1
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Guo SA, Wu YK, Ye J, Zhang L, Lian WQ, Yao R, Wang Y, Yan RY, Yi YJ, Xu YL, Li BW, Hou YH, Xu YZ, Guo WX, Zhang C, Qi BX, Zhou ZC, He L, Duan LM. A site-resolved two-dimensional quantum simulator with hundreds of trapped ions. Nature 2024; 630:613-618. [PMID: 38811737 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A large qubit capacity and an individual readout capability are two crucial requirements for large-scale quantum computing and simulation1. As one of the leading physical platforms for quantum information processing, the ion trap has achieved a quantum simulation of tens of ions with site-resolved readout in a one-dimensional Paul trap2-4 and of hundreds of ions with global observables in a two-dimensional (2D) Penning trap5,6. However, integrating these two features into a single system is still very challenging. Here we report the stable trapping of 512 ions in a 2D Wigner crystal and the sideband cooling of their transverse motion. We demonstrate the quantum simulation of long-range quantum Ising models with tunable coupling strengths and patterns, with or without frustration, using 300 ions. Enabled by the site resolution in the single-shot measurement, we observe rich spatial correlation patterns in the quasi-adiabatically prepared ground states, which allows us to verify quantum simulation results by comparing the measured two-spin correlations with the calculated collective phonon modes and with classical simulated annealing. We further probe the quench dynamics of the Ising model in a transverse field to demonstrate quantum sampling tasks. Our work paves the way for simulating classically intractable quantum dynamics and for running noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms7,8 using 2D ion trap quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Guo
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-K Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - J Ye
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - W-Q Lian
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - R Yao
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - R-Y Yan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-J Yi
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-L Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - B-W Li
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-H Hou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-Z Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - W-X Guo
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - C Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - B-X Qi
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Z-C Zhou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - L He
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - L-M Duan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China.
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2
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Hoenig D, Thielemann F, Karpa L, Walker T, Mohammadi A, Schaetz T. Trapping Ion Coulomb Crystals in an Optical Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133003. [PMID: 38613289 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We report the optical trapping of multiple ions localized at individual lattice sites of a one-dimensional optical lattice. We observe a fivefold increased range of axial dc-electric field strength for which ions can be optically trapped with high probability and an increase of the axial eigenfrequency by 2 orders of magnitude compared to an optical dipole trap without interference but of similar intensity. Our findings motivate an alternative pathway to extend arrays of trapped ions in size and dimension, enabling quantum simulations with particles interacting at long range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoenig
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Thielemann
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leon Karpa
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Walker
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schaetz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Liu SC, Cheng L, Yao GZ, Wang YX, Peng LY. Efficient numerical approach to high-fidelity phase-modulated gates in long chains of trapped ions. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:035304. [PMID: 37072959 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.035304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Almost every quantum circuit is built with two-qubit gates in the current stage, which are crucial to the quantum computing in any platform. The entangling gates based on Mølmer-Sørensen schemes are widely exploited in the trapped-ion system, with the utilization of the collective motional modes of ions and two laser-controlled internal states, which are served as qubits. The key to realize high-fidelity and robust gates is the minimization of the entanglement between the qubits and the motional modes under various sources of errors after the gate operation. In this work, we propose an efficient numerical method to search high-quality solutions for phase-modulated pulses. Instead of directly optimizing a cost function, which contains the fidelity and the robustness of the gates, we convert the problem to the combination of linear algebra and the solution to quadratic equations. Once a solution with the gate fidelity of 1 is found, the laser power can be further reduced while searching on the manifold where the fidelity remains 1. Our method largely overcomes the problem of the convergence and is shown to be effective up to 60 ions, which suffices the need of the gate design in current trapped-ion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gui-Zhong Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Liang-You Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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4
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Mao ZC, Xu YZ, Mei QX, Zhao WD, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Chang XY, He L, Yao L, Zhou ZC, Wu YK, Duan LM. Experimental Realization of Multi-ion Sympathetic Cooling on a Trapped Ion Crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:143201. [PMID: 34652176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.143201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ions are one of the leading platforms in quantum information science. For quantum computing with large circuit depth and quantum simulation with long evolution time, it is of crucial importance to cool large ion crystals at runtime without affecting the internal states of the computational qubits, thus the necessity of sympathetic cooling. Here, we report multi-ion sympathetic cooling on a long ion chain using a narrow cooling beam focused on two adjacent ions, and optimize the choice of the cooling ions according to the collective oscillation modes of the chain. We show that, by cooling a small fraction of ions, cooling effects close to the global Doppler cooling limit can be achieved. This experiment therefore demonstrates an important enabling step for quantum information processing with large ion crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-C Mao
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-Z Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Q-X Mei
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - W-D Zhao
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Jiang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - X-Y Chang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L He
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L Yao
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Z-C Zhou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-K Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L-M Duan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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5
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D'Onofrio M, Xie Y, Rasmusson AJ, Wolanski E, Cui J, Richerme P. Radial Two-Dimensional Ion Crystals in a Linear Paul Trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:020503. [PMID: 34296899 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study two-dimensional (2D) Coulomb crystals in the "radial-2D" phase of a linear Paul trap. This phase is identified by a 2D ion lattice aligned entirely with the radial plane and is created by imposing a large ratio of axial to radial trapping potentials. Using arrays of up to 19 ^{171}Yb^{+} ions, we demonstrate that the structural phase boundaries of such crystals are well described by the pseudopotential approximation, despite the time-dependent ion positions driven by intrinsic micromotion. We further observe that micromotion-induced heating of the radial-2D crystal is confined to the radial plane. Finally, we verify that the transverse motional modes, which are used in most ion-trap quantum simulation schemes, are well-predictable numerically and remain decoupled and cold in this geometry. Our results establish radial-2D ion crystals as a robust experimental platform for realizing a variety of theoretical proposals in quantum simulation and computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa D'Onofrio
- Indiana University Department of Physics, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Yuanheng Xie
- Indiana University Department of Physics, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - A J Rasmusson
- Indiana University Department of Physics, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Evangeline Wolanski
- Indiana University Department of Physics, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Jiafeng Cui
- Indiana University Department of Physics, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Philip Richerme
- Indiana University Department of Physics, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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6
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Ivory MK, Kato A, Hasanzadeh A, Blinov BB. A Paul trap with sectored ring electrodes for experiments with two-dimensional ion crystals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:053201. [PMID: 32486754 DOI: 10.1063/1.5145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a trapped ion system for producing two-dimensional (2D) ion crystals for applications in scalable quantum computing, quantum simulations, and 2D crystal phase transition and defect studies. The trap is a modification of a Paul trap with its ring electrode flattened and split into eight identical sectors and its two endcap electrodes shaped as truncated hollow cones for laser and imaging optics access. All ten trap electrodes can be independently DC-biased to create various aspect ratio trap geometries. We trap and Doppler cool 2D crystals of up to 30 Ba+ ions and demonstrate the tunability of the trapping potential both in the plane of the crystal and in the transverse direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ivory
- University of Washington Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - A Kato
- University of Washington Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - A Hasanzadeh
- University of Washington Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - B B Blinov
- University of Washington Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
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7
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Yan LL, Wan W, Chen L, Zhou F, Gong SJ, Tong X, Feng M. Exploring structural phase transitions of ion crystals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21547. [PMID: 26865229 PMCID: PMC4749997 DOI: 10.1038/srep21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase transitions have been a research focus in many-body physics over past decades. Cold ions, under strong Coulomb repulsion, provide a repealing paradigm of exploring phase transitions in stable confinement by electromagnetic field. We demonstrate various conformations of up to sixteen laser-cooled (40)Ca(+) ion crystals in a home-built surface-electrode trap, where besides the usually mentioned structural phase transition from the linear to the zigzag, two additional phase transitions to more complicated two-dimensional configurations are identified. The experimental observation agrees well with the numerical simulation. Heating due to micromotion of the ions is analysed by comparison of the numerical simulation with the experimental observation. Our investigation implies very rich and complicated many-body behaviour in the trapped-ion systems and provides effective mechanism for further exploring quantum phase transitions and quantum information processing with ultracold trapped ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. L. Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - W. Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - F. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - S. J. Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X. Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - M. Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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