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Dutta S, Gagliardi M, Bellucci L, Agostini M, Corni S, Cecchini M, Brancolini G. Tuning gold-based surface functionalization for streptavidin detection: A combined simulative and experimental study. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1006525. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1006525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A rationally designed gold-functionalized surface capable of capturing a target protein is presented using the biotin–streptavidin pair as a proof-of-concept. We carried out multiscale simulations to shed light on the binding mechanism of streptavidin on four differently biotinylated surfaces. Brownian Dynamics simulations were used to reveal the preferred initial orientation of streptavidin over the surfaces, whereas classical molecular dynamics was used to refine the binding poses and to investigate the fundamental forces involved in binding, and the binding kinetics. We assessed the binding events and the stability of the streptavidin attachment through a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The sensing element comprises of biotinylated polyethylene glycol chains grafted on the sensor’s gold surface via thiol-Au chemistry. Finally, we compared the results from experiments and simulations. We found that the confined biotin moieties can specifically capture streptavidin from the liquid phase and provide guidelines on how to exploit the microscopic parameters obtained from simulations to guide the design of further biosensors with enhanced sensitivity.
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Dutta S, Bellucci L, Agostini M, Gagliardi M, Corni S, Cecchini M, Brancolini G. Atomistic simulations of gold surface functionalization for nanoscale biosensors applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:095702. [PMID: 33137790 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc6dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide class of biosensors can be built via functionalization of gold surface with proper bio conjugation element capable of interacting with the analyte in solution, and the detection can be performed either optically, mechanically or electrically. Any change in physico-chemical environment or any slight variation in mass localization near the surface of the sensor can cause differences in nature of the transduction mechanism. The optimization of such sensors may require multiple experiments to determine suitable experimental conditions for the immobilization and detection of the analyte. Here, we employ molecular modeling techniques to assist the optimization of a gold-surface biosensor. The gold surface of a quartz-crystal-microbalance sensor is functionalized using polymeric chains of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of 2 KDa molecular weight, which is an inert long chain amphiphilic molecule, supporting biotin molecules (bPEG) as the ligand molecules for streptavidin analyte. The PEG linkers are immobilized onto the gold surface through sulphur chemistry. Four gold surfaces with different PEG linker density and different biotinylation ratio between bPEG and PEG, are investigated by means of state-of-the art atomistic simulations and compared with available experimental data. Results suggest that the amount of biotin molecules accessible for the binding with the protein increases upon increasing the linkers density. At the high density a 1:1 ratio of bPEG/PEG can further improve the accessibility of the biotin ligand due to a strong repulsion between linker chains and different degree of hydrophobicity between bPEG and PEG linkers. The study provides a computaional protocol to model sensors at the level of single molecular interactions, and for optimizing the physical properties of surface conjugated ligand which is crucial to enhance output of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Dutta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR-NANO, Center S3, via G. Campi 213/A, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Bellucci
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Agostini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Gagliardi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR-NANO, Center S3, via G. Campi 213/A, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Brancolini
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR-NANO, Center S3, via G. Campi 213/A, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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Lecot S, Chevolot Y, Phaner-Goutorbe M, Yeromonahos C. Impact of Silane Monolayers on the Adsorption of Streptavidin on Silica and Its Subsequent Interactions with Biotin: Molecular Dynamics and Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6786-6796. [PMID: 32663028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein adsorption on surfaces is used in analytical tools as an immobilization mean to trap the analyte to be detected. However, protein adsorption can lead to a conformational change in the protein structure, resulting in a loss of bioactivity. Here, we study adsorption of a streptavidin-biotin complex on amorphous SiO2 surfaces functionalized with five different silane self-assembled monolayers by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the streptavidin global conformational change, as well as the nature of residues with high mobility, depends on the alkyl chain length and head-group charge of silane molecules. Effects on interactions with biotin are further investigated by steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, which mimics atomic force microscopy (AFM) with the biotin attached on the tip. We show the combined effects of adsorption-induced global conformational changes and of the position of residues with high mobility on the streptavidin-biotin rupture force. By comparing our results to experimental and SMD rupture forces obtained in water, without any surface, we conclude that silane with uncharged and short alkyl chains allows streptavidin immobilization, while keeping biotin interactions better than silanes with long alkyl chains or charged head groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Lecot
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon UMR 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - Yann Chevolot
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon UMR 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - Magali Phaner-Goutorbe
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon UMR 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - Christelle Yeromonahos
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon UMR 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
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Nagarajan B, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Rigorous analysis of free solution glycosaminoglycan dynamics using simple, new tools. Glycobiology 2020; 30:516-527. [PMID: 32080710 PMCID: PMC8179626 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin/heparan sulfates (H/HS) are ubiquitous biopolymers that interact with many proteins to induce a range of biological functions. Unfortunately, how these biopolymers recognize their preferred protein targets remain poorly understood. It is suggested that computational simulations offer attractive avenues but a number of challenges, e.g., difficulty of selecting a comprehensive force field, few simple tools to interpret data, among others, remain. This work addresses several such challenges so as to help ease the implementation and analysis of computational experiments. First, this work presents a rigorous comparison of two different recent force fields, CHARMM36 and GLYCAM06, for H/HS studies. Second, it introduces two new straightforward parameters, i.e., end-to-end distance and minimum volume enclosing ellipsoid, to understand the myriad conformational forms of oligosaccharides that evolve over time in water. Third, it presents an application to elucidate the number and nature of inter and intramolecular, nondirect bridging water molecules, which help stabilize unique forms of H/HS. The results show that nonspecialists can use either CHARMM36 or GLYCAM06 force fields because both gave comparable results, albeit with small differences. The comparative study shows that the HS hexasaccharide samples a range of conformations with nearly equivalent energies, which could be the reason for its recognition by different proteins. Finally, analysis of the nondirect water bridges across the dynamics trajectory shows their importance in stabilization of certain conformational forms, which may become important for protein recognition. Overall, the work aids nonspecialists employ computational studies for understanding the solution behavior of H/HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Nagarajan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 212, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 212, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 212, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Duan L, Guo X, Cong Y, Feng G, Li Y, Zhang JZH. Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Helical Proteins Folding in Explicit Water. Front Chem 2019; 7:540. [PMID: 31448259 PMCID: PMC6691143 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the folding processes of eight helical proteins (2I9M, TC5B, 1WN8, 1V4Z, 1HO2, 1HLL, 2KFE, and 1YYB) at room temperature using the explicit solvent model under the AMBER14SB force field with the accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD) and traditional molecular dynamics (MD), respectively. We analyzed and compared the simulation results obtained by these two methods based on several aspects, such as root mean square deviation (RMSD), native contacts, cluster analysis, folding snapshots, free energy landscape, and the evolution of the radius of gyration, which showed that these eight proteins were successfully and consistently folded into the corresponding native structures by AMD simulations carried out at room temperature. In addition, the folding occurred in the range of 40~180 ns after starting from the linear structures of the eight proteins at 300 K. By contrast, these stable folding structures were not found when the traditional molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used. At the same time, the influence of high temperatures (350, 400, and 450 K) is also further investigated. Study found that the simulation efficiency of AMD is higher than that of MD simulations, regardless of the temperature. Of these temperatures, 300 K is the most suitable temperature for protein folding for all systems. To further investigate the efficiency of AMD, another trajectory was simulated for eight proteins with the same linear structure but different random seeds at 300 K. Both AMD trajectories reached the correct folded structures. Our result clearly shows that AMD simulation are a highly efficient and reliable method for the study of protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Duan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaona Guo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yalong Cong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Feng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Sedlak SM, Schendel LC, Melo MCR, Pippig DA, Luthey-Schulten Z, Gaub HE, Bernardi RC. Direction Matters: Monovalent Streptavidin/Biotin Complex under Load. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3415-3421. [PMID: 30346175 PMCID: PMC6486461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel site-specific attachment strategies combined with improvements of computational resources enable new insights into the mechanics of the monovalent biotin/streptavidin complex under load and forced us to rethink the diversity of rupture forces reported in the literature. We discovered that the mechanical stability of this complex depends strongly on the geometry in which force is applied. By atomic force microscopy-based single molecule force spectroscopy we found unbinding of biotin to occur beyond 400 pN at force loading rates of 10 nN/s when monovalent streptavidin was tethered at its C-terminus. This value is about twice as high than that for N-terminal attachment. Steered molecular dynamics simulations provided a detailed picture of the mechanics of the unbinding process in the corresponding force loading geometries. Using machine learning techniques, we connected findings from hundreds of simulations to the experimental results, identifying different force propagation pathways. Interestingly, we observed that depending on force loading geometry, partial unfolding of N-terminal region of monovalent streptavidin occurs before biotin is released from the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Sedlak
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonard C. Schendel
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcelo C. R. Melo
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Diana A. Pippig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Zaida Luthey-Schulten
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hermann E. Gaub
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Rafael C. Bernardi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Bansal N, Zheng Z, Song LF, Pei J, Merz KM. The Role of the Active Site Flap in Streptavidin/Biotin Complex Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5434-5446. [PMID: 29607642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a detailed description of how active site flap motion affects substrate or ligand binding will advance structure-based drug design (SBDD) efforts on systems including the kinases, HSP90, HIV protease, ureases, etc. Through this understanding, we will be able to design better inhibitors and better proteins that have desired functions. Herein we address this issue by generating the relevant configurational states of a protein flap on the molecular energy landscape using an approach we call MTFlex-b and then following this with a procedure to estimate the free energy associated with the motion of the flap region. To illustrate our overall workflow, we explored the free energy changes in the streptavidin/biotin system upon introducing conformational flexibility in loop3-4 in the biotin unbound ( apo) and bound ( holo) state. The free energy surfaces were created using the Movable Type free energy method, and for further validation, we compared them to potential of mean force (PMF) generated free energy surfaces using MD simulations employing the FF99SBILDN and FF14SB force fields. We also estimated the free energy thermodynamic cycle using an ensemble of closed-like and open-like end states for the ligand unbound and bound states and estimated the binding free energy to be approximately -16.2 kcal/mol (experimental -18.3 kcal/mol). The good agreement between MTFlex-b in combination with the MT method with experiment and MD simulations supports the effectiveness of our strategy in obtaining unique insights into the motions in proteins that can then be used in a range of biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bansal
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Lin Frank Song
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Jun Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Kenneth M Merz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States.,Institute for Cyber Enabled Research , Michigan State University , 567 Wilson Road , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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Abstract
Biotin/(strept)avidin self-assembly is a powerful platform for nanoscale fabrication and capture with many different applications in science, medicine, and nanotechnology. However, biotin/(strept)avidin self-assembly has several well-recognized drawbacks that limit performance in certain technical areas and there is a need for synthetic mimics that can either become superior replacements or operational partners with bio-orthogonal recognition properties. The goal of this tutorial review is to describe the recent progress in making high affinity synthetic association partners that operate in water or biological media. The review starts with a background summary of biotin/(strept)avidin self-assembly and the current design rules for creating synthetic mimics. A series of case studies are presented that describe recent success using synthetic derivatives of cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, and various organic cyclophanes such as calixarenes, deep cavitands, pillararenes, and tetralactams. In some cases, two complementary partners associate to produce a nanoscale complex and in other cases a ditopic host molecule is used to link two partners. The article concludes with a short discussion of future directions and likely challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Soumen K. Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Zhao B, Cohen Stuart MA, Hall CK. Navigating in foldonia: Using accelerated molecular dynamics to explore stability, unfolding and self-healing of the β-solenoid structure formed by a silk-like polypeptide. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005446. [PMID: 28329017 PMCID: PMC5388506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The β roll molecules with sequence (GAGAGAGQ)10 stack via hydrogen bonding to form fibrils which have been themselves been used to make viral capsids of DNA strands, supramolecular nanotapes and pH-responsive gels. Accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations are used to investigate the unfolding of a stack of two β roll molecules, (GAGAGAGQ)10, to shed light on the folding mechanism by which silk-inspired polypeptides form fibrils and to identify the dominant forces that keep the silk-inspired polypeptide in a β roll configuration. Our study shows that a molecule in a stack of two β roll molecules unfolds in a step-wise fashion mainly from the C terminal. The bottom template is found to play an important role in stabilizing the β roll structure of the molecule on top by strengthening the hydrogen bonds in the layer that it contacts. Vertical hydrogen bonds within the β roll structure are considerably weaker than lateral hydrogen bonds, signifying the importance of lateral hydrogen bonds in stabilizing the β roll structure. Finally, an intermediate structure was found containing a β hairpin and an anti-parallel β sheet consisting of strands from the top and bottom molecules, revealing the self-healing ability of the β roll stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwu Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Martien A. Cohen Stuart
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Colloid Science, Wageningen University, NL, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carol K. Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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Semino R, Ramsahye NA, Ghoufi A, Maurin G. Microscopic Model of the Metal-Organic Framework/Polymer Interface: A First Step toward Understanding the Compatibility in Mixed Matrix Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:809-19. [PMID: 26653765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An innovative computational methodology integrating density functional theory calculations and force field-based molecular dynamics simulations was developed to provide a first microscopic model of the interactions at the metal-organic framework (MOF) surface/polymer interface. This was applied to the case of the composite formed by the polymer of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1, and the zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, as a model system. We found that the structure of the composite at the interface is the result of both the chemical affinity between PIM-1 and ZIF-8 and the rigidity of the polymer. Specifically, there is a preferential interaction between the -CN groups of PIM-1 and the NH terminal functions of the organic linker at the ZIF-8 surface. Additionally, the resulting conformation of the polymer gives rise to interfacial microvoids at the vicinity of the MOF surface. The porosity, rigidity, and density of the interfacial polymer were analyzed and compared to those for the bulk polymer. It was shown that the polymer still feels the impact of the MOF surface even at long distances above 15-20 Å. Further, both the polydispersity of the polymer and the flexibility of the MOF surface were revealed to only slightly affect the properties of the MOF/interface. This work, which delivers a microscopic picture of the MOF surface/polymer interactions at the interface, would lead, in turn, to the understanding of the compatibility in MOF-based mixed-matrix membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Semino
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253 CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Naseem A Ramsahye
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253 CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Aziz Ghoufi
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, IPR, UMR 6251 CNRS , 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Maurin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier UMR 5253 CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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