium brunneum can still answer to light and regulate UV tolerance, suggesting that gene expression is possible even in dormant spores. Being able to respond to light in the dormant stages of development is certainly an advantage conferring improved environmental persistence to Metarhizium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luciano Bachmann
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses. These rhodopsins make up two families: type 1 rhodopsins and the recently discovered heliorhodopsins. These families have seven transmembrane helices with similar structures but opposing membrane orientation. Microbial rhodopsins participate in a portfolio of light-driven energy and sensory transduction processes. In this review we present data collected over the last two decades about these rhodopsins and describe their diversity, functions, and biological and ecological roles. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; ,
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan;
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan;
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; ,
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18
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Pardo-Medina J, Gutiérrez G, Limón MC, Avalos J. The carP lncRNA Is a carS-Related Regulatory Element with Broad Effects on the Fusarium fujikuroi Transcriptome. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7030046. [PMID: 34449676 PMCID: PMC8395912 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is regulated by environmental factors, with light being the main stimulating signal. The CarS RING-finger protein plays an important role in the downregulation of structural genes of the carotenoid pathway. A recent transcriptomic analysis on the effect of carS mutation identified a gene for a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) upstream of carS, called carP, the deletion of which results in increased carS mRNA levels and lack of carotenoid production. We have investigated the function of carP by studying the transcriptomic effect of its deletion and the phenotypes resulting from the reintroduction of carP to a deletion strain. The RNA-seq data showed that the loss of carP affected the mRNA levels of hundreds of genes, especially after illumination. Many of these changes appeared to be cascade effects as a result of changes in carS expression, as suggested by the comparison with differentially expressed genes in a carS mutant. Carotenoid production only recovered when carP was integrated upstream of carS, but not at other genomic locations, indicating a cis-acting mechanism on carS. However, some genes hardly affected by CarS were strongly upregulated in the carP mutant, indicating that carP may have other regulatory functions as an independent regulatory element.
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19
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Kikuchi M, Kojima K, Nakao S, Yoshizawa S, Kawanishi S, Shibukawa A, Kikukawa T, Sudo Y. Functional expression of the eukaryotic proton pump rhodopsin OmR2 in Escherichia coli and its photochemical characterization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14765. [PMID: 34285294 PMCID: PMC8292405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are photoswitchable seven-transmembrane proteins that are widely distributed in three domains of life, archaea, bacteria and eukarya. Rhodopsins allow the transport of protons outwardly across the membrane and are indispensable for light-energy conversion in microorganisms. Archaeal and bacterial proton pump rhodopsins have been characterized using an Escherichia coli expression system because that enables the rapid production of large amounts of recombinant proteins, whereas no success has been reported for eukaryotic rhodopsins. Here, we report a phylogenetically distinct eukaryotic rhodopsin from the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina (O. marina rhodopsin-2, OmR2) that can be expressed in E. coli cells. E. coli cells harboring the OmR2 gene showed an outward proton-pumping activity, indicating its functional expression. Spectroscopic characterization of the purified OmR2 protein revealed several features as follows: (1) an absorption maximum at 533 nm with all-trans retinal chromophore, (2) the possession of the deprotonated counterion (pKa = 3.0) of the protonated Schiff base and (3) a rapid photocycle through several distinct photointermediates. Those features are similar to those of known eukaryotic proton pump rhodopsins. Our successful characterization of OmR2 expressed in E. coli cells could build a basis for understanding and utilizing eukaryotic rhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuzu Kikuchi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shin Nakao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Susumu Yoshizawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Shiho Kawanishi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibukawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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20
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Brych A, Haas FB, Parzefall K, Panzer S, Schermuly J, Altmüller J, Engelsdorf T, Terpitz U, Rensing SA, Kiontke S, Batschauer A. Coregulation of gene expression by White collar 1 and phytochrome in Ustilago maydis. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 152:103570. [PMID: 34004340 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis encodes ten predicted light-sensing proteins. The biological functions of only a few of them are elucidated. Among the characterized ones are two DNA-photolyases and two rhodopsins that act as DNA-repair enzymes or green light-driven proton pumps, respectively. Here we report on the role of two other photoreceptors in U. maydis, namely White collar 1 (Wco1) and Phytochrome 1 (Phy1). We show that they bind flavins or biliverdin as chromophores, respectively. Both photoreceptors undergo a photocycle in vitro. Wco1 is the dominant blue light receptor in the saprophytic phase, controlling all of the 324 differentially expressed genes in blue light. U. maydis also responds to red and far-red light. However, the number of red or far-red light-controlled genes is less compared to blue light-regulated ones. Moreover, most of the red and far-red light-controlled genes not only depend on Phy1 but also on Wco1, indicating partial coregulation of gene expression by both photoreceptors. GFP-fused Wco1 is preferentially located in the nucleus, Phy1 in the cytosol, thus providing no hint that these photoreceptors directly interact or operate within the same complex. This is the first report on a functional characterization and coaction of White collar 1 and phytochrome orthologs in basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brych
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Cell Biology, Marburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Parzefall
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Panzer
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeanette Schermuly
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Cell Biology, Marburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kiontke
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Inoue K. Diversity, Mechanism, and Optogenetic Application of Light-Driven Ion Pump Rhodopsins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:89-126. [PMID: 33398809 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ion-transporting microbial rhodopsins are widely used as major molecular tools in optogenetics. They are categorized into light-gated ion channels and light-driven ion pumps. While the former passively transport various types of cations and anions in a light-dependent manner, light-driven ion pumps actively transport specific ions, such as H+, Na+, Cl-, against electrophysiological potential by using light energy. Since the ion transport by these pumps induces hyperpolarization of membrane potential and inhibit neural firing, light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are mostly applied as inhibitory optogenetics tools. Recent progress in genome and metagenome sequencing identified more than several thousands of ion-pumping rhodopsins from a wide variety of microbes, and functional characterization studies has been revealing many new types of light-driven ion pumps one after another. Since light-gated channels were reviewed in other chapters in this book, here the rapid progress in functional characterization, molecular mechanism study, and optogenetic application of ion-pumping rhodopsins were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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22
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Moreno-Ruiz D, Fuchs A, Missbach K, Schuhmacher R, Zeilinger S. Influence of Different Light Regimes on the Mycoparasitic Activity and 6-Pentyl-α-pyrone Biosynthesis in Two Strains of Trichoderma atroviride. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100860. [PMID: 33096850 PMCID: PMC7589932 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Trichoderma atroviride is well known for its mycoparasitic lifestyle. Similar to other organisms, light is an important cue for T. atroviride. However, besides triggering of conidiation, little is known on the physiological responses of T. atroviride to light. In this study, we analyzed how cultivation under different light wavelengths and regimes impacted the behavior of two T. atroviride wild-type strains: IMI206040 and P1. While colony extension of both strains was slightly affected by light, massive differences in their photoconidation responses became evident. T. atroviride P1 colonies conidiated under all conditions tested including growth in complete darkness, while IMI206040 required white, blue or green light to trigger asexual reproduction. Interestingly, deletion of the stress-activated MAP kinase-encoding gene tmk3 abolished the ability of strain P1 to conidiate in red and yellow light as well as in darkness. Furthermore, light-dependent differences in the mycoparasitic activity and in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) became evident. 6-PP production was highest upon dark incubation, while light, especially exposure to white light as light/dark cycles, had an inhibitory effect on its biosynthesis. We conclude that the response of T. atroviride to light is strain-dependent and impacts differentiation, mycoparasitism, and 6-PP production; hence, this should be considered in experiments testing the mycoparasitic activity of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubraska Moreno-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Fuchs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
| | - Kristina Missbach
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1180 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1180 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1198-1232. [PMID: 32301582 PMCID: PMC7539958 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The question of how phenotypic and genomic complexity are inter-related and how they are shaped through evolution is a central question in biology that historically has been approached from the perspective of animals and plants. In recent years, however, fungi have emerged as a promising alternative system to address such questions. Key to their ecological success, fungi present a broad and diverse range of phenotypic traits. Fungal cells can adopt many different shapes, often within a single species, providing them with great adaptive potential. Fungal cellular organizations span from unicellular forms to complex, macroscopic multicellularity, with multiple transitions to higher or lower levels of cellular complexity occurring throughout the evolutionary history of fungi. Similarly, fungal genomes are very diverse in their architecture. Deep changes in genome organization can occur very quickly, and these phenomena are known to mediate rapid adaptations to environmental changes. Finally, the biochemical complexity of fungi is huge, particularly with regard to their secondary metabolites, chemical products that mediate many aspects of fungal biology, including ecological interactions. Herein, we explore how the interplay of these cellular, genomic and metabolic traits mediates the emergence of complex phenotypes, and how this complexity is shaped throughout the evolutionary history of Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010BarcelonaSpain
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24
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Parra-Rivero O, Paes de Barros M, Prado MDM, Gil JV, Hornero-Méndez D, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ, Limón MC, Avalos J. Neurosporaxanthin Overproduction by Fusarium fujikuroi and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E528. [PMID: 32560158 PMCID: PMC7346100 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosporaxanthin (NX) is a carboxylic carotenoid produced by some filamentous fungi, including species of the genera Neurospora and Fusarium. NX biosynthetic genes and their regulation have been thoroughly investigated in Fusarium fujikuroi, an industrial fungus used for gibberellin production. In this species, carotenoid-overproducing mutants, affected in the regulatory gene carS, exhibit an upregulated expression of the NX pathway. Based on former data on a stimulatory effect of nitrogen starvation on carotenoid biosynthesis, we developed culture conditions with carS mutants allowing the production of deep-pigmented mycelia. With this method, we obtained samples with ca. 8 mg NX/g dry mass, in turn the highest concentration for this carotenoid described so far. NX-rich extracts obtained from these samples were used in parallel with carS-complemented NX-poor extracts obtained under the same conditions, to check the antioxidant properties of this carotenoid in in vitro assays. NX-rich extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than NX-poor extracts, either when considering their quenching activity against [O2(1g)] in organic solvent (singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assays) or their scavenging activity against different free radicals in aqueous solution and in liposomes. These results make NX a promising carotenoid as a possible feed or food additive, and encourage further studies on its chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (O.P.-R.); (M.d.M.P.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.d.B.); (J.-V.G.); (L.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno 868, São Paulo SP 01506-000, Brazil
| | - María del Mar Prado
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (O.P.-R.); (M.d.M.P.); (M.C.L.)
| | - José-Vicente Gil
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.d.B.); (J.-V.G.); (L.Z.); (M.J.R.)
- Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.d.B.); (J.-V.G.); (L.Z.); (M.J.R.)
| | - María J. Rodrigo
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.d.B.); (J.-V.G.); (L.Z.); (M.J.R.)
| | - M. Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (O.P.-R.); (M.d.M.P.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (O.P.-R.); (M.d.M.P.); (M.C.L.)
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Schumacher J, Gorbushina AA. Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:407-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Götz R, Panzer S, Trinks N, Eilts J, Wagener J, Turrà D, Di Pietro A, Sauer M, Terpitz U. Expansion Microscopy for Cell Biology Analysis in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574. [PMID: 32318047 PMCID: PMC7147297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has evolved as a powerful method for subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging of cells and cellular organelles, but requires sophisticated and expensive installations. Expansion microscopy (ExM), which is based on the physical expansion of the cellular structure of interest, provides a cheap alternative to bypass the diffraction limit and enable super-resolution imaging on a conventional fluorescence microscope. While ExM has shown impressive results for the magnified visualization of proteins and RNAs in cells and tissues, it has not yet been applied in fungi, mainly due to their complex cell wall. Here we developed a method that enables reliable isotropic expansion of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes upon treatment with cell wall degrading enzymes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) images of 4.5-fold expanded sporidia of Ustilago maydis expressing fluorescent fungal rhodopsins and hyphae of Fusarium oxysporum or Aspergillus fumigatus expressing either histone H1-mCherry together with Lifeact-sGFP or mRFP targeted to mitochondria, revealed details of subcellular structures with an estimated spatial resolution of around 30 nm. ExM is thus well suited for cell biology studies in fungi on conventional fluorescence microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Götz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Panzer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Trinks
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janna Eilts
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
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Cen YK, Lin JG, Wang YL, Wang JY, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. The Gibberellin Producer Fusarium fujikuroi: Methods and Technologies in the Current Toolkit. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:232. [PMID: 32292777 PMCID: PMC7118215 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in research interests on the Fusarium species, which includes prevalent plant pathogens and human pathogens, common microbial food contaminants and industrial microbes. Taken the advantage of gibberellin synthesis, Fusarium fujikuroi succeed in being a prevalent plant pathogen. At the meanwhile, F. fujikuroi was utilized for industrial production of gibberellins, a group of extensively applied phytohormone. F. fujikuroi has been known for its outstanding performance in gibberellin production for almost 100 years. Research activities relate to this species has lasted for a very long period. The slow development in biological investigation of F. fujikuroi is largely due to the lack of efficient research technologies and molecular tools. During the past decade, technologies to analyze the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions and metabolic regulations have been developed rapidly, especially on the aspects of genetic manipulation. At the meanwhile, the industrial fermentation technologies kept sustained development. In this article, we reviewed the currently available research tools/methods for F. fujikuroi research, focusing on the topics about genetic engineering and gibberellin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ke Cen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Parra-Rivero O, Pardo-Medina J, Gutiérrez G, Limón MC, Avalos J. A novel lncRNA as a positive regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis in Fusarium. Sci Rep 2020; 10:678. [PMID: 31959816 PMCID: PMC6971296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium fujikuroi produce carotenoids, lipophilic terpenoid pigments of biotechnological interest, with xanthophyll neurosporaxanthin as the main end product. Their carotenoid biosynthesis is activated by light and negatively regulated by the RING-finger protein CarS. Global transcriptomic analysis identified in both species a putative 1-kb lncRNA that we call carP, referred to as Fo-carP and Ff-carP in each species, upstream to the gene carS and transcribed from the same DNA strand. Fo-carP and Ff-carP are poorly transcribed, but their RNA levels increase in carS mutants. The deletion of Fo-carP or Ff-carP in the respective species results in albino phenotypes, with strong reductions in mRNA levels of structural genes for carotenoid biosynthesis and higher mRNA content of the carS gene, which could explain the low accumulation of carotenoids. Upon alignment, Fo-carP and Ff-carP show 75-80% identity, with short insertions or deletions resulting in a lack of coincident ORFs. Moreover, none of the ORFs found in their sequences have indications of possible coding functions. We conclude that Fo-carP and Ff-carP are regulatory lncRNAs necessary for the active expression of the carotenoid genes in Fusarium through an unknown molecular mechanism, probably related to the control of carS function or expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Pardo-Medina
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012, Seville, Spain.
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Corrochano LM. Light in the Fungal World: From Photoreception to Gene Transcription and Beyond. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:149-170. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fungi see light of different colors by using photoreceptors such as the White Collar proteins and cryptochromes for blue light, opsins for green light, and phytochromes for red light. Light regulates fungal development, promotes the accumulation of protective pigments and proteins, and regulates tropic growth. The White Collar complex (WCC) is a photoreceptor and a transcription factor that is responsible for regulating transcription after exposure to blue light. In Neurospora crassa, light promotes the interaction of WCCs and their binding to the promoters to activate transcription. In Aspergillus nidulans, the WCC and the phytochrome interact to coordinate gene transcription and other responses, but the contribution of these photoreceptors to fungal photobiology varies across fungal species. Ultimately, the effect of light on fungal biology is the result of the coordinated transcriptional regulation and activation of signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1443-1476. [PMID: 31021528 PMCID: PMC6850671 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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31
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Gleason FH, Larkum AW, Raven JA, Manohar CS, Lilje O. Ecological implications of recently discovered and poorly studied sources of energy for the growth of true fungi especially in extreme environments. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Dias LP, Pedrini N, Braga GUL, Ferreira PC, Pupin B, Araújo CAS, Corrochano LM, Rangel DEN. Outcome of blue, green, red, and white light on Metarhizium robertsii during mycelial growth on conidial stress tolerance and gene expression. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:263-272. [PMID: 32389288 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi sense light and utilize it as a source of environmental information to prepare against many stressful conditions in nature. In this study, Metarhizium robertsii was grown on: 1) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in the dark (control); 2) under nutritive stress in the dark; and 3) PDA under continuous (A) white light; (B) blue light lower irradiance = LI; (C) blue light higher irradiance = HI; (D) green light; and (E) red light. Conidia produced under these treatments were tested against osmotic stress and UV radiation. In addition, a suite of genes usually involved in different stress responses were selected to study their expression patterns. Conidia produced under nutritive stress in the dark were the most tolerant to both osmotic stress and UV radiation, and the majority of their stress- and virulence-related genes were up-regulated. For osmotic stress tolerance, conidia produced under white, blue LI, and blue HI lights were the second most tolerant, followed by conidia produced under green light. Conidia produced under red light were the least tolerant to osmotic stress and less tolerant than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. For UV tolerance, conidia produced under blue light LI were the second most tolerant to UV radiation, followed by the UV tolerances of conidia produced under white light. Conidia produced under blue HI, green, and red lights were the least UV tolerant and less tolerant than conidia produced in the dark. The superoxide dismutases (sod1 and sod2), photolyases (6-4phr and CPDphr), trehalose-phosphate synthase (tps), and protease (pr1) genes were highly up-regulated under white light condition, suggesting a potential role of these proteins in stress protection as well as virulence after fungal exposure to visible spectrum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Dias
- Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo (EEL/USP), Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ferreira
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Breno Pupin
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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Panzer S, Brych A, Batschauer A, Terpitz U. Opsin 1 and Opsin 2 of the Corn Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis Are Green Light-Driven Proton Pumps. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:735. [PMID: 31024506 PMCID: PMC6467936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In fungi, green light is absorbed by rhodopsins, opsin proteins carrying a retinal molecule as chromophore. The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen that infects corn plants, encodes three putative photoactive opsins, called ops1 (UMAG_02629), ops2 (UMAG_00371), and ops3 (UMAG_04125). UmOps1 and UmOps2 are expressed during the whole life cycle, in axenic cultures as well as in planta, whereas UmOps3 was recently shown to be absent in axenic cultures but highly expressed during plant infection. Here we show that expression of UmOps1 and UmOps2 is induced by blue light under control of white collar 1 (Wco1). UmOps1 is mainly localized in the plasma membrane, both when expressed in HEK cells and U. maydis sporidia. In contrast, UmOps2 was mostly found intracellularly in the membranes of vacuoles. Patch-clamp studies demonstrated that both rhodopsins are green light-driven outward rectifying proton pumps. UmOps1 revealed an extraordinary pH dependency with increased activity in more acidic environment. Also, UmOps1 showed a pronounced, concentration-dependent enhancement of pump current caused by weak organic acids (WOAs), especially by acetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In contrast, UmOps2 showed the typical behavior of light-driven, outwardly directed proton pumps, whereas UmOps3 did not exhibit any electrogenity. With this work, insights were gained into the localization and molecular function of two U. maydis rhodopsins, paving the way for further studies on the biological role of these rhodopsins in the life cycle of U. maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Panzer
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Brych
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Thind TS, Schilder AC. Understanding photoreception in fungi and its role in fungal development with focus on phytopathogenic fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42360-018-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Electrical properties, substrate specificity and optogenetic potential of the engineered light-driven sodium pump eKR2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9316. [PMID: 29915394 PMCID: PMC6006383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A new microbial rhodopsin class that actively transports sodium out of the cell upon illumination was described in 2013. However, poor membrane targeting of the first-identified sodium pump KR2 in mammalian cells has hindered the direct electrical investigation of its transport mechanism and optogenetic application to date. Accordingly, we designed enhanced KR2 (eKR2), which exhibits improved membrane targeting and higher photocurrents in mammalian cells to facilitate molecular characterization and future optogenetic applications. Our selectivity measurements revealed that stationary photocurrents are primarily carried by sodium, whereas protons only play a minor role, if any. Combining laser-induced photocurrent and absorption measurements, we found that spectral changes were not necessarily related to changes in transport activity. Finally, we showed that eKR2 can be expressed in cultured hippocampal mouse neurons and induce reversible inhibition of action potential firing with millisecond precision upon illumination with moderate green-light. Hence, the light-driven sodium pump eKR2 is a reliable inhibitory optogenetic tool applicable to situations in which the proton and chloride gradients should not be altered.
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36
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Fungal G-protein-coupled receptors: mediators of pathogenesis and targets for disease control. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:402-414. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Light-regulated promoters for tunable, temporal, and affordable control of fungal gene expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3849-3863. [PMID: 29569180 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatable promoters are important genetic tools, particularly for assigning function to essential and redundant genes. They can also be used to control the expression of enzymes that influence metabolic flux or protein secretion, thereby optimizing product yield in bioindustry. This review will focus on regulatable systems for use in filamentous fungi, an important group of organisms whose members include key research models, devastating pathogens of plants and animals, and exploitable cell factories. Though we will begin by cataloging those promoters that are controlled by nutritional or chemical means, our primary focus will rest on those who can be controlled by a literal flip-of-the-switch: promoters of light-regulated genes. The vvd promoter of Neurospora will first serve as a paradigm for how light-driven systems can provide tight, robust, tunable, and temporal control of either autologous or heterologous fungal proteins. We will then discuss a theoretical approach to, and practical considerations for, the development of such promoters in other species. To this end, we have compiled genes from six previously published light-regulated transcriptomic studies to guide the search for suitable photoregulatable promoters in your fungus of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
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38
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Soliman SSM, Raizada MN. Darkness: A Crucial Factor in Fungal Taxol Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:353. [PMID: 29552002 PMCID: PMC5840228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal Taxol acquired lots of attention in the last few decades mainly because of the hope that fungi could be manipulated more easily than yew trees to scale up the production level of this valuable anticancer drug. Several researchers have studied diverse factors to enhance fungal Taxol production. However, up to date fungal Taxol production has never been enhanced to the commercial level. We have hypothesized that optimization of fungal Taxol production may require clear understanding of the fungal habitat in its original host plant. One major feature shared by all fungal endophytes is that they are located in the internal plant tissues where darkness is prominent; hence here the effect of light on fungal Taxol production was tested. Incubation of Taxol-producing endophytic SSM001 fungus in light prior to inoculation in Taxol production culture media showed dramatic loss of Taxol accumulation, significant reduction in Taxol-containing resin bodies and reduction in the expression of genes known to be involved in Taxol biosynthesis. The loss of Taxol production was accompanied by production of dark green pigments. Pigmentation is a fungal protection mechanism which is photoreceptor mediated and induced by light. Opsin, a known photoreceptor involved in light perception and pigment production, was identified in SSM001 by genome sequencing. SSM001 opsin gene expression was induced by white light. The results from this study indicated that the endophytic fungus SSM001 required the dark habitat of its host plant for Taxol production and hence this biosynthetic pathway shows a negative response to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S M Soliman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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HyphaTracker: An ImageJ toolbox for time-resolved analysis of spore germination in filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:605. [PMID: 29330515 PMCID: PMC5766585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of early fungal development and its interference with physiological signals and environmental factors is yet poorly understood. Especially computational analysis tools for the evaluation of the process of early spore germination and germ tube formation are still lacking. For the time-resolved analysis of conidia germination of the filamentous ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi we developed a straightforward toolbox implemented in ImageJ. It allows for processing of microscopic acquisitions (movies) of conidial germination starting with drift correction and data reduction prior to germling analysis. From the image time series germling related region of interests (ROIs) are extracted, which are analysed for their area, circularity, and timing. ROIs originating from germlings crossing other hyphae or the image boundaries are omitted during analysis. Each conidium/hypha is identified and related to its origin, thus allowing subsequent categorization. The efficiency of HyphaTracker was proofed and the accuracy was tested on simulated germlings at different signal-to-noise ratios. Bright-field microscopic images of conidial germination of rhodopsin-deficient F. fujikuroi mutants and their respective control strains were analysed with HyphaTracker. Consistent with our observation in earlier studies the CarO deficient mutant germinated earlier and grew faster than other, CarO expressing strains.
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Adam A, Deimel S, Pardo-Medina J, García-Martínez J, Konte T, Limón MC, Avalos J, Terpitz U. Protein Activity of the Fusarium fujikuroi Rhodopsins CarO and OpsA and Their Relation to Fungus-Plant Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010215. [PMID: 29324661 PMCID: PMC5796164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi possess diverse photosensory proteins that allow them to perceive different light wavelengths and to adapt to changing light conditions in their environment. The biological and physiological roles of the green light-sensing rhodopsins in fungi are not yet resolved. The rice plant pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi exhibits two different rhodopsins, CarO and OpsA. CarO was previously characterized as a light-driven proton pump. We further analyzed the pumping behavior of CarO by patch-clamp experiments. Our data show that CarO pumping activity is strongly augmented in the presence of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid and in sodium acetate, in a dose-dependent manner under slightly acidic conditions. By contrast, under these and other tested conditions, the Neurospora rhodopsin (NR)-like rhodopsin OpsA did not exhibit any pump activity. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) searches in the genomes of ascomycetes revealed the occurrence of rhodopsin-encoding genes mainly in phyto-associated or phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting a possible correlation of the presence of rhodopsins with fungal ecology. In accordance, rice plants infected with a CarO-deficient F. fujikuroi strain showed more severe bakanae symptoms than the reference strain, indicating a potential role of the CarO rhodopsin in the regulation of plant infection by this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Adam
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (A.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Stephan Deimel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (A.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Javier Pardo-Medina
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Jorge García-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Tilen Konte
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - M. Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (A.A.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-31-84226
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41
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Wang Z, Wang J, Li N, Li J, Trail F, Dunlap JC, Townsend JP. Light sensing by opsins and fungal ecology: NOP-1 modulates entry into sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:216-232. [PMID: 29134709 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of the switch from asexual to sexual lifestyles in response to sometimes rapid environmental changes is one of the major challenges in fungal ecology. Light appears to play a critical role in the asexual-sexual switch-but fungal genomes harbour diverse light sensors. Fungal opsins are homologous to bacterial green-light-sensory rhodopsins, and their organismal functions in fungi have not been well understood. Three of these opsin-like proteins were widely distributed across fungal genomes, but homologs of the Fusarium opsin-like protein CarO were present only in plant-associated fungi. Key amino acids, including potential retinal binding sites, functionally diverged on the phylogeny of opsins. This diversification of opsin-like proteins could be correlated with life history-associated differences among fungi in their expression and function during morphological development. In Neurospora crassa and related species, knockout of the opsin NOP-1 led to a phenotype in the regulation of the asexual-sexual switch, modulating response to both light and oxygen conditions. Sexual development commenced early in ∆nop-1 strains cultured in unsealed plates under constant blue and white light. Furthermore, comparative transcriptomics showed that the expression of nop-1 is light-dependent and that the ∆nop-1 strain abundantly expresses genes involved in oxidative stress response, genes enriched in NAD/NADP binding sites, genes with functions in proton transmembrane movement and catalase activity, and genes involved in the homeostasis of protons. Based on these observations, we contend that light and oxidative stress regulate the switch via light-responsive and ROS pathways in model fungus N. crassa and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Junrui Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Sephton-Clark PCS, Voelz K. Spore Germination of Pathogenic Filamentous Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 102:117-157. [PMID: 29680124 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, algae, plants, protozoa, and bacteria are all known to form spores, especially hardy and ubiquitous propagation structures that are also often the infectious agents of diseases. Spores can survive for thousands of years, frozen in the permafrost (Kochkina et al., 2012), with the oldest viable spores extracted after 250 million years from salt crystals (Vreeland, Rosenzweig, & Powers, 2000). Their resistance to high levels of UV, desiccation, pressure, heat, and cold enables the survival of spores in the harshest conditions (Setlow, 2016). For example, Bacillus subtilis spores can survive and remain viable after experiencing conditions similar to those on Mars (Horneck et al., 2012). Spores are disseminated through environmental factors. Wind, water, or animal carriage allow spores to be spread ubiquitously throughout the environment. Spores will break dormancy and begin to germinate once exposed to favorable conditions. Germination is the mechanism that converts the spore from a dormant biological organism to one that grows vegetatively and is capable of either sexual or asexual reproduction. The process of germination has been well studied in plants, moss, bacteria, and many fungi (Hohe & Reski, 2005; Huang & Hull, 2017; Vesty et al., 2016). Unfortunately, information on the complex signaling involved in the regulation of germination, particularly in fungi remains lacking. This chapter will discuss germination of fungal spores covering our current understanding of the regulation, signaling, outcomes, and implications of germination of pathogenic fungal spores. Owing to the morphological similarities between the spore-hyphal and yeast-hyphal transition and their relevance for disease progression, relevant aspects of fungal dimorphism will be discussed alongside spore germination in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy C S Sephton-Clark
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Life, as we know it, would not be possible without light. Light is not only a primary source of energy, but also an important source of information for many organisms. To sense light, only a few photoreceptor systems have developed during evolution. They are all based on an organic molecule with conjugated double bonds that allows energy transfer from visible (or UV) light to its cognate protein to translate the primary physical photoresponse to cell-biological actions. The three main classes of receptors are flavin-based blue-light, retinal-based green-light (such as rhodopsin), and linear tetrapyrrole-based red-light sensors. Light not only controls the behavior of motile organisms, but is also important for many sessile microorganisms including fungi. In fungi, light controls developmental decisions and physiological adaptations as well as the circadian clock. Although all major classes of photoreceptors are found in fungi, a good level of understanding of the signaling processes at the molecular level is limited to some model fungi. However, current knowledge suggests a complex interplay between light perception systems, which goes far beyond the simple sensing of light and dark. In this article we focus on recent results in several fungi, which suggest a strong link between light-sensing and stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Rodrigo MJ, Avalos J, Limón MC. Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1781. [PMID: 27792173 PMCID: PMC5133782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds widespread in all major taxonomic groups, where they play important roles in different physiological processes. In addition, apocarotenoids include compounds with high economic value in food and cosmetics industries. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis starts with the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a family of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in carotenoid backbones through a similar molecular mechanism, generating aldehyde or ketone groups in the cleaving ends. From the identification of the first CCD enzyme in plants, an increasing number of CCDs have been identified in many other species, including microorganisms, proving to be a ubiquitously distributed and evolutionarily conserved enzymatic family. This review focuses on CCDs from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, describing recent progress in their functions and regulatory mechanisms in relation to the different roles played by the apocarotenoids in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Optochemokine Tandem for Light-Control of Intracellular Ca2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165344. [PMID: 27768773 PMCID: PMC5074463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An optochemokine tandem was developed to control the release of calcium from endosomes into the cytosol by light and to analyze the internalization kinetics of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by electrophysiology. A previously constructed rhodopsin tandem was re-engineered to combine the light-gated Ca2+-permeable cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2(L132C), CatCh, with the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in a functional tandem protein tCXCR4/CatCh. The GPCR was used as a shuttle protein to displace CatCh from the plasma membrane into intracellular areas. As shown by patch-clamp measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy, heterologously expressed tCXCR4/CatCh was internalized via the endocytic SDF1/CXCR4 signaling pathway. The kinetics of internalization could be followed electrophysiologically via the amplitude of the CatCh signal. The light-induced release of Ca2+ by tandem endosomes into the cytosol via CatCh was visualized using the Ca2+-sensitive dyes rhod2 and rhod2-AM showing an increase of intracellular Ca2+ in response to light.
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Hagiwara D, Takahashi H, Kusuya Y, Kawamoto S, Kamei K, Gonoi T. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealing dormant conidia and germination associated genes in Aspergillus species: an essential role for AtfA in conidial dormancy. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:358. [PMID: 27185182 PMCID: PMC4869263 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal conidia are usually dormant unless the extracellular conditions are right for germination. Despite the importance of dormancy, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying entry to, maintenance of, and exit from dormancy. To gain comprehensive and inter-species insights, transcriptome analyses were conducted across Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus oryzae. Results We found transcripts of 687, 694, and 812 genes were enriched in the resting conidia compared with hyphae in A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. oryzae, respectively (conidia-associated genes). Similarly, transcripts of 766, 1,241, and 749 genes were increased in the 1 h-cultured conidia compared with the resting conidia (germination-associated genes). Among the three Aspergillus species, we identified orthologous 6,172 genes, 91 and 391 of which are common conidia- and germination-associated genes, respectively. A variety of stress-related genes, including the catalase genes, were found in the common conidia-associated gene set, and ribosome-related genes were significantly enriched among the germination-associated genes. Among the germination-associated genes, we found that calA-family genes encoding a thaumatin-like protein were extraordinary expressed in early germination stage in all Aspergillus species tested here. In A. fumigatus 63 % of the common conidia-associated genes were expressed in a bZIP-type transcriptional regulator AtfA-dependent manner, indicating that AtfA plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of resting conidial physiology. Unexpectedly, the precocious expression of the germination-associated calA and an abnormal metabolic activity were detected in the resting conidia of the atfA mutant, suggesting that AtfA was involved in the retention of conidial dormancy. Conclusions A comparison among transcriptomes of hyphae, resting conidia, and 1 h-grown conidia in the three Aspergillus species revealed likely common factors involved in conidial dormancy. AtfA positively regulates conidial stress-related genes and negatively mediates the gene expressions related to germination, suggesting a major role for AtfA in Aspergillus conidial dormancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2689-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hagiwara
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoko Kusuya
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Susumu Kawamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kamei
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Tohru Gonoi
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
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Maresca JA, Keffer JL, Miller KJ. Biochemical Analysis of Microbial Rhodopsins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 41:1F.4.1-1F.4.18. [PMID: 27153387 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ion-pumping rhodopsins transfer ions across the microbial cell membrane in a light-dependent fashion. As the rate of biochemical characterization of microbial rhodopsins begins to catch up to the rate of microbial rhodopsin identification in environmental and genomic sequence data sets, in vitro analysis of their light-absorbing properties and in vivo analysis of ion pumping will remain critical to characterizing these proteins. As we learn more about the variety of physiological roles performed by microbial rhodopsins in different cell types and environments, observing the localization patterns of the rhodopsins and/or quantifying the number of rhodopsin-bearing cells in natural environments will become more important. Here, we provide protocols for purification of rhodopsin-containing membranes, detection of ion pumping, and observation of functional rhodopsins in laboratory and environmental samples using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Maresca
- University of Delaware, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Newark, Delaware
| | - Jessica L Keffer
- University of Delaware, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Newark, Delaware
| | - Kelsey J Miller
- University of Delaware, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, Delaware
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48
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Fuller K, Dunlap J, Loros J. Fungal Light Sensing at the Bench and Beyond. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:1-51. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Brych A, Mascarenhas J, Jaeger E, Charkiewicz E, Pokorny R, Bölker M, Doehlemann G, Batschauer A. White collar 1-induced photolyase expression contributes to UV-tolerance of Ustilago maydis. Microbiologyopen 2015; 5:224-43. [PMID: 26687452 PMCID: PMC4831468 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a phytopathogenic fungus causing corn smut disease. It also is known for its extreme tolerance to UV‐ and ionizing radiation. It has not been elucidated whether light‐sensing proteins, and in particular photolyases play a role in its UV‐tolerance. Based on homology analysis, U. maydis has 10 genes encoding putative light‐responsive proteins. Four amongst these belong to the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) and one represents a white collar 1 ortholog (wco1). Deletion mutants in the predicted cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer CPD‐ and (6–4)‐photolyase were impaired in photoreactivation. In line with this, in vitro studies with recombinant CPF proteins demonstrated binding of the catalytic FAD cofactor, its photoreduction to fully reduced FADH− and repair activity for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) or (6–4)‐photoproducts, respectively. We also investigated the role of Wco1. Strikingly, transcriptional profiling showed 61 genes differentially expressed upon blue light exposure of wild‐type, but only eight genes in the Δwco1 mutant. These results demonstrate that Wco1 is a functional blue light photoreceptor in U. maydis regulating expression of several genes including both photolyases. Finally, we show that the Δwco1 mutant is less tolerant against UV‐B due to its incapability to induce photolyase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brych
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Judita Mascarenhas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Elaine Jaeger
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Charkiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Richard Pokorny
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Michael Bölker
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
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50
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Dasgupta A, Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Seeing the world differently: variability in the photosensory mechanisms of two model fungi. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:5-20. [PMID: 26373782 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Light plays an important role for most organisms on this planet, serving either as a source of energy or information for the adaptation of biological processes to specific times of day. The fungal kingdom is estimated to contain well over a million species, possibly 10-fold more, and it is estimated that a majority of the fungi respond to light, eliciting changes in several physiological characteristics including pathogenesis, development and secondary metabolism. Two model organisms for photobiological studies have taken centre-stage over the last few decades--Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans. In this review, we will first discuss our understanding of the light response in N. crassa, about which the most is known, and will then juxtapose N. crassa with A. nidulans, which, as will be described below, provides an excellent template for understanding photosensory cross-talk. Finally, we will end with a commentary on the variability of the light response among other relevant fungi, and how our molecular understanding in the aforementioned model organisms still provides a strong base for dissecting light responses in such species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arko Dasgupta
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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