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Li Q, Wang D, Xiao C, Wang H, Dong S. Advances in Hydrogels for Periodontitis Treatment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2742-2761. [PMID: 38639082 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common condition characterized by a bacterial infection and the disruption of the body's immune-inflammatory response, which causes damage to the teeth and supporting tissues and eventually results in tooth loss. Current therapy involves the systemic and local administration of antibiotics. However, the existing treatments cannot exert effective, sustained release and maintain an effective therapeutic concentration of the drug at the lesion site. Hydrogels are used to treat periodontitis due to their low cytotoxicity, exceptional water retention capability, and controlled drug release profile. Hydrogels can imitate the extracellular matrix of periodontal cells while offering suitable sites to load antibiotics. This article reviews the utilization of hydrogels for periodontitis therapy based on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease. Additionally, the latest therapeutic strategies for smart hydrogels and the main techniques for hydrogel preparation have been discussed. The information will aid in designing and preparing future hydrogels for periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Li
- The First Outpatient Department, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Di Wang
- The First Outpatient Department, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- The First Outpatient Department, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Alhulaefi SS, Watson AW, Ramsay SE, Jakubovics NS, Matu J, Griffiths A, Kimble R, Siervo M, Brandt K, Shannon OM. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on oral health and associated markers of systemic health: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38733290 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2351168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Poor oral health can impact an individual's ability to eat and has been associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. While the benefits of nitrate consumption on oral health were first proposed more than 20 years ago, no systematic review has been published examining effects of dietary nitrate on oral health. This systematic review investigated the effects of dietary nitrate on markers of oral health in vivo in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Five databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception until March 2023. Nine articles reporting data on 284 participants were included. Dietary nitrate was provided via beetroot juice in most studies. The duration of the interventions ranged from one day to six weeks. Dietary nitrate supplementation increased the relative abundance of several individual bacterial genera including Neisseria and Rothia. Dietary nitrate supplementation increased salivary pH and decreased salivary acidification following consumption of a sugar-sweetened beverage. Furthermore, dietary nitrate supplementation resulted in a decrease in the gingival inflammation index. The results of this systematic review suggest that dietary nitrate could represent a potential nutritional strategy to positively modify oral health by impacting the oral microbiome, altering salivary pH, and minimizing gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha S Alhulaefi
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anthony W Watson
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sheena E Ramsay
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nick S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Rachel Kimble
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Health, Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Aijima R, Yamashita Y. Effectiveness of perioperative oral hygiene management using a cetylpyridinium chloride-, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, and tranexamic acid-based mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene in patients with maxillomandibular fixation: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:1044-1050. [PMID: 38018029 PMCID: PMC10728525 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maxillomandibular fixation requires the jawbones to remain static. Mechanical cleaning is also carried out by brushing or with a water flosser to maintain the oral cavity in a hygienic state, but this cannot be considered sufficient. Mouthwashes are used as a substitute for mechanical cleaning or in a supplementary role after such cleaning. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of HABITPRO mouthwash, which contains cetylpyridinium chloride, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, and tranexamic acid in the specific environment created by maxillomandibular fixation used as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 55 patients who had undergone maxillomandibular fixation were randomly allocated to either a HABITPRO group (n = 29) or a placebo group (n = 26). To investigate their oral hygiene status, their plaque control record (PCR) was reviewed, and the caries-related bacterial counts, pH, acid buffering capacity, white blood cell count, and ammonia in saliva were measured immediately before maxillomandibular fixation, on Day 10 of fixation, and immediately after fixation was released. RESULTS After approximately 2-3 weeks of mouthwash use, the PCR index also increased significantly in the placebo group compared with baseline, whereas it remained almost steady in the HABITPRO group. Additionally, salivary ammonia levels decreased significantly in the HABITPRO group compared to that of the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Even with maxillomandibular fixation, continued gargling with HABITPRO mouthwash in the perioperative period as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning can help maintain better oral hygiene and reduce bacterial counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reona Aijima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Yoshio Yamashita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
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Chen B, Liu H, Wang Z, Ma J, Shen Y. Effects of DJK-5 and chlorhexidine on exopolysaccharide volume and pH in oral biofilms. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:705. [PMID: 37777729 PMCID: PMC10544135 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are essential constituents of the extracellular matrix within oral biofilms and are significantly influenced by the local microenvironment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of two distinct antimicrobial agents, DJK-5 and chlorhexidine (CHX), on the EPS volume and pH levels in oral biofilms. METHODS Oral biofilms obtained from two donors were cultured on hydroxyapatite discs for durations of 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. Subsequently, these biofilms were subjected to treatment with 10 µg/mL DJK-5 or 2% CHX for 3 min. The impact of these antimicrobial treatments on factors such as the proportion of dead bacterial, in situ pH, and EPS volume within the biofilms was assessed using corresponding fluorescent probes. The examination was carried out utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the resulting images were analyzed with a focus on the upper and lower layers of the biofilm, respectively. RESULTS DJK-5 exhibited a more potent bactericidal effect compared to CHX across the 3-day to 4-week duration of the biofilm (P < 0.05). The biofilms were acidic, with the upper layer being less acidic than the lower layer (P < 0.05). Both antimicrobial agents increased the pH, but DJK-5 had a greater effect than CHX (P < 0.05). The volume of EPS was significantly lower in DJK-5 treated biofilms compared to that of CHX, regardless of age or layer (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION DJK-5 exhibited superior effectiveness in reducing viable bacteria and EPS volume, as well as in raising extracellular pH, as compared to chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - He Liu
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Ya Shen
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Sakata S, Sakamaki Y, Yuki M, Sugaya T, Hirota T. Screening of heat-killed lactic acid bacteria based on inhibitory activity against oral bacteria and effects of oral administration of heat-killed Ligilactobacillus salivarius CP3365 on periodontal health in healthy participants: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2250649. [PMID: 37649969 PMCID: PMC10464545 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2250649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to select heat-killed lactic acid bacteria (HKL) with antibiotic activity and investigate the efficacy of this bacteria in maintaining periodontal parameters in healthy participants. Materials and methods An in vitro evaluation was conducted to assess the inhibitory efficacy of lactic acid bacteria against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum. The effects of HKL administration on various parameters (plaque control record, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth) were assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Participants in the test and placebo groups (n = 32) consumed oral tablets containing placebo or HKL daily for 8 weeks. Oral bacteria in supra-plaque and saliva were identified using 16S rRNA gene community profiling analysis. Results Heat-killed Ligilactobacillus salivarius CP3365 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the viability of oral bacteria and was selected for clinical trials. Administration of HKL CP3365 significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited increases in each parameter. No changes in the relative abundance of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum were detected by HKL CP3365, but the relative abundance of oral bacteria (genera Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Haemophilus) was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Conclusion HKL CP3365 effectively inhibited oral bacteria growth and was useful for maintaining periodontal health. Clinical Trial Registration [https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm], identifier [UMIN000045656].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakata
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd, Moriya-Shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sakamaki
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd, Moriya-Shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yuki
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd, Moriya-Shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sugaya
- Periodontology & Endodontology Department of Oral Health Science Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Hirota
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd, Moriya-Shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Song Z, Fang S, Guo T, Wen Y, Liu Q, Jin Z. Microbiome and metabolome associated with white spot lesions in patients treated with clear aligners. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1119616. [PMID: 37082715 PMCID: PMC10111054 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1119616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot lesions (WSLs) have long been a noteworthy complication during orthodontic treatment. Recently, an increasing number of orthodontists have found that adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear aligners are at a higher risk of developing WSLs. The oral microbiota and metabolites are considered the etiologic and regulatory factors of WSLs, but the specific impact of clear aligners on the oral microbiota and metabolites is unknown. This study investigated the differences in the salivary microbiome and metabolome between adolescents with and without WSLs treated with clear aligners. Fifty-five adolescents (aged 11-18) with Invisalign appliances, 27 with and 28 without WSLs, were included. Saliva samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS); the data were further integrated for Spearman correlation analysis. The relative abundances of 14 taxa, including Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Rothia, Micrococcaceae, Subdoligranulum, Capnocytophaga, Azospira, Olsenella, Lachnoanaerobaculum, and Abiotrophia, were significantly higher in the WSL group than in the control group. Metabolomic analysis identified 27 potential biomarkers, and most were amino acids, including proline and glycine. The metabolites were implicated in 6 metabolic pathways, including alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. There was a correlation between the salivary microbial and metabolomic datasets, reflecting the impact of clear aligners on the metabolic activity of the oral flora. A concordant increase in the levels of Lachnoanaerobaculum, Rothia, Subdoligranulum and some amino acids had predictive value for WSL development. In summary, when adolescents undergo long-term clear aligner therapy with poor oral hygiene habits, clear aligners can disrupt the balance of the oral microecosystem and lead to oral microbiota dysbiosis, thereby increasing the risk of developing WSLs. Our findings might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of WSLs and provide candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of WSLs associated with clear aligners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shishu Fang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, TaiKang Shanghai Bybo Dental Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Liu, ; Zuolin Jin,
| | - Zuolin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Liu, ; Zuolin Jin,
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Kim JY, Choi W, Mangal U, Seo JY, Kang TY, Lee J, Kim T, Cha JY, Lee KJ, Kim KM, Kim JM, Kim D, Kwon JS, Hong J, Choi SH. Multivalent network modifier upregulates bioactivity of multispecies biofilm-resistant polyalkenoate cement. Bioact Mater 2022; 14:219-233. [PMID: 35310353 PMCID: PMC8897648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeong Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Utkarsh Mangal
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Seo
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yun Kang
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Lee
- Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Mason Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yul Cha
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Liu Y, Yang X, Li C, Song Z. The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895537. [PMID: 35572634 PMCID: PMC9100676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity provides a habitat for oral microbial communities. The complexity of its anatomical structure, its connectivity to the outside, and its moist environment contribute to the complexity and ecological site specificity of the microbiome colonized therein. Complex endogenous and exogenous factors affect the occurrence and development of the oral microbiota, and maintain it in a dynamic balance. The dysbiotic state, in which the microbial composition is altered and the microecological balance between host and microorganisms is disturbed, can lead to oral and even systemic diseases. In this review, we discuss the current research on the composition of the oral microbiota, the factors influencing it, and its relationships with common oral diseases. We focus on the specificity of the microbiota at different niches in the oral cavity, the communities of the oral microbiome, the mycobiome, and the virome within oral biofilms, and interventions targeting oral pathogens associated with disease. With these data, we aim to extend our understanding of oral microorganisms and provide new ideas for the clinical management of infectious oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xingyou Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chengwen Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Li,
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Zhangyong Song,
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Cytotoxic effects of different detergent containing children's toothpastes on human gingival epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:66. [PMID: 35264124 PMCID: PMC8908683 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate possible cytotoxic effects to gingival epithelial cells exposed to children toothpastes containing different detergent. Methods Tissues required for the isolation of human gingival epithelial cells were obtained by biopsy during the extraction of the impacted third molar tooth. Toothpaste solutions of different concentrations were prepared from five different children’s toothpastes with different detergent contents. Isolated gingival epithelial cells were stimulated with experimental groups consisting of toothpaste solutions (Colgate, Sensodyne, Splat, Nenedent, Perlodent) at different concentrations and a control group consisting of complete Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium. After the experiments, cell viability was evaluated using flow cytometry. 2 Way ANOVA was used to see the interaction effect of the main effects of toothpaste solution and concentration factors. Pairwise comparisons were made by Tukey post hoc tests. In the study, the significance level was taken as 0.05. Results As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the toothpaste solution and concentration factors and the interactions of these 2 factors were effective on the viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cell rates. The statistically highest live cell ratios were detected in Splat’s toothpaste solutions (90.14% at 0.4% concentration) after the control group (90.82%) and the group with the lowest viability values was determined in Colgate group (75.74% at 0.4% concentration) (p < 0.05). Conclusions According to the results of the study, it was observed that toothpastes containing SLS affected the viability of cells more negatively than toothpastes with other detergent contents.
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Dhall A, Islam S, Park M, Zhang Y, Kim A, Hwang G. Bimodal Nanocomposite Platform with Antibiofilm and Self-Powering Functionalities for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40379-40391. [PMID: 34406755 PMCID: PMC8548987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication have led to the development of various implantable biomaterials. However, biofilm-associated infection on medical devices still remains a major hurdle that substantially undermines the clinical applicability and advancement of biomaterial systems. Given their attractive piezoelectric behavior, barium titanate (BTO)-based materials have also been used in biological applications. Despite its versatility, the feasibility of BTO-embedded biomaterials as anti-infectious implantable medical devices in the human body has not been explored yet. Here, the first demonstration of clinically viable BTO-nanocomposites is presented. It demonstrates potent antibiofilm properties against Streptococcus mutans without bactericidal effect while retaining their piezoelectric and mechanical behaviors. This antiadhesive effect led to ∼10-fold reduction in colony-forming units in vitro. To elucidate the underlying mechanism for this effect, data depicting unfavorable interaction energy profiles between BTO-nanocomposites and S. mutans using the classical and extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theories is presented. Direct cell-to-surface binding force data using atomic force microscopy also corroborate reduced adhesion between BTO-nanocomposites and S. mutans. Interestingly, the poling process on BTO-nanocomposites resulted in asymmetrical surface charge density on each side, which may help tackle two major issues in prosthetics-bacterial contamination and tissue integration. Finally, BTO-nanocomposites exhibit superior biocompatibility toward human gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Overall, BTO-embedded composites exhibit broad-scale potential to be used in biological settings as energy-harvestable antibiofilm surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Dhall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sayemul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Moonchul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Geelsu Hwang, ; Albert Kim,
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Geelsu Hwang, ; Albert Kim,
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Abiotrophia defectiva DnaK Promotes Fibronectin-Mediated Adherence to HUVECs and Induces a Proinflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168528. [PMID: 34445234 PMCID: PMC8395199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotrophia defectiva is a nutritionally variant streptococci that is found in the oral cavity, and it is an etiologic agent of infective endocarditis. We have previously reported the binding activity of A. defectiva to fibronectin and to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, the contribution of some adhesion factors on the binding properties has not been well delineated. In this study, we identified DnaK, a chaperon protein, as being one of the binding molecules of A. defectiva to fibronectin. Recombinant DnaK (rDnaK) bound immobilized fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner, and anti-DnaK antiserum reduced the binding activity of A. defectiva with both fibronectin and HUVECs. Furthermore, DnaK were observed on the cell surfaces via immune-electroscopic analysis with anti-DnaK antiserum. Expression of IL-8, CCL2, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 was upregulated with the A. defectiva rDnaK treatment in HUVECs. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion of THP-1 macrophages was also upregulated with the rDnaK. We observed these upregulations in rDnaK treated with polymyxin B, but not in the heat-treated rDnaK. The findings show that A. defectiva DnaK functions not only as an adhesin to HUVECs via the binding to fibronectin but also as a proinflammatory agent in the pathogenicity to cause infective endocarditis.
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Jiang Q, Yu Y, Xu R, Zhang Z, Liang C, Sun H, Deng F, Yu X. The temporal shift of peri-implant microbiota during the biofilm formation and maturation in a canine model. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105100. [PMID: 34302932 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the mature peri-implant biofilm composition is well studied, there is very little information on the succession of in vivo dental implant colonization. The aim of this study was to characterize the temporal changes and diversity of peri-implant supra-mucosal and sub-mucosal microbiota during the process of the plaque maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dental implants (n = 25) were placed in the mandible of 3 beagle dogs. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons was used to characterize the supra/sub-mucosal microbiota in the peri-implant niches at 1day (T1), 7days (T2), 14days (T3), 21days (T4) and 28days (T5) after Phase Ⅱ surgery of the healing abutment placement. QIIME, Mothur, LEfSe and R-package were used for downstream analysis. RESULTS A total of 1184 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), assigned into 22 phyla, 264 genera and 339 species were identified. In supra-mucosal niches, the alpha parameters of shannon, sobs and chao1 displayed significant differences between T1 and other time-points. However, in sub-mucosal niches, only sobs, chao1, and ace indexes displayed significant differences between T1 and T3, and T1 and T5. Beta-diversity showed statistically significant difference between T1 and T2, T3, T4, T5 within both sub-mucosal and supra-mucosal plaque. The phyla Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla of both sub-mucosal and supra-mucosal niches at all time-points and Firmicutes increased during the maturation of peri-implant plaque. At the genus level, Neisseria decreased significantly after T1 suggesting the establishment of an anaerobic microenvironment. A decrease of Porphyromonas during the formation of sub-mucosal microbial community was also detected. Co-occurrence network analysis exhibited a more complicated co-occurrence relationship of bacterial species in the sub-mucosal niches. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Filifactor villosus, and some other species may play a crucial role in biofilm maturation. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggested that the development of peri-implant biofilm followed a similar pattern to dental plaque formation. Sub-mucosal biofilm may go through a more complicated procedure of maturation than supra-mucosal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruogu Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhengchuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chaoan Liang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanyu Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Nikinmaa S, Moilanen N, Sorsa T, Rantala J, Alapulli H, Kotiranta A, Auvinen P, Kankuri E, Meurman JH, Pätilä T. Indocyanine Green-Assisted and LED-Light-Activated Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy Reduces Dental Plaque. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9050052. [PMID: 34063662 PMCID: PMC8147628 DOI: 10.3390/dj9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to determine the feasibility and first efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted antimicrobial photodynamictherapy (aPDT) as activated using LED light to the dental plaque. Methods: Fifteen healthy adults were assigned to this four-day randomized study. After rinsing with ICG, 100 J/cm2 of 810 nm LED light was applied to the aPDT-treatment area. Plaque area and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) were measured, and plaque bacteriomes before and after the study were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: aPDT administration was preformed successfully and plaque-specifically with the combination of ICG and the applicator. Total plaque area and endpoint MMP-8 levels were reduced on the aPDT-treatment side. aPDT reduced Streptococcus, Acinetobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Rothia bacteria species in plaques. Conclusion: ICG-assisted aPDT reduces plaque forming bacteria and exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-proteolytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Nikinmaa
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 12200 Espoo, Finland; (S.N.); (J.R.)
| | - Niina Moilanen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
- Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Rantala
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 12200 Espoo, Finland; (S.N.); (J.R.)
| | - Heikki Alapulli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Anja Kotiranta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jukka H. Meurman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Tommi Pätilä
- Department of Congenital Heart Surgery and Organ Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
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Choi W, Park S, Kwon JS, Jang EY, Kim JY, Heo J, Hwang Y, Kim BS, Moon JH, Jung S, Choi SH, Lee H, Ahn HW, Hong J. Reverse Actuation of Polyelectrolyte Effect for In Vivo Antifouling. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6811-6828. [PMID: 33769787 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers have extraordinary properties, that is, significant hydration and the so-called antipolyelectrolyte effect, which make them suitable for biomedical applications. The hydration induces an antifouling effect, and this has been investigated significantly. The antipolyelectrolyte effect refers to the extraordinary ion-responsive behavior of particular polymers that swell and hydrate considerably in physiological solutions. This actuation begins to attract attention to achieve in vivo antifouling that is challenging for general polyelectrolytes. In this study, we established the sophisticated cornerstone of the antipolyelectrolyte effect in detail, including (i) the essential parameters, (ii) experimental verifications, and (iii) effect of improving antifouling performance. First, we find that both osmotic force and charge screening are essential factors. Second, we identify the antipolyelectrolyte effect by visualizing the swelling and hydration dynamics. Finally, we verify that the antifouling performance can be enhanced by exploiting the antipolyelectrolyte effect and report reduction of 85% and 80% in ex and in vivo biofilm formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Jang
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungDeok Hwang
- Paul H. Chook Department of Information Systems and Statistics, Baruch College CUNY, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoi Moon
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity and BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Ahn
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Zhu Y, Marin LM, Xiao Y, Gillies ER, Siqueira WL. pH-Sensitive Chitosan Nanoparticles for Salivary Protein Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041028. [PMID: 33920657 PMCID: PMC8073935 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Salivary proteins such as histatins (HTNs) have demonstrated critical biological functions directly related to tooth homeostasis and prevention of dental caries. However, HTNs are susceptible to the high proteolytic activities in the oral environment. Therefore, pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) have been proposed as potential carriers to protect proteins from enzymatic degradation at physiological salivary pH. Four different types of chitosan polymers were investigated and the optimal formulation had good batch to batch reproducibility, with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 144 ± 6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.04, and a zeta potential of 18 ± 4 mV at a final pH of 6.3. HTN3 encapsulation and release profiles were characterized by cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The CNs successfully encapsulated HTN3 and selectively swelled at acidic pH to facilitate HTN3 release. Protection of HTN3 against enzymatic degradation was investigated in diluted whole saliva. HTN3 encapsulated in the CNs had a prolonged survival time compared to the free HTN3. CNs with and without HTN3 also successfully reduced biofilm weight and bacterial viability. The results of this study have demonstrated the suitability of CNs as potential protein carriers for oral applications, especially for complications occurring at acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Lina M. Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kageyama S, Nagao Y, Ma J, Asakawa M, Yoshida R, Takeshita T, Hirosue A, Yamashita Y, Nakayama H. Compositional Shift of Oral Microbiota Following Surgical Resection of Tongue Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:600884. [PMID: 33330141 PMCID: PMC7719762 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.600884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary microbiota is considered a source of microorganisms for the respiratory and digestive tracts, and a trigger for diseases in these distant organs. Meanwhile, the microbiota on the tongue surface is thought to be a major source of salivary microbiota. Therefore, surgical resection of the tongue for definitive treatment of oral cancer could drastically change the salivary bacterial balance and virulence. Here, we investigated the shift of the salivary microbiota following surgical resection in patients with tongue cancer. The stimulated saliva samples were collected from 25 tongue cancer patients pre- and post-resection of the tongue, and bacterial density and composition was determined using quantitative PCR analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing, respectively. Although no significant difference in the total bacterial density in saliva pre- and post-surgery was observed, the bacterial composition significantly differed according to the analysis of similarity. Among predominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with ≥1% of relative abundance, the proportions of OTUs corresponding to Streptococcus salivarius, Prevotellamelaninogenica, and Prevotellahisticola were significantly decreased following the tongue resection. On the other hand, the proportions of OTUs corresponding to Lautropiamirabilis, Neisseriaflava, Streptococcussanguinis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, known to be inhabitants of dental plaque, were significantly increased. These results suggest that surgical resection of the tongue causes a compositional shift of the salivary microbiota, characterized by an increase in bacterial species derived from dental plaque, including periodontal pathogens. These results suggest the necessity of more careful and frequent postoperative oral care after surgical resection of tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kageyama
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Nagao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jiale Ma
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikari Asakawa
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Hirosue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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17
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Veses V, González-Torres P, Carbonetto B, Del Mar Jovani-Sancho M, González-Martínez R, Cortell-Ballester I, Sheth CC. Dental black plaque: metagenomic characterization and comparative analysis with white-plaque. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15962. [PMID: 32994464 PMCID: PMC7525459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic black dental staining is an external dental discoloration of bacterial origin, considered a special form of dental plaque. Currently, there is no definitive therapeutic option for eliminating black stain. This study employed 16S rRNA metagenomics to analyze black stain and white-plaque samples from 27 adult volunteers. Study objectives were to: describe the microbial diversity of adult black stain samples; characterize their taxonomic profile; compare the microbiomes of black stain versus white-plaque from adult volunteers and propose a functional map of the black stain microbiome using PICRUSt2. The black stain microbiome was poorer in species diversity as compared to white-plaque. The five most abundant genera in black stain were Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus. Functional analysis of microbial species revealed conserved and consistent clustering of functional pathways within and between black stain and white-plaque microbiomes. We describe enrichment of heme biosynthetic pathways in black stain. Our results suggest that the dysbiosis in black stain resembles "orally healthy" communities. The increased abundance of heme biosynthetic pathways suggests that heme-dependent iron sequestration and subsequent metabolism are key for black stain formation. Further research should decipher the regulation of heme biosynthetic genes and characterize the temporal sequence leading to colonization and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Veses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Mª Del Mar Jovani-Sancho
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Martínez
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidoro Cortell-Ballester
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chirag C Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU-, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Sasaki M, Kodama Y, Shimoyama Y, Ishikawa T, Tajika S, Kimura S. Abiotrophia defectiva adhere to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads via interactions between salivary proline-rich-proteins and bacterial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:719-729. [PMID: 32918493 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abiotrophia defectiva is a species of nutritionally variant streptococci that is found in human saliva and dental plaques and that has been associated with infective endocarditis. In our previous study, it was found that A. defectiva could bind specifically to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads (SHA). This study identified a cell surface component of A. defectiva that promotes adherence to SHA beads. The binding of A. defectiva to SHA was reduced in the presence of antibodies against human proline-rich protein (PRP); these results suggested that PRP may be a critical component mediating interactions between A. defectiva and the salivary pellicle. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of whole A. defectiva cells followed by Far-Western blotting was conducted by probing with synthetic peptides analogous to the binding region of PRP known as PRP-C. The results indicate that an A. defectiva protein of 37 kDa interacts with PRP-C. The results of amino-terminal sequencing of the adhesive A. defectiva protein revealed significant similarity to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Recombinant GAPDH bound to immobilized PRP-C in a dose-dependent manner and binding of A. defectiva to SHA or to PRP was reduced in the presence of anti-GAPDH antiserum. Western blotting or electron immunomicroscopic observations with anti-GAPDH antiserum revealed that this protein was expressed in both cytosolic and cell wall fractions. These results suggest that A. defectiva could specifically bind to PRP via interactions with cell surface GAPDH; the findings suggest a mechanism underlying A. defectiva-mediated adherence to saliva-coated tooth surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshitoyo Kodama
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yu Shimoyama
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shihoko Tajika
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kimura
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
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Nagai N, Homma H, Sakurai A, Takahashi N, Shintani S. Microbiomes of colored dental biofilms in children with or without severe caries experience. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 6:659-668. [PMID: 32767520 PMCID: PMC7745070 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm coloration can compromise maturation and increase the risk of oral disease in adulthood, though children with colored biofilm do not always demonstrate a poor oral health status. AIM The microbial compositions of colored and white biofilms in children were compared. DESIGN Thirty-two dental biofilm samples from 16 children (age < 13 years) were analyzed using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, then the subjects were divided into severe caries and healthy (caries-free) groups. Correlations between microbiomes and oral health status were also examined. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed no distinctly different patterns between colored and white biofilms. In the severe caries group, genus Actinomyces, Cardiobacterium, Kingella, Lautropia, and Veillonella, and family Neisseriaceae were detected, though abundance was significantly different between colored and white biofilm specimens, in contrast to the healthy group. In addition, five colored biofilm samples from the severe caries group contained greater than 15% Actinomyces, which led us to consider that genus to be possibly associated with formation of colored biofilm in children. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that differences in bacterial composition between colored and white biofilms are higher in individuals with severe caries. Additional research may reveal the significance of colored dental biofilm in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Nagai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Homma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Sakurai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seikou Shintani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Desch A, Freifrau von Maltzahn N, Stumpp N, Dalton M, Yang I, Stiesch M. Biofilm formation on zirconia and titanium over time-An in vivo model study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2020; 31:865-880. [PMID: 32583509 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate volume, vitality and diversity of biofilms on the abutment materials zirconia and titanium as a function of time using an in vivo model for the biofilm formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The development of biofilms on zirconia and titanium grade 4 test specimens in the human oral cavity over time was analysed. After pretreatment, a total of 96 titanium and 96 zirconia discs were fixed on 12 composite splints, which were worn by 12 volunteers. After 6 hr, 24 hr, 3 days and 5 days, biofilms on 48 specimens of each material were analysed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The microbiota composition on the other 48 test specimens was examined using full-length 16S sequence analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS and R, and level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of the biofilms revealed significant changes in volume over time on zirconia and titanium. The material did not significantly influence the volume or live/dead ratio at the individual time points. The composition of the microbiome was influenced by the age of the biofilm, but not by the material of the test specimen. The most frequently found bacteria were Streptococcus spp., followed by Neisseria spp., Rothia spp., Haemophilus spp., Gemella spp. and Abiotrophia spp. CONCLUSIONS On both materials, the quantity and diversity of the microbiome increased over time. Apart from a slight difference in Veillonella abundance at one time point, there were no significant differences between zirconia and titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Desch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nico Stumpp
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marly Dalton
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ines Yang
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Dynamics of Dissolution, Killing, and Inhibition of Dental Plaque Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:964. [PMID: 32508783 PMCID: PMC7251032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to establish a standardized model that makes it possible to evaluate the dynamic dissolution of biofilm, killing of biofilm microbes and inhibition of growth of biofilm by disinfecting solutions. Biofilm was grown from dental plaque bacteria on collagen-coated hydroxyapatite (HA) disks for 3 days or 3 weeks under anaerobic conditions. Biofilms were stained with the LIVE/DEAD viability stain and subjected to sterile water, 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 6% NaOCl, or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) for 32 min. Dynamic change in fluorescence on bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) during the exposure was analyzed using Alexa Fluor 647-labeled dextran conjugate and a live-cell imaging confocal laser scanning microscopy (LC-CLSM). The biofilm structures after treatments were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treated biofilms on HA disks were collected and subjected to colony forming unit (CFU) counting. Another set of sterile HA disks were coated with CHX prior to the monitoring of plaque biofilm growth for 12 h. The LC-CLSM results showed that NaOCl dissolved biofilm effectively, more so at a higher concentration and longer exposure time. Six percent NaOCl was the most effective at dissolving and killing bacteria (e.g., 99% bacterial reduction in 3-day-old biofilm and 95% bacterial reduction in 3-week-old biofilm in 32 min) followed by 2% NaOCl and CHX. Sodium hypochlorite dissolved over 99.9% of the EPS whereas CHX only slightly reduced the EPS biovolume in 32 min. CFU results indicated that the dispersed biofilm bacteria are more resistant than planktonic bacteria to disinfectants. SEM showed the disruption of biofilm after exposures to CHX and NaOCl. The use of 2% CHX and sterile water did not result in biofilm dissolution. However, prior exposure of the HA disks to 2 and 0.2% CHX for 3 min prevented biofilm from growing on the HA disk surfaces for at least 12 h. This new platform has the potential to aid in a better understanding of the antibiofilm properties of oral disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ayoub HM, Gregory RL, Tang Q, Lippert F. Comparison of human and bovine enamel in a microbial caries model at different biofilm maturations. J Dent 2020; 96:103328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Mukai Y, Torii M, Urushibara Y, Kawai T, Takahashi Y, Maeda N, Ohkubo C, Ohshima T. Analysis of plaque microbiota and salivary proteins adhering to dental materials. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:182-188. [PMID: 32151606 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plaque causes oral diseases and aspiration-pneumonia in the elderly. It is not known whether pellicle-like attached salivary proteins and microbiota on dental materials are identical to those on teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the properties of salivary proteins and microbiota that attach to dental materials. METHODS Eight subjects wore removable oral splints with pieces of pure-titanium, cobalt-chromium alloy, silver-palladium-copper-gold-alloy, denture-base-resin, and hydroxyapatite for 24 h. The bacteria that adhered to each material were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing simultaneously. Each material sample was then immersed in pooled saliva, and the attached proteins were collected. Salivary proteins were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/MS, and high molecular weight proteins were identified using peptide mass fingerprinting. RESULTS Among the dental materials, the α- and β-diversity of adherent flora were similar. The bacterial species that adhered easily to materials were Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 058, Neisseria mucosa, Gemella haemolysans, and Rothia dentocariosa. Regardless of material, the peaks or spots of attached salivary proteins had similar patterns, containing functioning proteins such as anchoring receptors for early colonizers. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in microbiota and protein adherence in hydroxyapatite compared to the dental materials. Therefore, similar microbiota was determined to have formed on the similar pellicle-like proteins. In our study, the characteristics of plaque adhesion on both hydroxyapatite and dental materials were clarified. Based on this study, the creation of new methods of inhibiting plaque adhesion to prevent aspiration-pneumonia and oral infections can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mukai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Mana Torii
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yu Urushibara
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Kawai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Takahashi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Chikahiro Ohkubo
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Ohshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
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Identification of Initial Colonizing Bacteria in Dental Plaques from Young Adults Using Full-Length 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing. mSystems 2019; 4:4/5/e00360-19. [PMID: 31481603 PMCID: PMC6722423 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00360-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attachment of salivary bacteria to the tooth surface is an initial and repetitive phase in dental plaque development. We employed full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis with a high taxonomic resolution using a third-generation sequencer, PacBio Sequel, to determine the bacterial composition during early plaque formation in 74 young adults accurately and in detail. The results revealed 21 bacterial taxa primarily involved in early plaque formation on hydroxyapatite disks in young adults, which include several streptococcal species as well as nonstreptococcal species, such as Neisseria sicca/N. flava/N. mucosa and Rothia dentocariosa. Given that no notable variations in the microbiota composition were associated with the dental caries status, the maturation process, rather than the specific bacterial species that are the initial colonizers, is likely to play an important role in the development of dysbiotic microbiota associated with dental caries. Development of dental plaque begins with the adhesion of salivary bacteria to the acquired pellicle covering the tooth surface. In this study, we collected in vivo dental plaque formed on hydroxyapatite disks for 6 h from 74 young adults and identified initial colonizing taxa based on full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. A long-read, single-molecule sequencer, PacBio Sequel, provided 100,109 high-quality full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence reads from the early plaque microbiota, which were assigned to 90 oral bacterial taxa. The microbiota obtained from every individual mostly comprised the 21 predominant taxa with the maximum relative abundance of over 10% (95.8 ± 6.2%, mean ± SD), which included Streptococcus species as well as nonstreptococcal species. A hierarchical cluster analysis of their relative abundance distribution suggested three major patterns of microbiota compositions: a Streptococcus mitis/Streptococcus sp. HMT-423-dominant profile, a Neisseria sicca/Neisseria flava/Neisseria mucosa-dominant profile, and a complex profile with high diversity. No notable variations in the community structures were associated with the dental caries status, although the total bacterial amounts were larger in the subjects with a high number of caries-experienced teeth (≥8) than in those with no or a low number of caries-experienced teeth. Our results revealed the bacterial taxa primarily involved in early plaque formation on hydroxyapatite disks in young adults. IMPORTANCE Selective attachment of salivary bacteria to the tooth surface is an initial and repetitive phase in dental plaque development. We employed full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis with a high taxonomic resolution using a third-generation sequencer, PacBio Sequel, to determine the bacterial composition during early plaque formation in 74 young adults accurately and in detail. The results revealed 21 bacterial taxa primarily involved in early plaque formation on hydroxyapatite disks in young adults, which include several streptococcal species as well as nonstreptococcal species, such as Neisseria sicca/N. flava/N. mucosa and Rothia dentocariosa. Given that no notable variations in the microbiota composition were associated with the dental caries status, the maturation process, rather than the specific bacterial species that are the initial colonizers, is likely to play an important role in the development of dysbiotic microbiota associated with dental caries.
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25
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Abdullah N, Al-Marzooq F, Mohamad S, Abd Rahman N, Chi Ngo H, Perera Samaranayake L. Intraoral appliances for in situ oral biofilm growth: a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1647757. [PMID: 31489127 PMCID: PMC6713217 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1647757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral biofilms are the root cause of major oral diseases. As in vitro biofilms are not representative of the intraoral milieu, various devices have been manufactured over the years to develop Appliance Grown Oral Biofilm (AGOB). Objective: To review various intraoral appliances used to develop AGOB for microbiological analysis, and to judge the optimal means for such analyses. Design: Four databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Medline) were searched by two independent reviewers, and articles featuring the key words 'device' OR 'splint' OR 'appliance'; 'Oral biofilm' OR 'dental plaque'; 'in vivo' OR 'in situ'; 'Microbiology' OR 'Bacteria' OR 'microbiome'; were included. The standard Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were adopted for data gathering. Results: Of the 517 articles which met the initial inclusion criteria, 24 were deemed eligible for review. The age of the AGOB, sampled at various intervals, ranged from 30 min to 28 days. The most commonly used microbiome analytical methods were fluorescence microscopy, total cell count using conventional, and molecular tools including Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms. Conclusions: No uniformly superior method for collecting AGOB could be discerned. NGS platforms are preferable for AGOB analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizam Abdullah
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Farah Al-Marzooq
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Suharni Mohamad
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Normastura Abd Rahman
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Hien Chi Ngo
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Lee ES, de Josselin de Jong E, Kim BI. Detection of dental plaque and its potential pathogenicity using quantitative light-induced fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800414. [PMID: 30834691 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology can detect some dental plaque as red fluorescence. This in vivo study aimed to identify the microbial characteristics of red fluorescent (RF) dental plaque using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluate the correlations between RF plaque and the clinical symptoms of dental diseases. Paired supragingival plaque samples collected from each 10 subjects and consisted of RF and non-RF dental plaques as observed by QLF technology using a 405 nm blue light source for excitation. The characteristics of the bacterial communities in the RF and non-RF plaque samples were compared by sequencing analysis. An increase in microbial diversity was observed in RF plaque compared with the non-RF plaque. There were significant differences in the community compositions between the 2 types of dental plaque. Periodontopathic bacteria were significantly more abundant in the RF plaque than non-RF plaque. The fluorescence intensity of RF plaque was significantly related to the proportion of the periodontopathic bacterial community and the presence of gingival inflammation. In conclusion, the plaque red fluorescence is associated with changes in the microbial composition and enrichment of periodontopathic pathogens, which suggests that RF plaque detected by QLF technology could be used as a risk indicator for gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Elbert de Josselin de Jong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Inspektor Research Systems BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Yokoi A, Ekuni D, Hata H, Yamane-Takeuchi M, Maruyama T, Yamanaka R, Morita M. Relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and characteristics of microbiota of tongue dorsum in Japanese healthy adults: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180635. [PMID: 31215600 PMCID: PMC6559755 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde, associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages, is known to be a carcinogen and to be related to the tongue dorsum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yokoi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ekuni
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.,Okayama University, Dental School, Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hata
- National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamane-Takeuchi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Okayama University Hospital, Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamanaka
- Okayama University Hospital, Division of Hospital Dentistry, Central Clinical Department, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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28
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Willis JR, González-Torres P, Pittis AA, Bejarano LA, Cozzuto L, Andreu-Somavilla N, Alloza-Trabado M, Valentín A, Ksiezopolska E, Company C, Onywera H, Montfort M, Hermoso A, Iraola-Guzmán S, Saus E, Labeeuw A, Carolis C, Hecht J, Ponomarenko J, Gabaldón T. Citizen science charts two major "stomatotypes" in the oral microbiome of adolescents and reveals links with habits and drinking water composition. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:218. [PMID: 30522523 PMCID: PMC6284318 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral cavity comprises a rich and diverse microbiome, which plays important roles in health and disease. Previous studies have mostly focused on adult populations or in very young children, whereas the adolescent oral microbiome remains poorly studied. Here, we used a citizen science approach and 16S profiling to assess the oral microbiome of 1500 adolescents around Spain and its relationships with lifestyle, diet, hygiene, and socioeconomic and environmental parameters. RESULTS Our results provide a detailed snapshot of the adolescent oral microbiome and how it varies with lifestyle and other factors. In addition to hygiene and dietary habits, we found that the composition of tap water was related to important changes in the abundance of several bacterial genera. This points to an important role of drinking water in shaping the oral microbiota, which has been so far poorly explored. Overall, the microbiome samples of our study can be clustered into two broad compositional patterns (stomatotypes), driven mostly by Neisseria and Prevotella, respectively. These patterns show striking similarities with those found in unrelated populations. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that these stomatotypes represent two possible global optimal equilibria in the oral microbiome that reflect underlying constraints of the human oral niche. As such, they should be found across a variety of geographical regions, lifestyles, and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Willis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Pedro González-Torres
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Alexandros A Pittis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Luis A Bejarano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Nuria Andreu-Somavilla
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Miriam Alloza-Trabado
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Antonia Valentín
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Carlos Company
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Harris Onywera
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town (UCT), Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Magda Montfort
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Antonio Hermoso
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Susana Iraola-Guzmán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Ester Saus
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Annick Labeeuw
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jochen Hecht
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tomás I, Prada-López I, Quintas V, Carreira MJ, Simón-Soro Á, Mira A, Balsa-Castro C. In situ substrate-formed biofilms using IDODS mimic supragingival tooth-formed biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1495975. [PMID: 30181819 PMCID: PMC6116702 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1495975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the bacterial viability and diversity of a substrate-formed biofilm (SF-biofilm) in situ to a supragingival tooth-formed biofilm (TF-biofilm) in the same group of individuals. The impact of the device/disc position and toothbrushing during the formation of SF-biofilm was also assessed. Two tests were run. In test 1, 15 volunteers wore two hemi-splints carrying six discs of human enamel, glass, and hydroxyapatite for 2 days, and were instructed to not perform any oral hygiene measure. Biofilm samples were collected from the substrates and the contralateral tooth and were analysed using CLSM. In five volunteers, half of the biofilm present on the discs and their contralateral teeth were scraped and analysed using 16S pyrosequencing. In test 2, the microscopic analysis was repeated only on the SF-biofilm samples, and the volunteers were allowed to brush their teeth. Multivariate analyses revealed that the donors had a significant effect on the composition of the biofilm, confirming its subject-dependent character. The bacterial composition of the SF-biofilm was similar to the TF-biofilm, with significant differential abundance detected in very few taxa of low abundance. The toothbrushing during the formation of SF-biofilm was the only factor that conditioned the thickness or bacterial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Tomás
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute Foundation of Santiago (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Prada-López
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute Foundation of Santiago (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victor Quintas
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute Foundation of Santiago (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria José Carreira
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías da Información (CiTIUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Áurea Simón-Soro
- Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mira
- Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsa-Castro
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute Foundation of Santiago (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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30
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In Search of Model Ecological Systems for Understanding Specialized Metabolism. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00175-17. [PMID: 29629421 PMCID: PMC5881028 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00175-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes occupy diverse habitats, forming interconnected, dynamic communities. Elucidating the principles of microbial community function is a grand challenge for microbiology, and it will entail experiments that engage microbiomes across multiple levels of complexity. Microbes occupy diverse habitats, forming interconnected, dynamic communities. Elucidating the principles of microbial community function is a grand challenge for microbiology, and it will entail experiments that engage microbiomes across multiple levels of complexity. For example, community-level hypotheses often require testing at the mechanistic and/or genetic levels, while mechanistic relationships require community-level evaluation to understand their importance in context. In this Perspective, we articulate the need for model microbiome systems that enable experimentation in both community and reductionist frameworks, with an emphasis on understanding the role of specialized metabolites in microbial communities. We consider essential criteria for developing such model microbiome systems and discuss potential future models that address the ecology of specialized metabolism.
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Tsutsumi K, Maruyama M, Uchiyama A, Shibasaki K. Characterisation of a sucrose-independent in vitro biofilm model of supragingival plaque. Oral Dis 2017; 24:465-475. [PMID: 28898513 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sugar consumption has been decreasing in Japan, suggesting higher rates of sucrose-independent supragingival plaque formation. For developing an in vitro biofilm model of sucrose-independent supragingival plaque, this study aimed to investigate the compositions and functions on contributing to cariogenicity in comparison with sucrose-dependent biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro multispecies biofilm containing Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus gordonii, S. mutans, Veillonella parvula and Fusobacterium nucleatum was formed on 24-well plates in the absence or presence of 1% sucrose. Compositions were assessed by plate culture, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy after fluorescent in situ hybridisation or labelling of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Functions were assessed by acidogenicity, adherence strength and sensitivities to anticaries agents. RESULTS Although both biofilms exhibited a Streptococcus predominant bacterial composition, there were differences in bacterial and EPS compositions; in particular, little glucan EPS was observed in sucrose-independent biofilm. Compared with sucrose-dependent biofilm, acidogenicity, adherence strength and antimicrobial resistance of sucrose-independent biofilm were only slightly lower. However, dextranase degradation was substantially lower in sucrose-independent biofilm. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that sucrose-independent biofilm may have cariogenicity as with sucrose-dependent biofilm. These in vitro models can help further elucidate plaque-induced caries aetiology and develop new anticaries agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsutsumi
- Section of Oral Health Promotion and Technology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Care Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Maruyama
- Oral Care Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Uchiyama
- Section of Oral Health Promotion and Technology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Functional Food Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
| | - K Shibasaki
- Section of Oral Health Promotion and Technology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Care Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science
- OBT Research Center, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science
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Exploration of bacterial species associated with the salivary microbiome of individuals with a low susceptibility to dental caries. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:2399-2406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-2035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Men X, Shibata Y, Takeshita T, Yamashita Y. Identification of Anion Channels Responsible for Fluoride Resistance in Oral Streptococci. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165900. [PMID: 27824896 PMCID: PMC5100911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that eriC and crcB are involved in bacterial fluoride resistance. However, the fluoride-resistance mechanism in oral streptococci remains unclear. BLAST studies showed that two types of eriCs (eriC1 and eriC2) and two types of crcBs (crcB1 and crcB2) are present across 18 oral streptococci, which were identified in ≥ 10% of 166 orally healthy subjects with ≥ 0.01% of the mean relative abundance. They were divided into three groups based on the distribution of these four genes: group I, only eriC1; group II, eriC1 and eriC2; and group III, eriC2, crcB1, and crcB2. Group I consisted of Streptococcus mutans, in which one of the two eriC1s predominantly affected fluoride resistance. Group II consisted of eight species, and eriC1 was responsible for fluoride resistance, but eriC2 was not, in Streptococcus anginosus as a representative species. Group III consisted of nine species, and both crcB1 and crcB2 were crucial for fluoride resistance, but eriC2 was not, in Streptococcus sanguinis as a representative species. Based on these results, either EriC1 or CrcBs play a role in fluoride resistance in oral streptococci. Complementation between S. mutans EriC1 and S. sanguinis CrcB1/CrcB2 was confirmed in both S. mutans and S. sanguinis. However, neither transfer of S. sanguinis CrcB1/CrcB2 into wild-type S. mutans nor S. mutans EriC1 into wild-type S. sanguinis increased the fluoride resistance of the wild-type strain. Co-existence of different F− channels (EriC and CrcB) did not cause the additive effect on fluoride resistance in oral Streptococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Men
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukie Shibata
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kim YS, Kang SM, Lee ES, Lee JH, Kim BR, Kim BI. Ecological changes in oral microcosm biofilm during maturation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:101409. [PMID: 26950795 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.10.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological changes in the biofilm at different stages of maturation using 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing and to identify correlations between red/green (R/G) fluorescence ratio and ecological changes. An oral microcosm biofilm was initiated from the saliva of a single donor and grown anaerobically for up to 10 days in basal medium mucin. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence analysis was shown that the R/G ratio of the biofilm increased consistently, but the slope rapidly decreased after six days. The bacterial compositions of 10 species also consistently changed over time. However, there was no significant correlation between each bacteria and red fluorescence. The monitoring of the maturation process of oral microcosm biofilm over 10 days revealed that the R/G ratio and the bacterial composition within biofilm consistently changed. Therefore, the R/G fluorescence ratio of biofilm may be related with its ecological change rather than specific bacteria
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Dental Hygiene, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Mook Kang
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, BK 21 PLUS Project, Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, BK 21 PLUS Project, Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Kim
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, BK 21 PLUS Project, Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, BK 21 PLUS Project, Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Klug B, Santigli E, Westendorf C, Tangl S, Wimmer G, Grube M. From Mouth to Model: Combining in vivo and in vitro Oral Biofilm Growth. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1448. [PMID: 27708626 PMCID: PMC5030783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral biofilm studies based on simplified experimental setups are difficult to interpret. Models are limited mostly by the number of bacterial species observed and the insufficiency of artificial media. Few studies have attempted to overcome these limitations and to cultivate native oral biofilm. Aims: This study aimed to grow oral biofilm in vivo before transfer to a biofilm reactor for ex situ incubation. The in vitro survival of this oral biofilm and the changes in bacterial composition over time were observed. Methods: Six human enamel-dentin slabs embedded buccally in dental splints were used as biofilm carriers. Fitted individually to the upper jaw of 25 non-smoking male volunteers, the splints were worn continuously for 48 h. During this time, tooth-brushing and alcohol-consumption were not permitted. The biofilm was then transferred on slabs into a biofilm reactor and incubated there for 48 h while being nourished in BHI medium. Live/dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe bacterial survival over four points in time: directly after removal (T0) and after 1 (T1), 24 (T2), and 48 h (T3) of incubation. Bacterial diversity at T0 and T3 was compared with 454-pyrosequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to show specific taxa. Survival curves were calculated with a specially designed MATLAB script. Acacia and QIIME 1.9.1 were used to process pyrosequencing data. SPSS 21.0 and R 3.3.1 were used for statistical analysis. Results: After initial fluctuations at T1, survival curves mostly showed approximation of the bacterial numbers to the initial level at T3. Pyrosequencing analysis resulted in 117 OTUs common to all samples. The genera Streptococcus and Veillonella (both Firmicutes) dominated at T0 and T3. They make up two thirds of the biofilm. Genera with lower relative abundance had grown significantly at T3. FISH analysis confirmed the pyrosequencing results, i.e., the predominant staining of Firmicutes. Conclusion: We demonstrate the in vitro survival of native primary oral biofilm in its natural complexity over 48 h. Our results offer a baseline for cultivation studies of native oral biofilms in (phyto-) pharmacological and dental materials research. Further investigations and validation of culturing conditions could also facilitate the study of biofilm-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Klug
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria; Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Santigli
- Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Tangl
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Wimmer
- Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Division of Preventive and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz Graz, Austria
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Temporal dynamics of bacterial microbiota in the human oral cavity determined using an in situ model of dental biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2016; 2:16018. [PMID: 28721251 PMCID: PMC5515266 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies on oral biofilms have been performed in vitro, although it is difficult to mimic the oral environment. Here we used an in situ model to conduct a quantitative analysis and comprehensive identification of bacterial communities over time by performing deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. We show here that the number of viable bacteria in supragingival biofilms increased in two steps. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy, we detected gram-positive cocci during the first 8 h. The biofilm was subsequently covered with a thick matrix-like structure composed of different bacterial morphotypes that diversified as the number of bacteria increased. Streptococcus accounted for >20% of the population until 16 h, and obligate anaerobes such as Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Porphyromonas predominated after 48 h, and this increase was statistically significant after 96 h (P<0.05). Together, our data demonstrate that an initial population of facultative anaerobic bacteria was replaced with a population of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria during oral biofilm formation. This study, therefore, contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the composition of the bacterial microbiota involved in the health of the human oral cavity.
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Abreu NA, Taga ME. Decoding molecular interactions in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:648-63. [PMID: 27417261 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities govern numerous fundamental processes on earth. Discovering and tracking molecular interactions among microbes is critical for understanding how single species and complex communities impact their associated host or natural environment. While recent technological developments in DNA sequencing and functional imaging have led to new and deeper levels of understanding, we are limited now by our inability to predict and interpret the intricate relationships and interspecies dependencies within these communities. In this review, we highlight the multifaceted approaches investigators have taken within their areas of research to decode interspecies molecular interactions that occur between microbes. Understanding these principles can give us greater insight into ecological interactions in natural environments and within synthetic consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Abreu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Michiko E Taga
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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Molecular analysis of fungal populations in patients with oral candidiasis using next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28110. [PMID: 27305838 PMCID: PMC4910111 DOI: 10.1038/srep28110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is closely associated with changes in oral fungal biodiversity and is caused primarily by Candida albicans. However, the widespread use of empiric and prophylactic antifungal drugs has caused a shift in fungal biodiversity towards other Candida or yeast species. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has provided an improvement over conventional culture techniques, allowing rapid comprehensive analysis of oral fungal biodiversity. In this study, we used NGS to examine the oral fungal biodiversity of 27 patients with pseudomembranous oral candidiasis (POC) and 66 healthy controls. The total number of fungal species in patients with POC and healthy controls was 67 and 86, respectively. The copy number of total PCR products and the proportion of non-C. albicans, especially C. dubliniensis, in patients with POC, were higher than those in healthy controls. The detection patterns in patients with POC were similar to those in controls after antifungal treatment. Interestingly, the number of fungal species and the copy number of total PCR products in healthy controls increased with aging. These results suggest that high fungal biodiversity and aging might be involved in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis. We therefore conclude that NGS is a useful technique for investigating oral candida infections.
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Ng HM, Kin LX, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Butler CA, Reynolds EC. Bacterial interactions in pathogenic subgingival plaque. Microb Pathog 2016; 94:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22164. [PMID: 26907866 PMCID: PMC4764907 DOI: 10.1038/srep22164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This population-based study determined the salivary microbiota composition of 2,343 adult residents of Hisayama town, Japan, using 16S rRNA gene next-generation high-throughput sequencing. Of 550 identified species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 72 were common, in ≥75% of all individuals, as well as in ≥75% of the individuals in the lowest quintile of phylogenetic diversity (PD). These “core” OTUs constituted 90.9 ± 6.1% of each microbiome. The relative abundance profiles of 22 of the core OTUs with mean relative abundances ≥1% were stratified into community type I and community type II by partitioning around medoids clustering. Multiple regression analysis revealed that a lower PD was associated with better conditions for oral health, including a lower plaque index, absence of decayed teeth, less gingival bleeding, shallower periodontal pockets and not smoking, and was also associated with tooth loss. By contrast, multiple Poisson regression analysis demonstrated that community type II, as characterized by a higher ratio of the nine dominant core OTUs, including Neisseria flavescens, was implicated in younger age, lower body mass index, fewer teeth with caries experience, and not smoking. Our large-scale data analyses reveal variation in the salivary microbiome among Japanese adults and oral health-related conditions associated with the salivary microbiome.
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Willems HM, Xu Z, Peters BM. Polymicrobial Biofilm Studies: From Basic Science to Biofilm Control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:36-44. [PMID: 27134811 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-016-0078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbes rarely exist as single species planktonic forms as they have been commonly studied in the laboratory. Instead, the vast majority exists as part of complex polymicrobial biofilm communities attached to host and environmental surfaces. The oral cavity represents one of the most diverse and well-studied polymicrobial consortia. Despite a burgeoning field of mechanistic biofilm research within the past decades, our understanding of interactions that occur between microbial members within oral biofilms is still limited. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to focus on polymicrobial biofilm formation, microbial interactions and signaling events that mediate oral biofilm development, consequences of oral hygiene on both local and systemic disease, and potential therapeutic strategies to limit oral dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertine Me Willems
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 858 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Shi W, Qin M, Chen F, Xia B. Supragingival Microbial Profiles of Permanent and Deciduous Teeth in Children with Mixed Dentition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146938. [PMID: 26752284 PMCID: PMC4709228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study was designed to investigate the microbial profiles of teeth in different locations in mixed-dentition-stage children, and to compare the microbiomes of permanent and deciduous teeth in the same healthy oral cavity. Methods Supragingival plaque samples of teeth in various locations—the first permanent molars, deciduous molars, deciduous canines and incisors and permanent incisors—were collected from 20 healthy mixed-dentition-stage children with 10–12 permanent teeth erupted. Plaque DNA was extracted, and the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and subjected to sequencing. Results On average, 18,051 high-quality sequences per sample were generated. Permanent tooth sites tended to host more diverse bacterial communities than those of deciduous tooth sites. A total of 12 phyla, 21 classes, 38 orders, 66 families, 74 genera were detected ultimately. Five predominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria) were highly variable among sites. Of 26 genera with a mean relative abundance of >0.1%, 16 showed significant differences in relative abundance among the groups. More than 20% of the total operational taxonomical units were detected only in permanent or deciduous teeth. The variation in the microbial community composition was due mainly to permanent teeth being enriched in Actinomyces and deciduous teeth in Treponema. The core microbiome of supragingival plaque in mixed dentition comprised 19 genera with complex correlationships. Conclusion Our results suggest differences in microbial diversity and composition between permanent and deciduous teeth sites in mixed dentition. Moreover, the core microbiome of these sites was determined. These findings enhance our understanding of the development of the native oral microbiota with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Microbial Diversity in the Early In Vivo-Formed Dental Biofilm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1881-8. [PMID: 26746720 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03984-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mature dental biofilm composition is well studied, there is very little information on the earliest phase of in vivo tooth colonization. Progress in dental biofilm collection methodologies and techniques of large-scale microbial identification have made new studies in this field of oral biology feasible. The aim of this study was to characterize the temporal changes and diversity of the cultivable and noncultivable microbes in the early dental biofilm. Samples of early dental biofilm were collected from 11 healthy subjects at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after removal of plaque and pellicle from tooth surfaces. With the semiquantitative Human Oral Microbiome Identification Microarray (HOMIM) technique, which is based on 16S rRNA sequence hybridizations, plaque samples were analyzed with the currently available 407 HOMIM microbial probes. This led to the identification of at least 92 species, with streptococci being the most abundant bacteria across all time points in all subjects. High-frequency detection was also made with Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Gemella haemolysans, Slackia exigua, and Rothia species. Abundance changes over time were noted for Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus intermedius (P = 0.02), Streptococcus mitis bv. 2 (P = 0.0002), Streptococcus oralis (P = 0.0002), Streptococcus cluster I (P = 0.003), G. haemolysans (P = 0.0005), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (P = 0.02). Among the currently uncultivable microbiota, eight phylotypes were detected in the early stages of biofilm formation, one belonging to the candidate bacterial division TM7, which has attracted attention due to its potential association with periodontal disease.
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Involvement of the Type IX Secretion System in Capnocytophaga ochracea Gliding Motility and Biofilm Formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1756-1766. [PMID: 26729712 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03452-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capnocytophaga ochracea is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that demonstrates gliding motility when cultured on solid agar surfaces. C. ochracea possesses the ability to form biofilms; however, factors involved in biofilm formation by this bacterium are unclear. A type IX secretion system (T9SS) in Flavobacterium johnsoniae was shown to be involved in the transport of proteins (e.g., several adhesins) to the cell surface. Genes orthologous to those encoding T9SS proteins in F. johnsoniae have been identified in the genome of C. ochracea; therefore, the T9SS may be involved in biofilm formation by C. ochracea. Here we constructed three ortholog-deficient C. ochracea mutants lacking sprB (which encodes a gliding motility adhesin) or gldK or sprT (which encode T9SS proteins in F. johnsoniae). Gliding motility was lost in each mutant, suggesting that, in C. ochracea, the proteins encoded by sprB, gldK, and sprT are necessary for gliding motility, and SprB is transported to the cell surface by the T9SS. For the ΔgldK, ΔsprT, and ΔsprB strains, the amounts of crystal violet-associated biofilm, relative to wild-type values, were 49%, 34%, and 65%, respectively, at 48 h. Confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the biofilms formed by wild-type C. ochracea were denser and bacterial cells were closer together than in those formed by the mutant strains. Together, these results indicate that proteins exported by the T9SS are key elements of the gliding motility and biofilm formation of C. ochracea.
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Pyrosequencing of Plaque Microflora In Twin Children with Discordant Caries Phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141310. [PMID: 26524687 PMCID: PMC4629883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent successes in the control of dental caries, the mechanism of caries development remains unclear. To investigate the causes of dental decay, especially in early childhood caries, the supragingival microflora composition of 20 twins with discordant caries phenotypes were analyzed using high-throughput pyrosequencing. In addition, the parents completed a lifestyle questionnaire. A total of 228,789 sequencing reads revealed 10 phyla, 84 genera, and 155 species of microflora, the relative abundances of these strains varied dramatically among the children, Comparative analysis between groups revealed that Veillonella, Corynebacterium and Actinomyces were presumed to be caries-related genera, Fusobacterium, Kingella and Leptotrichia were presumed to be healthy-related genus, yet this six genera were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Moreover, a cluster analysis revealed that the microbial composition of samples in the same group was often dissimilar but that the microbial composition observed in twins was usually similar. Although the genetic and environmental factors that strongly influence the microbial composition of dental caries remains unknown, we speculate that genetic factors primarily influence the individual's susceptibility to dental caries and that environmental factors primarily regulate the microbial composition of the dental plaque and the progression to caries. By using improved twins models and increased sample sizes, our study can be extended to analyze the specific genetic and environmental factors that affect the development of caries.
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Jakubovics NS. Intermicrobial Interactions as a Driver for Community Composition and Stratification of Oral Biofilms. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3662-75. [PMID: 26519790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is accessible to microorganisms, and biofilms are present throughout on hard and soft tissues. The shedding of epithelial cell layers is usually effective for controlling biofilm development on soft tissues. Innate immune mechanisms are not so effective against biofilms on tooth surfaces, and oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing are required for the periodic removal of dental plaque. Even with good oral hygiene, microbial communities accumulate on teeth in areas that are protected from mechanical abrasion forces. Changes in the composition of these biofilms are associated with oral diseases such as dental caries or periodontitis. Newly formed biofilms and more mature dental plaque each have a level of spatial organization in the horizontal and vertical planes. Communities are shaped by many varied interactions between different species and genera within the biofilm, which include physical cell-cell associations known as coaggregation, interspecies signaling, secretion and turnover of antimicrobial compounds and the sharing of an extracellular matrix. Central to these interactions is the selection for metabolic synergies and it is becoming clear that the ability of communities to extract the maximum energy from the available metabolites is a potent driver for biofilm structure and stratification. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of intermicrobial interactions in oral biofilms and the roles that they play in determining the spatial organization of biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Jakubovics
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, United Kingdom.
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