Flow enhancement of water-based nanoparticle dispersion through microscale sedimentary rocks

An overlooked nanofluids effect from Fe3O4 nanoparticles enhances mass transfer in anammox granular sludge

Magnetite (Fe3O4) particles have been widely reported to enhance the anammox's activity in anammox granular sludge (AnGS), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study demonstrates that both Fe3O4 microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) at a dosage of 200 mg Fe3O4/L significantly increased the specific anammox activity (SAA) of AnGS. Additionally, the transcriptional activities of the hzs and hdh genes involved in the anammox process, as well as the heme c content in AnGS, were also notably enhanced. Notably, Fe3O4 NPs were more effective than MPs in boosting anammox activity within AnGS. Mechanistically, Fe3O4 MPs released free iron, which anammox bacteria utilized to promote the synthesis of key enzymes, thereby enhancing their activity. Compared to MPs, Fe3O4 NPs not only elevated the synthesis of these key enzymes to a higher level but also induced a nanofluids effect on the surface of AnGS, improving substrate permeability and accessibility to intragranular anammox bacteria. Moreover, the nanofluids effect was identified as the primary mechanism through which Fe3O4 NPs enhanced anammox activity within AnGS. These findings provide new insights into the effects of nanoparticles on granular sludge systems, extending beyond AnGS.

An Overview on the Treatment of Oil Pollutants in Soil Using Synthetic and Biological Surfactant Foam and Nanoparticles

Oil-contaminated soil is one of the most concerning problems due to its potential damage to human, animals, and the environment. Nanoparticles have effectively been used to degrade oil pollution in soil in the lab and in the field for a long time. In recent years, surfactant foam and nanoparticles have shown high removal of oil pollutants from contaminated soil. This review provides an overview on the remediation of oil pollutants in soil using nanoparticles, surfactant foams, and nanoparticle-stabilized surfactant foams. In particular, the fate and transport of oil compounds in the soil, the interaction of nanoparticles and surfactant foam, the removal mechanisms of nanoparticles and various surfactant foams, the effect of some factors (e.g., soil characteristics and amount, nanoparticle properties, surfactant concentration) on remediation efficiency, and some advantages and disadvantages of these methods are evaluated. Different nanoparticles and surfactant foam can be effectively utilized for treating oil compounds in contaminated soil. The treatment efficiency is dependent on many factors. Thus, optimizing these factors in each scenario is required to achieve a high remediation rate while not causing negative effects on humans, animals, and the environment. In the future, more research on the soil types, operating cost, posttreatment process, and recycling and reuse of surfactants and nanoparticles need to be conducted.

Multiphase displacement manipulated by micro/nanoparticle suspensions in porous media via microfluidic experiments: From interface science to multiphase flow patterns

Multiphase displacement in porous media can be adjusted by micro/nanoparticle suspensions, which is widespread in many scientific and industrial contexts. Direct visualization of suspension flow dynamics and corresponding multiphase patterns is crucial to understanding displacement mechanisms and eventually optimizing these processes in geological, biological, chemical, and other engineering systems. However, suspension flow inside the opaque realistic porous media makes direct observation challenging. The advances in microfluidic experiments have provided us with alternative methods to observe suspension influence on the interface and multiphase flow behaviors at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Macroscale processes are controlled by microscale interfacial behaviors, which are affected by multiple physical factors, such as particle adsorption, capillarity, and hydrodynamics. These properties exerted on the suspension flow in porous media may lead to interesting interfacial phenomena and new displacement consequences. As an underpinning science, understanding and controlling the suspension transport process from interface to flow patterns in porous media is critical for a lower operating cost to improve resource production while reducing harmful emissions and other environmental impacts. This review summarizes the basic properties of different micro/nanoparticle suspensions and the state-of-the-art microfluidic techniques for displacement research activities in porous media. Various suspension transport behaviors and displacement mechanisms explored by microfluidic experiments are comprehensively reviewed. This review is expected to boost both experimental and theoretical understanding of suspension transport and interfacial interaction processes in porous media. It also brings forward the challenges and opportunities for future research in controlling complex fluid flow in porous media for diverse applications.

Utilization of a biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle mixture for treatment of oil pollutants in soil

Oil contamination has become a primary environmental concern due to increased exploration, production, and use. When oil enters the soil, it may attach or adsorb to soil particles and stay in the soil for an extended period, contaminating the soil and surrounding areas. Nanoparticles have been widely used for the treatment of organic pollutants in the soil. Surfactant foam has effectively been employed to remediate various soil contaminants or recover oil compounds. In this research, a mixture of biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle was utilized for remediation of oil-contaminated soil. The results demonstrated that the biosurfactant/nanoparticle mixture and nitrogen gas formed high-quality and stable foams. The foam stability depended on the foam quality, biosurfactant concentration, and nanoparticle dosage. The pressure gradient change in the soil column relied on the flowrate (N₂ gas + surfactant/nanoparticle mixture), foam quality, and biosurfactant concentration. The optimal conditions to obtain good quality and stable foams and high oil removal efficiency involved 1 vol% rhamnolipid, 1 wt% nanoparticle, and 1 mL/min flowrate. Biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle mixture was effectively used to remediate oil-contaminated soil, whereas the highest treatment efficiency was 67%, 59%, and 52% for rhamnolipid biosurfactant foam/nanoparticle, rhamnolipid biosurfactant/nanoparticle, and only rhamnolipid biosurfactant, respectively. The oil removal productivity decreased with the increase of flowrate due to the shorter contact time between the foam mixture and oil droplets. The breakthrough curves of oil pollutants in the soil column also suggested that the foam mixture's maximum oil treatment efficiency was higher than biosurfactant/nanoparticle suspension and only biosurfactant.

The interfacial and assembly properties of in situ producing silica nanoparticle at oil-water interface

In multiphase materials, structured fluid-fluid interfaces can provide mechanical resistance against destabilization, applicable for conformance control, Pickering emulsion, liquid 3D printing and molding, etc. Currently all research prepare the particle-ladened fluid-fluid interfaces by dispersing ex situ acquired particles to the immiscible interface, which limits their application in the harsh environment, such as oil reservoir which can impair particle stability and transport ability. Here, we investigated the interfacial and assembly properties of the interface where SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were in situ produced. The experimental results show that ammonia as catalyst could accelerate the processes of silica NPs formation as well as the interfacial tension (IFT) evolution. High temperature could not accelerate the reaction processes to achieve the lowest equilibrium IFT, but it induced the sine-wave IFT evolution curves regardless of the presence of ammonia. The equilibrium IFTs corresponded to the saturation states of interfaces trapping with SiO2 NPs, while the sine-wave fluctuating patterns of IFT were attributed to the alternating transition between interfacial jammed and unjammed states changing along with the reaction process. Silica NPs diffusing into aqueous phase with high salinity also showed good stability, due to the abundant surface decoration with in situ anchored organic species.

Respiratory droplets interception in fibrous porous media

We investigate, by means of pore-scale lattice Boltzmann simulations, the mechanisms of interception of respiratory droplets within fibrous porous media composing face masks. We simulate the dynamics, coalescence, and collection of droplets of the size comparable with the fiber and pore size in typical fluid-dynamic conditions that represent common expiratory events. We discern the fibrous microstructure into three categories of pores: small, large, and medium-sized pores, where we find that within the latter, the incoming droplets tend to be more likely intercepted. The size of the medium-sized pores relative to the fiber size is placed between the droplet-to-fiber size ratio and a porosity-dependent microstructural parameter L ϵ * = ϵ / ( 1 - ϵ ) , with ϵ being the porosity. In larger pores, droplets collection is instead inhibited by the small pore-throat-to-fiber size ratio that characterizes the pore perimeter, limiting their access. The efficiency of the fibrous media in intercepting droplets without compromising breathability, for a given droplet-to-fiber size ratio, can be estimated by knowing the parameter L ϵ * . We propose a simple model that predicts the average penetration of droplets into the fibrous media, showing a sublinear growth with L ϵ * . Permeability is shown also to scale well with L ϵ * but following a superlinear growth, which indicates the possibility of increasing the medium permeability at a little cost in terms of interception efficiency for high values of porosity. As a general design guideline, the results also suggest that a fibrous layer thickness relative to the fiber size should exceed the value L ϵ * in order to ensure effective droplets filtration.

A review on the application of chemical surfactant and surfactant foam for remediation of petroleum oil contaminated soil

Soil, exposed to petroleum oil contaminants (in the form of petrol, diesel, gasoline, crude oil, used motor oil), may cause potential damage to the environment, animal and human health. In this review article, mechanisms of the petroleum oil contaminant removal from soil by chemical surfactant systems such as surfactant solution, surfactant foam and nanoparticle stabilized surfactant foams are explained. Laboratory based research works, reported within the last decade on the application of similar systems towards the removal of petroleum oil contaminant from the soil, have been discussed. It is an important fact that the commercial implementation of the chemical surfactant based technology depends on the environmental properties (biodegradability and toxicity) of the surfactants. In recent times, surfactant foam and nanoparticle stabilized surfactant foam are becoming more popular and considered advantageous over the use of surfactant solution alone. However, more research works have to be conducted on nanoparticle stabilized foam. The impact of physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles on soil remediation has to be explored in depth.

Carbon quantum dots with tracer-like breakthrough ability for reservoir characterization

Predictions have shown that our demand for oil and gas will continue to grow in the next decade, and future supply will become more reliant on tertiary recovery and from nonconventional resources. However, current reservoir characterization methodologies, such as well logs, cross-well electromagnetic imaging and seismic methods, have their individual limitations on detection range and resolution. Here we propose a pioneering way to use carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as nanoparticle tracers, which can be transported through a reservoir functioning as conventional tracers, while acting as sensors to obtain useful information. These hydrothermally produced CQDs from Xylose possess excellent stability in high ionic strength solutions, durable absorbance and fluorescence ability due to multi high-polarity functional group on their surfaces. Consistency between our on-line ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and off-line Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements confirms that CQDs have the tracer-like migration capability in glass beads-packed columns and sandstone cores, regardless of particle concentration and ionic strength. However, their migration ability is undermined in the column packed with crushed calcite grains with positive charge. We also demonstrate that quantitative oil saturation detection in unknown sandstone core samples can be achieved by such CQDs based on its breakthrough properties influenced by the presence of oil phase.

Transport and retention of engineered Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 nanoparticles through various sedimentary rocks

Engineered aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) are utilized in a broad range of applications; causing noticeable quantities of these materials to be released into the environment. Issues of how and where these particles are distributed into the subsurface aquatic environment remain as major challenges for those in environmental engineering. In this study, transport and retention of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂ NPs through various saturated porous media were investigated. Vertical columns were packed with quartz-sand, limestone, and dolomite grains. The NPs were introduced as a pulse suspended in aqueous solutions and breakthrough curves in the column outlet were generated using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. It was found that Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ NPs are easily transported through limestone and dolomite porous media whereas NPs recoveries were achieved two times higher than those found in the quartz-sand. The highest and lowest SiO₂-NPs recoveries were also achieved from the quartz-sand and limestone columns, respectively. The experimental results closely replicated the general trends predicted by the filtration and DLVO calculations. Overall, NPs mobility through a porous medium was found to be strongly dependent on NP surface charge, NP suspension stability against deposition, and porous medium surface charge and roughness.