1
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Chen Y, Li M, Wu Y. The occurrence and development of induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Genet 2024; 15:1389558. [PMID: 38699229 PMCID: PMC11063328 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1389558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM), known as "Yamanaka factors," can reprogram or stimulate the production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although OSKM is still the gold standard, there are multiple ways to reprogram cells into iPSCs. In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the efficiency of this technology. Ten years after the first report was published, human pluripotent stem cells have gradually been applied in clinical settings, including disease modeling, cell therapy, new drug development, and cell derivation. Here, we provide a review of the discovery of iPSCs and their applications in disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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2
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Kaarijärvi R, Kaljunen H, Nappi L, Fazli L, Kung SHY, Hartikainen JM, Paakinaho V, Capra J, Rilla K, Malinen M, Mäkinen PI, Ylä-Herttuala S, Zoubeidi A, Wang Y, Gleave ME, Hiltunen M, Ketola K. DPYSL5 is highly expressed in treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer and promotes lineage plasticity via EZH2/PRC2. Commun Biol 2024; 7:108. [PMID: 38238517 PMCID: PMC10796342 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is a lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer resistant to androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors. Our study unveils that AR suppresses the neuronal development protein dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 5 (DPYSL5), providing a mechanism for neuroendocrine transformation under androgen deprivation therapy. Our unique CRPC-NEPC cohort, comprising 135 patient tumor samples, including 55 t-NEPC patient samples, exhibits a high expression of DPYSL5 in t-NEPC patient tumors. DPYSL5 correlates with neuroendocrine-related markers and inversely with AR and PSA. DPYSL5 overexpression in prostate cancer cells induces a neuron-like phenotype, enhances invasion, proliferation, and upregulates stemness and neuroendocrine-related markers. Mechanistically, DPYSL5 promotes prostate cancer cell plasticity via EZH2-mediated PRC2 activation. Depletion of DPYSL5 decreases proliferation, induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest, reverses neuroendocrine phenotype, and upregulates luminal genes. In conclusion, DPYSL5 plays a critical role in regulating prostate cancer cell plasticity, and we propose the AR/DPYSL5/EZH2/PRC2 axis as a driver of t-NEPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosa Kaarijärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kaljunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lucia Nappi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Capra
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Petri I Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Ketola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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He X, Dutta S, Liang J, Paul C, Huang W, Xu M, Chang V, Ao I, Wang Y. Direct cellular reprogramming techniques for cardiovascular regenerative therapeutics. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:1-13. [PMID: 37903419 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of hospitalization affecting approximately 38 million people worldwide. While pharmacological and revascularization techniques can improve the patient's survival and quality of life, they cannot help reversing myocardial infarction injury and heart failure. Direct reprogramming of somatic cells to cardiomyocyte and cardiac progenitor cells offers a new approach to cellular reprogramming and paves the way for translational regenerative medicine. Direct reprogramming can bypass the pluripotent stage with the potential advantage of non-immunogenic cell products, reduced carcinogenic risk, and no requirement for embryonic tissue. The process of directly reprogramming cardiac cells was first achieved through the overexpression of transcription factors such as GATA4, MEF2C, and TBX5. However, over the past decade, significant work has been focused on enhancing direct reprogramming using a mixture of transcription factors, microRNAs, and small molecules to achieve cardiac cell fate. This review discusses the evolution of direct reprogramming, recent progress in achieving efficient cardiac cell fate conversion, and describes the reprogramming mechanisms at a molecular level. We also explore various viral and non-viral delivery methods currently being used to aid in the delivery of reprogramming factors to improve efficiency. However, further studies will be needed to overcome molecular and epigenetic barriers to successfully achieve translational cardiac regenerative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu He
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Suchandrima Dutta
- Department of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Christian Paul
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Vivian Chang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Ian Ao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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Kim GH, Kim J, Lee J, Jang DH. A novel pathogenic variant of DNMT3A associated with craniosynostosis: a case report of Heyn-Sproul-Jackson syndrome. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1165638. [PMID: 37303757 PMCID: PMC10248406 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1165638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants of DNMT3A have been implicated in Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome, an overgrowth disorder with macrocephaly and intellectual disability. However, there are recent reports of variants in the same gene giving rise to an opposing clinical phenotype presenting with microcephaly, growth failure, and impaired development-named Heyn-Sproul-Jackson syndrome (HESJAS). Here, we present a case of HESJAS caused by a novel pathogenic variant of DNMT3A. A five-year-old girl presented with severe developmental delay. Perinatal and family history were non-contributory. Physical exam showed microcephaly and facial dysmorphic features, and neurodevelopmental assessments revealed profound global developmental delay. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings were normal; however, brain 3D computed tomography revealed craniosynostosis. Next generation sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant in DNMT3A (NM_175629.2: c.1012_1014 + 3del). The patient's parents did not carry the variant. In this report, a novel feature associated with HESJAS (craniosynostosis) is described, along with a more detailed account of clinical manifestations than those in the original report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Hye Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tabibzadeh S. Resolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1664-1714. [PMID: 36465174 PMCID: PMC9662275 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the cell centric hypotheses, the deficits that drive aging occur within cells by age dependent progressive damage to organelles, telomeres, biologic signaling pathways, bioinformational molecules, and by exhaustion of stem cells. Here, we amend these hypotheses and propose an eco-centric model for geroplasticity (aging plasticity including aging reversal). According to this model, youth and aging are plastic and require constant maintenance, and, respectively, engage a host of endogenous rejuvenating (rejuvenins) and gero-inducing [geriatrin] factors. Aging in this model is akin to atrophy that occurs as a result of damage or withdrawal of trophic factors. Rejuvenins maintain and geriatrins adversely impact cellular homeostasis, cell fitness, and proliferation, stem cell pools, damage response and repair. Rejuvenins reduce and geriatrins increase the age-related disorders, inflammatory signaling, and senescence and adjust the epigenetic clock. When viewed through this perspective, aging can be successfully reversed by supplementation with rejuvenins and by reducing the levels of geriatrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Tabibzadeh
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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6
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Elrakaybi A, Ruess DA, Lübbert M, Quante M, Becker H. Epigenetics in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Impact on Biology and Utilization in Diagnostics and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235926. [PMID: 36497404 PMCID: PMC9738647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with high potential of metastases and therapeutic resistance. Although genetic mutations drive PDAC initiation, they alone do not explain its aggressive nature. Epigenetic mechanisms, including aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications, significantly contribute to inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, disease progression and metastasis. Thus, increased understanding of the epigenetic landscape in PDAC could offer new potential biomarkers and tailored therapeutic approaches. In this review, we shed light on the role of epigenetic modifications in PDAC biology and on the potential clinical applications of epigenetic biomarkers in liquid biopsy. In addition, we provide an overview of clinical trials assessing epigenetically targeted treatments alone or in combination with other anticancer therapies to improve outcomes of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Elrakaybi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Dietrich A. Ruess
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Becker
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-270-36000
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von Knebel Doeberitz N, Paech D, Sturm D, Pusch S, Turcan S, Saunthararajah Y. Changing paradigms in oncology: Toward noncytotoxic treatments for advanced gliomas. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1431-1446. [PMID: 35603902 PMCID: PMC9474618 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial-lineage malignancies (gliomas) recurrently mutate and/or delete the master regulators of apoptosis p53 and/or p16/CDKN2A, undermining apoptosis-intending (cytotoxic) treatments. By contrast to disrupted p53/p16, glioma cells are live-wired with the master transcription factor circuits that specify and drive glial lineage fates: these transcription factors activate early-glial and replication programs as expected, but fail in their other usual function of forcing onward glial lineage-maturation-late-glial genes have constitutively "closed" chromatin requiring chromatin-remodeling for activation-glioma-genesis disrupts several epigenetic components needed to perform this work, and simultaneously amplifies repressing epigenetic machinery instead. Pharmacologic inhibition of repressing epigenetic enzymes thus allows activation of late-glial genes and terminates glioma self-replication (self-replication = replication without lineage-maturation), independent of p53/p16/apoptosis. Lineage-specifying master transcription factors therefore contrast with p53/p16 in being enriched in self-replicating glioma cells, reveal a cause-effect relationship between aberrant epigenetic repression of late-lineage programs and malignant self-replication, and point to specific epigenetic targets for noncytotoxic glioma-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Paech
- Division of RadiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Department of NeuroradiologyBonn University HospitalBonnGermany
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology & ImmunologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Ruprecht‐Karls‐University HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sevin Turcan
- Department of NeurologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology ResearchTaussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
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8
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Bar-Hai N, Ishay-Ronen D. Engaging plasticity: Differentiation therapy in solid tumors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944773. [PMID: 36034865 PMCID: PMC9410762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a systemic heterogeneous disease that can undergo several rounds of latency and activation. Tumor progression evolves by increasing diversity, adaptation to signals from the microenvironment and escape mechanisms from therapy. These dynamic processes indicate necessity for cell plasticity. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a major role in facilitating cell plasticity in solid tumors by inducing dedifferentiation and cell type transitions. These two practices, plasticity and dedifferentiation enhance tumor heterogeneity creating a key challenge in cancer treatment. In this review we will explore cancer cell plasticity and elaborate treatment modalities that aspire to overcome such dynamic processes in solid tumors. We will further discuss the therapeutic potential of utilizing enhanced cell plasticity for differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Bar-Hai
- Cancer Research Center, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Ishay-Ronen
- Cancer Research Center, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Dana Ishay-Ronen,
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Basu A, Tiwari VK. Epigenetic reprogramming of cell identity: lessons from development for regenerative medicine. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:144. [PMID: 34301318 PMCID: PMC8305869 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are known to define cell-type identity and function. Hence, reprogramming of one cell type into another essentially requires a rewiring of the underlying epigenome. Cellular reprogramming can convert somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can be directed to differentiate to specific cell types. Trans-differentiation or direct reprogramming, on the other hand, involves the direct conversion of one cell type into another. In this review, we highlight how gene regulatory mechanisms identified to be critical for developmental processes were successfully used for cellular reprogramming of various cell types. We also discuss how the therapeutic use of the reprogrammed cells is beginning to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine particularly in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue and organs arising from pathological conditions or accidents. Lastly, we highlight some key challenges hindering the application of cellular reprogramming for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Basu
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Guttula PK, Monteiro PT, Gupta MK. Prediction and Boolean logical modelling of synergistic microRNA regulatory networks during reprogramming of male germline pluripotent stem cells. Biosystems 2021; 207:104453. [PMID: 34129895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unipotent male germline stem (GS) cells can undergo spontaneous reprogramming to germline pluripotent stem (GPS) cells during in vitro culture. In our previous study, we proposed a Boolean logical model of gene regulatory network (GRN) during reprogramming of GS cells to GPS cells. This study was designed to predict and model synergistic microRNA (miRNA) regulatory network during reprogramming of GS cells into GPS cells. The miRNAs targeting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among GS and GPS cells were predicted by a novel Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to construct miRNA synergistic networks (MSN) and identify regulatory miRNA modules. Qualitative Boolean logical model of synergistic miRNAs and its regulated genes was then constructed by considering discrete, asynchronous, multivalued logical formalism using the GINsim modeling and simulation tools. Topology, functional and community overlap studies revealed that mmu-miR-200b-3p, mmu-miR-429-3p and mmu-miR-141-3p, mmu-miR-200a-3p and mmu-miR-200c-3p in MSN belongs to the family of miR-200/429/141 and conjectured to control the pluripotency and reprogramming by promoting Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET). Synergistic network involving mmu-miR-20b-5p, mmu-miR-20a-5p, mmu-miR-106a-5p, mmu-miR-106b-5p, and mmu-miR-17-5p were found to be essential for the maintenance of GS cells. Logical miRNA regulatory network modelling showed that synergistic miRNAs regulates the gene dynamics of MET during GS-GPS reprogramming, as confirmed by perturbation analysis. Taken together, our study predicted novel synergistic miRNAs involved in the regulation of reprogramming and pluripotency in GPS cells. The Boolean logical model of synergistic miRNAs regulatory network further confirms our previous study that gene dynamics of MET regulates GS-GPS reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Guttula
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Pedro T Monteiro
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; INESC-ID, SW Algorithms and Tools for Constraint Solving Group, R. Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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Sun L, Fu X, Ma G, Hutchins AP. Chromatin and Epigenetic Rearrangements in Embryonic Stem Cell Fate Transitions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637309. [PMID: 33681220 PMCID: PMC7930395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major event in embryonic development is the rearrangement of epigenetic information as the somatic genome is reprogrammed for a new round of organismal development. Epigenetic data are held in chemical modifications on DNA and histones, and there are dramatic and dynamic changes in these marks during embryogenesis. However, the mechanisms behind this intricate process and how it is regulating and responding to embryonic development remain unclear. As embryos develop from totipotency to pluripotency, they pass through several distinct stages that can be captured permanently or transiently in vitro. Pluripotent naïve cells resemble the early epiblast, primed cells resemble the late epiblast, and blastomere-like cells have been isolated, although fully totipotent cells remain elusive. Experiments using these in vitro model systems have led to insights into chromatin changes in embryonic development, which has informed exploration of pre-implantation embryos. Intriguingly, human and mouse cells rely on different signaling and epigenetic pathways, and it remains a mystery why this variation exists. In this review, we will summarize the chromatin rearrangements in early embryonic development, drawing from genomic data from in vitro cell lines, and human and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew P. Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Kaarijärvi R, Kaljunen H, Ketola K. Molecular and Functional Links between Neurodevelopmental Processes and Treatment-Induced Neuroendocrine Plasticity in Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040692. [PMID: 33572108 PMCID: PMC7915380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is a subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which develops under prolonged androgen deprivation therapy. The mechanisms and pathways underlying the t-NEPC are still poorly understood and there are no effective treatments available. Here, we summarize the literature on the molecules and pathways contributing to neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate cancer in the context of their known cellular neurodevelopmental processes. We also discuss the role of tumor microenvironment in neuroendocrine plasticity, future directions, and therapeutic options under clinical investigation for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Abstract Neuroendocrine plasticity and treatment-induced neuroendocrine phenotypes have recently been proposed as important resistance mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression. Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is highly aggressive subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer which develops for one fifth of patients under prolonged androgen deprivation. In recent years, understanding of molecular features and phenotypic changes in neuroendocrine plasticity has been grown. However, there are still fundamental questions to be answered in this emerging research field, for example, why and how do the prostate cancer treatment-resistant cells acquire neuron-like phenotype. The advantages of the phenotypic change and the role of tumor microenvironment in controlling cellular plasticity and in the emergence of treatment-resistant aggressive forms of prostate cancer is mostly unknown. Here, we discuss the molecular and functional links between neurodevelopmental processes and treatment-induced neuroendocrine plasticity in prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance. We provide an overview of the emergence of neurite-like cells in neuroendocrine prostate cancer cells and whether the reported t-NEPC pathways and proteins relate to neurodevelopmental processes like neurogenesis and axonogenesis during the development of treatment resistance. We also discuss emerging novel therapeutic targets modulating neuroendocrine plasticity.
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13
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Li D, Shu X, Zhu P, Pei D. Chromatin accessibility dynamics during cell fate reprogramming. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51644. [PMID: 33480184 PMCID: PMC7857421 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome architecture and chromatin dynamics govern the fate and identify of a cell. Recent advances in mapping chromatin landscapes offer valuable tools for the acquisition of accurate information regarding chromatin dynamics. Here we discuss recent findings linking chromatin dynamics to cell fate control. Specifically, chromatin undergoes a binary off/on switch during iPSC reprogramming, closing and opening loci occupied by somatic and pluripotency transcription factors, respectively. This logic of a binary off/on switch may also be operational in cell fate control during normal development and implies that further approaches could potentially be developed to direct cell fate changes both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologySouth China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GUANGDONG LaboratoryGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academic of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaodong Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologySouth China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GUANGDONG LaboratoryGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academic of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologySouth China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GUANGDONG LaboratoryGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academic of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Cell Fate ControlSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
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14
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5-Azacytidine pretreatment confers transient upregulation of proliferation and stemness in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cells Dev 2021; 165:203659. [PMID: 34024336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful outcomes of cell-based therapeutic is highly-dependent on quality and quantity of the cells. Epigenetic modifiers are known to modulate cell fates via reprogramming, hence it is plausible to use them in enhancing the plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR), an epigenetic modifier, pretreatment on mesenchymal stem cells-derived from Wharton's Jelly (WJMSCs) fates. WJMSCs were pretreated with 5-AzaCR for 24 h and subsequently cultured in culture media mixtures. The proliferative and stemness characteristics of the pretreated WJMSCs were assessed through morphological and gene expression analyses. Results showed that cells pretreated with 5 μM to 20 μM of 5-AzaCR showed to acquire higher proliferative state transiently when cultured in embryonic-mesenchymal stem cell (ESC-MSC) media, but not in MSC medium alone, and this coincides with significant transitional upregulation of stemness transcription factors. 5-AzaCR pretreatment has potential to confer initial induction of higher state of stemness and proliferation in WJMSCs, influenced by the culture media.
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15
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Arabacı DH, Terzioğlu G, Bayırbaşı B, Önder TT. Going up the hill: chromatin-based barriers to epigenetic reprogramming. FEBS J 2020; 288:4798-4811. [PMID: 33190371 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of cellular identity are crucial during development and tissue homeostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms based largely on DNA methylation and histone modifications serve to reinforce and safeguard differentiated cell states. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or transcription factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-MYC (OSKM) can erase somatic cell identity and reprogram the cells to a pluripotent state. In doing so, reprogramming must reset the chromatin landscape, silence somatic-specific gene expression programs, and, in their place, activate the pluripotency network. In this viewpoint, we consider the major chromatin-based barriers for reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Among these, repressive chromatin modifications such as DNA methylation, H3K9 methylation, variant histone deposition, and histone deacetylation generally block the activation of pluripotency genes. In contrast, active transcription-associated chromatin marks such as DOT1L-catalyzed H3K79 methylation, FACT-mediated histone turnover, active enhancer SUMOylation, and EP300/CBP bromodomain-mediated interactions act to maintain somatic-specific gene expression programs. We highlight how genetic or chemical inhibition of both types of barriers can enhance the kinetics and/or efficiency of reprogramming. Understanding the mechanisms by which these barriers function provides insight into how chromatin marks help maintain cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tamer T Önder
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Chen K, Long Q, Xing G, Wang T, Wu Y, Li L, Qi J, Zhou Y, Ma B, Schöler HR, Nie J, Pei D, Liu X. Heterochromatin loosening by the Oct4 linker region facilitates Klf4 binding and iPSC reprogramming. EMBO J 2020; 39:e99165. [PMID: 31571238 PMCID: PMC6939195 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Yamanaka factor reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells suggests that some factor(s) must remodel the nuclei from a condensed state to a relaxed state. How factor-dependent chromatin opening occurs remains unclear. Using FRAP and ATAC-seq, we found that Oct4 acts as a pioneer factor that loosens heterochromatin and facilitates the binding of Klf4 and the expression of epithelial genes in early reprogramming, leading to enhanced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. A mutation in the Oct4 linker, L80A, which shows impaired interaction with the BAF complex component Brg1, is inactive in heterochromatin loosening. Oct4-L80A also blocks the binding of Klf4 and retards MET. Finally, vitamin C or Gadd45a could rescue the reprogramming deficiency of Oct4-L80A by enhancing chromatin opening and Klf4 binding. These studies reveal a cooperation between Oct4 and Klf4 at the chromatin level that facilitates MET at the cellular level and shed light into the research of multiple factors in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangsuo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Tianyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Linpeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Juntao Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanshuang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Bochao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department for Cell and Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | - Jinfu Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xingguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologyJoint School of Life SciencesHefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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17
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Abstract
Several challenges present themselves when discussing current approaches to the prevention or treatment of pancreatic cancer. Up to 45% of the risk of pancreatic cancer is attributed to unknown causes, making effective prevention programs difficult to design. The most common type of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is generally diagnosed at a late stage, leading to a poor prognosis and 5-year survival estimate. PDAC tumors are heterogeneous, leading to many identified cell subtypes within one patient’s primary tumor. This explains why there is a high frequency of tumors that are resistant to standard treatments, leading to high relapse rates. This review will discuss how epigenetic technologies and epigenome-wide association studies have been used to address some of these challenges and the future promises these approaches hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul R Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (R.R.S.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Katie M Reindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (R.R.S.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Rick J Jansen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Biostatistics Core Facility, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Center for Immunization Research and Education, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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18
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu X, Zhang C, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Andrisani OM, Kong L. A double-negative feedback loop between DEAD-box protein DDX21 and Snail regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 437:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Cheng T, Xu Y. Effects of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) Expression on Brain Glioma Cell Proliferation and Tumorigenesis. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7249-7255. [PMID: 30305602 PMCID: PMC6194754 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain glioma is a type of common primary intracranial malignant tumor, the prognosis of which is frequently unfavorable. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) belongs to poly-sulfur protein family and can mediate cell proliferation and differentiation via the modulation of various genes expressions. In addition, it is further related with occurrence and metastasis of malignant tumors. This study investigated the effect of EZH2 expression on proliferation and tumorigenesis of brain glioma cells. Material/Methods Glioma tumor tissues were collected from 3 patients who received surgery, and the glioma stem cells were then separated, cultured, and identified by flow cytometry. RNA interference approach was used to suppress EZH2 expression, which was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Clonal formation assay analyzed the change of cell proliferation potency. The effect on tumorigenesis potency of glioma stem cells was determined by mouse transplantation assay. Western blot investigated the effect of EZH2 on levels of oncogenes such as HER-2, c-myc, PI3K, and Akt. Results Flow cytometry revealed cancer stem cells in glioma tissues took up 39.4%, and qRT-PCR showed that EZH2 expression was decreased by 72% after the treatment of RNA interference in glioma cells (P<0.05). Both cell clonal formation and xenograft assays showed that the downregulation of EZH2 inhibited glioma cell proliferation (P<0.05) and weakened tumorigenesis potency (P<0.05). Western blot results showed that the reduction of EZH2 also suppressed expressions of oncogenes including c-myc and Akt (P<0.05). Conclusions Our data demonstrated that in brain glioma cells, the decrease of EZH2 level could suppress cell proliferation and tumorigenesis potency, and meanwhile inhibit the expressions of oncogenes including c-myc and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yinghui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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20
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Laskowski AI, Fanslow DA, Smith ED, Kosak ST. Clinical Epigenetic Therapies Disrupt Sex Chromosome Dosage Compensation in Human Female Cells. GENDER AND THE GENOME 2018; 2:2-7. [PMID: 30899898 DOI: 10.1177/2470289718787106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome gene dosage compensation is required to ensure equivalent levels of X-linked gene expression between males (46, XY) and females (46, XX). To achieve similar expression, X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is initiated in female cells during early stages of embryogenesis. Within each cell, either the maternal or paternal X chromosome is selected for whole chromosome transcriptional silencing, which is initiated and maintained by epigenetic and chromatin conformation mechanisms. With the emergence of small-molecule epigenetic inhibitors for the treatment of disease, such as cancer, the epigenetic mechanism underlying XCI may be inadvertently targeted. Here, we test 2 small-molecule epigenetic inhibitors being used clinically, GSK126 (a histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferase inhibitor) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (a histone deacetylase inhibitor), on their effects of the inactive X (Xi) in healthy human female fibroblasts. The combination of these modifiers, at subcancer therapeutic levels, leads to the inability to detect the repressive H3K27me3 modification characteristic of XCI in the majority of the cells. Importantly, genes positioned near the X-inactivation center (Xic), where inactivation is initiated, exhibit robust expression with treatment of the inhibitors, while genes located near the distal ends of the X chromosome intriguingly exhibit significant downregulation. These results demonstrate that small-molecule epigenetic inhibitors can have profound consequences on XCI in human cells, and they underscore the importance of considering gender when developing and clinically testing small-molecule epigenetic inhibitors, in particular those that target the well-characterized mechanisms of X inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka I Laskowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Danielle A Fanslow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erica D Smith
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven T Kosak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Gao F, Li J, Zhang H, Yang X, An T. Identifying Candidate Reprogramming Genes in Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:532-541. [PMID: 28063063 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Factor-based induced reprogramming approaches have tremendous potential for human regenerative medicine, but the efficiencies of these approaches are still low. In this study, we analyzed the global transcriptional profiles of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) from seven different labs and present here the first successful clustering according to cell type, not by lab of origin. We identified 2131 different expression genes (DEs) as candidate pluripotency-associated genes by comparing mESCs/miPSCs with somatic cells and 720 DEs between miPSCs and mESCs. Interestingly, there was a significant overlap between the two DE sets. Therefore, we defined the overlap DEs as "consensus DEs" including 313 miPSC-specific genes expressed at a higher level in miPSCs versus mESCs and 184 mESC-specific genes in total and reasoned that these may contribute to the differences in pluripotency between mESCs and miPSCs. A classification of "consensus DEs" according to their different expression levels between somatic cells and mESCs/miPSCs shows that 86% of the miPSC-specific genes are more highly expressed in somatic cells, while 73% of mESC-specific genes are highly expressed in mESCs/miPSCs, indicating that the miPSCs have not efficiently silenced the expression pattern of the somatic cells from which they are derived and failed to completely induce the genes with high expression levels in mESCs. We further revealed a strong correlation between oocyte-enriched factors and insufficiently induced mESC-specific genes and identified 11 hub genes via network analysis. In light of these findings, we postulated that these key hub genes might not only drive somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming but also augment the efficiency and quality of miPSC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China, 150040
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
- Chong Qing Reproductive and Genetics Institute, Chongqing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 64 Jing Tang ST, Yu Zhong District , Chongqing, China, 400013
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Tiezhu An
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China, 150040.
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22
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EZH2 inhibition promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84453-84467. [PMID: 27563817 PMCID: PMC5356672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire essential characteristics for metastatic dissemination through the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is regulated by gene expression and chromatin remodeling changes. The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) to repress gene transcription. Here we report the functional roles of EZH2-catalyzed H3K27me3 during EMT in ovarian cancer (OC) cells. TGF-β-induced EMT in SKOV3 OC cells was associated with decreased levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 (P<0.05). These effects were delayed (~72 h relative to EMT initiation) and coincided with increased (>15-fold) expression of EMT-associated transcription factors ZEB2 and SNAI2. EZH2 knockdown (using siRNA) or enzymatic inhibition (by GSK126) induced EMT-like changes in OC cells. The EMT regulator ZEB2 was upregulated in cells treated with either approach. Furthermore, TGF-β enhanced expression of ZEB2 in EZH2 siRNA- or GSK126-treated cells (P<0.01), suggesting that H3K27me3 plays a role in TGF-β-stimulated ZEB2 induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that TGF-β treatment decreased binding of EZH2 and H3K27me3 to the ZEB2 promoter (P<0.05). In all, these results demonstrate that EZH2, by repressing ZEB2, is required for the maintenance of an epithelial phenotype in OC cells.
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23
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Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotent stem cells or transdifferentiate to another lineage cell type. Much efforts have been made to unravel the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the cell fate conversion. Histone modifications as the major epigenetic regulator are implicated in various aspects of reprogramming and transdifferentiation. Here, we discuss the roles of histone modifications on reprogramming and transdifferentiation and hopefully provide new insights into induction and promotion of the cell fate conversion by modulating histone modifications.
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24
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Baranek M, Belter A, Naskręt-Barciszewska MZ, Stobiecki M, Markiewicz WT, Barciszewski J. Effect of small molecules on cell reprogramming. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:277-313. [PMID: 27918060 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The essential idea of regenerative medicine is to fix or replace tissues or organs with alive and patient-specific implants. Pluripotent stem cells are able to indefinitely self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of the body which makes them a potent substantial player in regenerative medicine. The easily accessible source of induced pluripotent stem cells may allow obtaining and cultivating tissues in vitro. Reprogramming refers to regression of mature cells to its initial pluripotent state. One of the approaches affecting pluripotency is the usage of low molecular mass compounds that can modulate enzymes and receptors leading to the formation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It would be great to assess the general character of such compounds and reveal their new derivatives or modifications to increase the cell reprogramming efficiency. Many improvements in the methods of pluripotency induction have been made by various groups in order to limit the immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, increase the efficiency and accelerate the kinetics. Understanding the epigenetic changes during the cellular reprogramming process will extend the comprehension of stem cell biology and lead to potential therapeutic approaches. There are compounds which have been already proven to be or for now only putative inducers of the pluripotent state that may substitute for the classic reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) in order to improve the time and efficiency of pluripotency induction. The effect of small molecules on gene expression is dosage-dependent and their application concentration needs to be strictly determined. In this review we analysed the role of small molecules in modulations leading to pluripotency induction, thereby contributing to our understanding of stem cell biology and uncovering the major mechanisms involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - A Belter
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Z Naskręt-Barciszewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - W T Markiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - J Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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25
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Mullen AC, Wrana JL. TGF-β Family Signaling in Embryonic and Somatic Stem-Cell Renewal and Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022186. [PMID: 28108485 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), seminal work in vertebrate and invertebrate models revealed the TGF-β family to be central regulators of tissue morphogenesis. Members of the TGF-β family direct some of the earliest cell-fate decisions in animal development, coordinate complex organogenesis, and contribute to tissue homeostasis in the adult. Here, we focus on the role of the TGF-β family in mammalian stem-cell biology and discuss its wide and varied activities both in the regulation of pluripotency and in cell-fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Mullen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbam Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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26
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Dal-Pra S, Hodgkinson CP, Mirotsou M, Kirste I, Dzau VJ. Demethylation of H3K27 Is Essential for the Induction of Direct Cardiac Reprogramming by miR Combo. Circ Res 2017; 120:1403-1413. [PMID: 28209718 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes has recently emerged as a novel and promising approach to regenerate the injured myocardium. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of this approach in vitro and in vivo using a combination of 4 microRNAs (miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, and miR-499) that we named miR combo. However, the mechanism of miR combo mediated direct cardiac reprogramming is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the possibility that miR combo initiated direct cardiac reprogramming through an epigenetic mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction array, we found that histone methyltransferases and demethylases that regulate the trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3), an epigenetic modification that marks transcriptional repression, were changed in miR combo-treated fibroblasts. Accordingly, global H3K27me3 levels were downregulated by miR combo treatment. In particular, the promoter region of cardiac transcription factors showed decreased H3K27me3 as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Inhibition of H3K27 methyltransferases or of the PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) by pharmaceutical inhibition or siRNA reduced the levels of H3K27me3 and induced cardiogenic markers at the RNA and protein level, similarly to miR combo treatment. In contrast, knockdown of the H3K27 demethylases Kdm6A and Kdm6B restored the levels of H3K27me3 and blocked the induction of cardiac gene expression in miR combo-treated fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we demonstrated that removal of the repressive mark H3K27me3 is essential for the induction of cardiac reprogramming by miR combo. Our data not only highlight the importance of regulating the epigenetic landscape during cell fate conversion but also provide a framework to improve this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dal-Pra
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Conrad P Hodgkinson
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Imke Kirste
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Victor J Dzau
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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d'Ydewalle C, Ramos DM, Pyles NJ, Ng SY, Gorz M, Pilato CM, Ling K, Kong L, Ward AJ, Rubin LL, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Sumner CJ. The Antisense Transcript SMN-AS1 Regulates SMN Expression and Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Neuron 2016; 93:66-79. [PMID: 28017471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular disorder spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common inherited killer of infants, is caused by insufficient expression of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA therapeutics development efforts have focused on identifying strategies to increase SMN expression. We identified a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that arises from the antisense strand of SMN, SMN-AS1, which is enriched in neurons and transcriptionally represses SMN expression by recruiting the epigenetic Polycomb repressive complex-2. Targeted degradation of SMN-AS1 with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) increases SMN expression in patient-derived cells, cultured neurons, and the mouse central nervous system. SMN-AS1 ASOs delivered together with SMN2 splice-switching oligonucleotides additively increase SMN expression and improve survival of severe SMA mice. This study is the first proof of concept that targeting a lncRNA to transcriptionally activate SMN2 can be combined with SMN2 splicing modification to ameliorate SMA and demonstrates the promise of combinatorial ASOs for the treatment of neurogenetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin d'Ydewalle
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Noah J Pyles
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mariusz Gorz
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Celeste M Pilato
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Lingling Kong
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amanda J Ward
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - C Frank Bennett
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Grzybek M, Golonko A, Walczak M, Lisowski P. Epigenetics of cell fate reprogramming and its implications for neurological disorders modelling. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 99:84-120. [PMID: 27890672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proceeds in a stepwise manner with reprogramming factors binding and epigenetic composition changes during transition to maintain the epigenetic landscape, important for pluripotency. There arises a question as to whether the aberrant epigenetic state after reprogramming leads to epigenetic defects in induced stem cells causing unpredictable long term effects in differentiated cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive view of epigenetic alterations accompanying reprogramming, cell maintenance and differentiation as factors that influence applications of hiPSCs in stem cell based technologies. We conclude that sample heterogeneity masks DNA methylation signatures in subpopulations of cells and thus believe that beside a genetic evaluation, extensive epigenomic screening should become a standard procedure to ensure hiPSCs state before they are used for genome editing and differentiation into neurons of interest. In particular, we suggest that exploitation of the single-cell composition of the epigenome will provide important insights into heterogeneity within hiPSCs subpopulations to fast forward development of reliable hiPSC-based analytical platforms in neurological disorders modelling and before completed hiPSC technology will be implemented in clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Grzybek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Walczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; iPS Cell-Based Disease Modelling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Mody HR, Hung SW, AlSaggar M, Griffin J, Govindarajan R. Inhibition of S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methyltransferase Attenuates TGFβ1-Induced EMT and Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer: Putative Roles of miR-663a and miR-4787-5p. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1124-1135. [PMID: 27624777 PMCID: PMC5107158 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The identification of epigenetic reversal agents for use in combination chemotherapies to treat human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) remains an unmet clinical need. Pharmacologic inhibitors of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) are emerging as potential histone methylation reversal agents for the treatment of various solid tumors and leukemia; however, the surprisingly small set of mRNA targets identified with EZH2 knockdown suggests novel mechanisms contribute to their antitumorigenic effects. Here, 3-deazaneplanocin-A (DZNep), an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and EZH2 histone lysine-N-methyltransferase, significantly reprograms noncoding microRNA (miRNA) expression and dampens TGFβ1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) signals in pancreatic cancer. In particular, miR-663a and miR-4787-5p were identified as PDAC-downregulated miRNAs that were reactivated by DZNep to directly target TGFβ1 for RNA interference. Lentiviral overexpression of miR-663a and miR-4787-5p reduced TGFβ1 synthesis and secretion in PDAC cells and partially phenocopied DZNep's EMT-resisting effects, whereas locked nucleic acid (LNA) antagomiRNAs counteracted them. DZNep, miR-663a, and miR-4787-5p reduced tumor burden in vivo and metastases in an orthotopic mouse pancreatic tumor model. Taken together, these findings suggest the epigenetic reprogramming of miRNAs by synthetic histone methylation reversal agents as a viable approach to attenuate TGFβ1-induced EMT features in human PDAC and uncover putative miRNA targets involved in the process. IMPLICATIONS The findings support the potential for synthetic histone methylation reversal agents to be included in future epigenetic-chemotherapeutic combination therapies for pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 14(11); 1124-35. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik R Mody
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sau Wai Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mohammad AlSaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jazmine Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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30
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Hao C, Gely-Pernot A, Kervarrec C, Boudjema M, Becker E, Khil P, Tevosian S, Jégou B, Smagulova F. Exposure to the widely used herbicide atrazine results in deregulation of global tissue-specific RNA transcription in the third generation and is associated with a global decrease of histone trimethylation in mice. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9784-9802. [PMID: 27655631 PMCID: PMC5175363 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic events imposed during germline reprogramming and affected by harmful exposure can be inherited and transferred to subsequent generations via gametes inheritance. In this study, we examine the transgenerational effects promoted by widely used herbicide atrazine (ATZ). We exposed pregnant outbred CD1 female mice and the male progeny was crossed for three generations with untreated females. We demonstrate here that exposure to ATZ affects meiosis, spermiogenesis and reduces the spermatozoa number in the third generation (F3) male mice. We suggest that changes in testis cell types originate from modified transcriptional network in undifferentiated spermatogonia. Importantly, exposure to ATZ dramatically increases the number of transcripts with novel transcription initiation sites, spliced variants and alternative polyadenylation sites. We found the global decrease in H3K4me3 occupancy in the third generation males. The regions with altered H3K4me3 occupancy in F3 ATZ-derived males correspond to altered H3K4me3 occupancy of F1 generation and 74% of changed peaks in F3 generation are associated with enhancers. The regions with altered H3K4me3 occupancy are enriched in SP family and WT1 transcription factor binding sites. Our data suggest that the embryonic exposure to ATZ affects the development and the changes induced by ATZ are transferred up to three generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Hao
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France.,EHESP, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christine Kervarrec
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Melissa Boudjema
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Becker
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pavel Khil
- Clinical Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei Tevosian
- University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, Box 100144, 1333 Center Drive, 32610 Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France.,EHESP, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, 9 Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
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31
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Chen X, Hao A, Li X, Du Z, Li H, Wang H, Yang H, Fang Z. Melatonin inhibits tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem-like cells via the AKT-EZH2-STAT3 signaling axis. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:208-17. [PMID: 27121240 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) displaying self-renewing and tumor-propagating capacity play a particularly important role in maintaining tumor growth, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies focusing on impairing GSC maintenance are urgently needed. Here, we used GSCs isolated from surgical specimens from patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) to study the roles and underlying mechanisms associated with melatonin in GSC biology. The results showed that melatonin directly targeted glioma tumor cells by altering GSC biology and inhibiting GSC proliferation. Additionally, melatonin altered profile of transcription factors to inhibit tumor initiation and propagation. Furthermore, EZH2 S21 phosphorylation and EZH2-STAT3 interaction in GSCs were impaired following melatonin treatment. These results suggested that melatonin attenuated multiple key signals involved in GSC self-renewal and survival, and further supported melatonin as a promising GBM therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueran Chen
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoxia Du
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Li
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haoran Yang
- Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiyou Fang
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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32
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Liu K, Yu C, Xie M, Li K, Ding S. Chemical Modulation of Cell Fate in Stem Cell Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:893-916. [PMID: 27524294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to repair and regenerate injured tissues and restore their impaired functions. Recent developments in stem cell biology have attracted significant interest in their applications in regenerative medicine. Chemical approaches using small molecules have yielded exciting results in induction and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, lineage conversion of somatic cells, and ex vivo as well as in vivo modulation of adult stem cells. In this review, we discuss recent progress, new insights, and future challenges of the chemical approaches in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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33
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Yang L, Song LS, Liu XF, Xia Q, Bai LG, Gao L, Gao GQ, Wang Y, Wei ZY, Bai CL, Li GP. The Maternal Effect Genes UTX and JMJD3 Play Contrasting Roles in Mus musculus Preimplantation Embryo Development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26711. [PMID: 27384759 PMCID: PMC4935995 DOI: 10.1038/srep26711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of embryonic development in mammals, epigenetic modifications must be erased and reconstructed. In particular, the trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is associated with gene-specific transcriptional repression and contributes to the maintenance of the pluripotent embryos. In this study, we determined that the global levels of the H3K27me3 marker were elevated in MII oocyte chromatin and decrease to minimal levels at the 8-cell and morula stages. When the blastocyst hatched, H3K27me3 was re-established in the inner cell mass. We also determined that H3K27me3-specific demethylases, UTX and JMJD3, were observed at high transcript and protein levels in mouse preimplantation embryos. In the activated oocytes, when the H3K27me3 disappeared at the 8-cell stage, the UTX (but not JMJD3) protein levels were undetectable. Using RNA interference, we suppressed UTX and JMJD3 gene expression in the embryos and determined that the functions of UTX and JMJD3 were complementary. When JMJD3 levels were decreased by RNA interference, the embryo development rate and quality were improved, but the knockdown of UTX produced the opposite results. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms controlling preimplantation development is critical to comprehending the basis of embryonic development and to devise methods and approaches to treat infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Shuang Song
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ge Bai
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qi Gao
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Ying Wei
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Bai
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Peng Li
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
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34
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Polycomb repressive complex 2 regulates skeletal growth by suppressing Wnt and TGF-β signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12047. [PMID: 27329220 PMCID: PMC4917962 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) controls maintenance and lineage determination of stem cells by suppressing genes that regulate cellular differentiation and tissue development. However, the role of PRC2 in lineage-committed somatic cells is mostly unknown. Here we show that Eed deficiency in chondrocytes causes severe kyphosis and a growth defect with decreased chondrocyte proliferation, accelerated hypertrophic differentiation and cell death with reduced Hif1a expression. Eed deficiency also causes induction of multiple signalling pathways in chondrocytes. Wnt signalling overactivation is responsible for the accelerated hypertrophic differentiation and kyphosis, whereas the overactivation of TGF-β signalling is responsible for the reduced proliferation and growth defect. Thus, our study demonstrates that PRC2 has an important regulatory role in lineage-committed tissue cells by suppressing overactivation of multiple signalling pathways. Eed is a polycomb repressive complex 2 component involved in stem cell lineage determination, but little is known about its role in lineage committed cells. Here the authors show that chondrocyte-specific Eed KO mice have skeletal growth defects related to induction of Wnt and TGF-β signalling.
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35
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Glanzner WG, Komninou ER, Mahendran A, Rissi VB, Gutierrez K, Bohrer RC, Collares T, Gonçalves PBD, Bordignon V. Exposure of Somatic Cells to Cytoplasm Extracts of Porcine Oocytes Induces Stem Cell-Like Colony Formation and Alters Expression of Pluripotency and Chromatin-Modifying Genes. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:137-46. [PMID: 27253625 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell permeabilization followed by exposure to cytoplasmic extracts of oocytes has been proposed as an alternative to transduction of transcription factors for inducing pluripotency in cultured somatic cells. The main goal in this study was to investigate the effect of treating porcine fibroblast cells with cytoplasmic extracts of GV-stage oocyte (OEx) followed by inhibition of histone deacetylases with Scriptaid (Scrip) on the formation of stem cell-like colonies and expression of genes encoding pluripotency and chromatin-modifying enzymes. Stem cell-like colonies start developing ∼2 weeks after treatment in cells exposed to OEx or OEx + Scrip. The number of cell colonies at the first day of appearance and 48 hours later was also similar between OEx and OEx + Scrip treatments. Transcripts for Nanog, Rex1, and c-Myc genes were detected in most cell samples that were analyzed on different days after OEx treatment. However, Sox2 transcripts were not detected and only a small proportion of samples had detectable levels of Oct4 mRNA after OEx treatment. A similar pattern of transcripts for pluripotency genes was observed in cells treated with OEx alone or OEx + Scrip. Transcript levels for Dnmt1 and Ezh2 were reduced at Day 3 after treatment in cells exposed to OEx. These findings revealed that: (a) exposure to OEx can induce a partial reprogramming of fibroblast cells toward pluripotency, characterized by colony formation and activation of pluripotency genes; and (b) inhibition of histone deacetylases does not improve the reprogramming effect of OEx treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Giehl Glanzner
- 1 Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction-BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eliza R Komninou
- 2 Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Embryology and Transgenesis, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL) , Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ashwini Mahendran
- 3 Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Vitor B Rissi
- 1 Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction-BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karina Gutierrez
- 3 Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Rodrigo C Bohrer
- 3 Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Tiago Collares
- 2 Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Embryology and Transgenesis, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL) , Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paulo B D Gonçalves
- 1 Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction-BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- 3 Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
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Xu Z, Sun Y, Guo Y, Qin G, Mu S, Fan R, Wang B, Gao W, Wu H, Wang G, Zhang Z. NF-YA promotes invasion and angiogenesis by upregulating EZH2-STAT3 signaling in human melanoma cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3630-8. [PMID: 27109360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of angiogenesis is essential for tumor development and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is overexpressed in most human cancers, has been demonstrated to be a major modulator of angiogenesis. Thus, inhibition of VEGF signaling has the potential for tumor anti-angiogenic therapy. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is a key regulator for angiogenesis by directly binding to the VEGF promoter to upregulate its transcription. Several factors can enhance STAT3 activity to affect angiogenesis. Here, we found that overexpression of nuclear transcription factor-Y alpha (NF-YA) gene could promote cell invasion and angiogenesis accompanying the increase of STAT3 signaling in human melanoma cells. Moreover, the expression and secretion of VEGF was also found to be upregulated by the overexpression of NF-YA gene in melanoma cells. The STAT3 inhibitor was able to attenuate the upregulation of VEGF induced by NF-YA overexpression. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of the Polycomb repressive complex 2, enhances STAT3 activity by mediating its lysine methylation. We also showed that NF-YA upregulated the expression of EZH2 and NF-YA‑induced angiogenesis could be inhibited by EZH2 knockdown. Taken together, these findings indicate that overexpression of NF-YA contributes to tumor angiogenesis through EZH2-STAT3 signaling in human melanoma cells, highlighting NF-YA as a potential therapeutic target in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Xu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yaowen Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Gaoping Qin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Shengzhi Mu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Ronghui Fan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Benfeng Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hangli Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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Xu Y, Zhang M, Li W, Zhu X, Bao X, Qin B, Hutchins AP, Esteban MA. Transcriptional Control of Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:272-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khazaie N, Massumi M, Wee P, Salimi M, Mohammadnia A, Yaqubi M. Involvement of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in Maturation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells during Reprogramming of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150518. [PMID: 26938987 PMCID: PMC4777544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a reliable source for the study of regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and developmental biology. Despite extensive studies on the reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts into iPSCs, the efficiency of reprogramming is still low. Here, we used a bioinformatics and systems biology approach to study the two gene regulatory waves governing the reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts into iPSCs. Our results revealed that the maturation phase of reprogramming was regulated by a more complex regulatory network of transcription factors compared to the initiation phase. Interestingly, in addition to pluripotency factors, the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) members Ezh2, Eed, Jarid2, Mtf2, and Suz12 are crucially recruited during the maturation phase of reprogramming. Moreover, we found that during the maturation phase of reprogramming, pluripotency factors, via the expression and induction of PRC2 complex members, could silence the lineage-specific gene expression program and maintain a ground state of pluripotency in human and mouse naïve iPSCs. The findings obtained here provide us a better understanding of the gene regulatory network (GRN) that governs reprogramming, and the maintenance of the naïve state of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Khazaie
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Massumi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mahdieh Salimi
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdulshakour Mohammadnia
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (AM); (MY)
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (AM); (MY)
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De Chiara L, Crean J. Emerging Transcriptional Mechanisms in the Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Cellular Plasticity in the Kidney. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5010006. [PMID: 26771648 PMCID: PMC4730131 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding controversies over the role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of renal disease, the last decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of the regulation of renal cell plasticity. Significant parallels undoubtedly exist between ontogenic processes and the initiation and propagation of damage in the diseased kidney as evidenced by the reactivation of developmental programmes of gene expression, in particular with respect to TGFβ superfamily signaling. Indeed, multiple signaling pathways converge on a complex transcriptional regulatory nexus that additionally involves epigenetic activator and repressor mechanisms and microRNA regulatory networks that control renal cell plasticity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that differentiated cells can acquire an undifferentiated state akin to “stemness” which is leading us towards new models of complex cell behaviors and interactions. Here we discuss the latest findings that delineate new and novel interactions between this transcriptional regulatory network and highlight a hitherto poorly recognized role for the Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC2) in the regulation of renal cell plasticity. A comprehensive understanding of how external stimuli interact with the epigenetic control of gene expression, in normal and diseased contexts, establishes a new therapeutic paradigm to promote the resolution of renal injury and regression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia De Chiara
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John Crean
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Anwar MA, Kim S, Choi S. The triumph of chemically enhanced cellular reprogramming: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:265-80. [PMID: 26593376 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1118058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The revolutionary discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Shinya Yamanaka has exposed science to new horizons. However, genetic modifications render reprogrammed cells unstable; for that reason, non-genetic modification approaches are actively under investigation. Among these, the use of small molecules is safe, and these molecules minimally affect the genome. Although iPSCs are ready for clinical trials there are many caveats hindering successful therapy, and small molecules are the best alternative to overcome those caveats. AREAS COVERED Small molecules are playing an active role in generating and improving the quality of iPSCs. In this review, we will highlight the imperative role of small molecules in accelerating the successful translation of basic research into clinical use. Particularly, those ligands that replace the need for reprogramming factors will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION Stem cell research is promising for harvesting medical benefits in near future. The invention of new techniques, mechanisms elucidation, and identification of novel compounds for stem cell creation has certainly established a solid foundation for regenerative medicine. This is the beginning of a new era for the cure of most disabling diseases, and small molecules will have a definite role in successful therapeutic use of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Songmee Kim
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , South Korea
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Xie B, Zhang H, Wei R, Li Q, Weng X, Kong Q, Liu Z. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation acts as an epigenetic barrier in porcine nuclear reprogramming. Reproduction 2015; 151:9-16. [PMID: 26515777 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is the main obstacle to the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos and the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which results in the low reprogramming efficiencies of SCNT and iPS. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), as a repressive epigenetic mark, plays important roles in mammalian development and iPS induction. However, the reprogramming of H3K27me3 in pig remains elusive. In this study, we showed that H3K27me3 levels in porcine early cloned embryos were higher than that in IVF embryos. Then GSK126 and GSK-J4, two small molecule inhibitors of H3K27me3 methylase (EZH2) and demethylases (UTX/JMJD3), were used to regulate the H3K27me3 level. The results showed that H3K27me3 level was reduced in cloned embryos after treatment of PEF with 0.75 μM GSK126 for 48 h, incubation of one-cell reconstructed oocytes with 0.1 μM GSK126 and injection of antibody for EZH2 into oocyte. Meanwhile, the development of the cloned embryos was significantly improved after these treatments. On the contrary, GSK-J4 treatment increased the H3K27me3 level in cloned embryos and decreased the cloned embryonic development. Furthermore, iPS efficiency was both increased after reducing the H3K27me3 level in donor cells and in early reprogramming phase. In summary, our results suggest that H3K27me3 acts as an epigenetic barrier in SCNT and iPS reprogramming, and reduction of H3K27me3 level in donor cells and in early reprogramming phase can enhance both porcine SCNT and iPS efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingteng Xie
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Renyue Wei
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingran Kong
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Laboratory of Embryo BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
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The Epigenetic Reprogramming Roadmap in Generation of iPSCs from Somatic Cells. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:661-70. [PMID: 26743984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a comprehensive epigenetic process involving genome-wide modifications of histones and DNA methylation. This process is often incomplete, which subsequently affects iPSC reprogramming, pluripotency, and differentiation capacity. Here, we review the epigenetic changes with a focus on histone modification (methylation and acetylation) and DNA modification (methylation) during iPSC induction. We look at changes in specific epigenetic signatures, aberrations and epigenetic memory during reprogramming and small molecules influencing the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells. Finally, we discuss how to improve iPSC generation and pluripotency through epigenetic manipulations.
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González F, Huangfu D. Mechanisms underlying the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:39-65. [PMID: 26383234 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology, modeling diseases, and therapeutic applications. The simplest approach so far to generate human PSC lines is through reprogramming of somatic cells from an individual by defined factors, referred to simply as reprogramming. Reprogramming circumvents the ethical controversies associated with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and nuclear transfer hESCs (nt-hESCs), and the resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) retain the same basic genetic makeup as the somatic cell used for reprogramming. Since the first report of iPSCs by Takahashi and Yamanaka (Cell 2006, 126:663-676), the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been extensively investigated. A better mechanistic understanding of reprogramming is fundamental not only to iPSC biology and improving the quality of iPSCs for therapeutic use, but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity, pluripotency, and plasticity. Here, we summarize the genetic, epigenetic, and cellular events during reprogramming, and the roles of various factors identified thus far in the reprogramming process. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:39-65. doi: 10.1002/wdev.206 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico González
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Kaur R, Aiken C, Morrison LC, Rao R, Del Bigio MR, Rampalli S, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T. OTX2 exhibits cell-context-dependent effects on cellular and molecular properties of human embryonic neural precursors and medulloblastoma cells. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1295-309. [PMID: 26398939 PMCID: PMC4610233 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant primary pediatric brain tumor and is currently divided into four subtypes based on different genomic alterations, gene expression profiles and response to treatment: WNT, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 and Group 4. This extensive heterogeneity has made it difficult to assess the functional relevance of genes to malignant progression. For example, expression of the transcription factor Orthodenticle homeobox2 (OTX2) is frequently dysregulated in multiple MB variants; however, its role may be subtype specific. We recently demonstrated that neural precursors derived from transformed human embryonic stem cells (trans-hENs), but not their normal counterparts (hENs), resemble Groups 3 and 4 MB in vitro and in vivo. Here, we tested the utility of this model system as a means of dissecting the role of OTX2 in MB using gain- and loss-of-function studies in hENs and trans-hENs, respectively. Parallel experiments with MB cells revealed that OTX2 exerts inhibitory effects on hEN and SHH MB cells by regulating growth, self-renewal and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. This was accompanied by decreased expression of pluripotent genes, such as SOX2, and was supported by overexpression of SOX2 in OTX2+ SHH MB and hENs that resulted in significant rescue of self-renewal and cell migration. By contrast, OTX2 is oncogenic and promotes self-renewal of trans-hENs and Groups 3 and 4 MB independent of pluripotent gene expression. Our results demonstrate a novel role for OTX2 in self-renewal and migration of hENs and MB cells and reveal a cell-context-dependent link between OTX2 and pluripotent genes. Our study underscores the value of human embryonic stem cell derivatives as alternatives to cell lines and heterogeneous patient samples for investigating the contribution of key developmental regulators to MB progression. Summary: Human embryonic stem cell neural derivatives can be used to model the molecular and cellular properties of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departments of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics and Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 0J9
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departments of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics and Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 0J9
| | - Ludivine Coudière Morrison
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departments of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics and Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 0J9
| | - Radhika Rao
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), NCBS-TIFR Campus, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, 401 Brodie Centre, 727 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P5 Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shravanti Rampalli
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), NCBS-TIFR Campus, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Tamra Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departments of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics and Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 0J9
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