Potent effects of dioscin against liver fibrosis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9713. [PMID: 25853178 PMCID: PMC4389718 DOI: 10.1038/srep09713]

Concentration-Dependent Attenuation of Pro-Fibrotic Responses after Cannabigerol Exposure in Primary Rat Hepatocytes Cultured in Palmitate and Fructose Media

Hepatic fibrosis is a consequence of liver injuries, in which the overproduction and progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components with the simultaneous failure of matrix turnover mechanisms are observed. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration-dependent influence of cannabigerol (CBG, Cannabis sativa L. component) on ECM composition with respect to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) changes in primary hepatocytes with fibrotic changes induced by palmitate and fructose media. Cells were isolated from male Wistar rats' livers in accordance with the two-step collagenase perfusion technique. This was followed by hepatocytes incubation with the presence or absence of palmitate with fructose and/or cannabigerol (at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30 µM) for 48 h. The expression of ECM mRNA genes and proteins was determined using PCR and Western blot, respectively, whereas media ECM level was evaluated using ELISA. Our results indicated that selected low concentrations of CBG caused a reduction in TGF-β1 mRNA expression and secretion into media. Hepatocyte exposure to cannabigerol at low concentrations attenuated collagen 1 and 3 deposition. The protein and/or mRNA expressions and MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion were augmented using CBG. Considering the mentioned results, low concentrations of cannabigerol treatment might expedite fibrosis regression and promote regeneration.

Sanguisorba officinalis L. Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Gut Microbiota in CDAHFD-Induced Mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases and encompasses non-alcoholic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Sanguisorba officinalis L. (SO) roots have traditionally been used for their antioxidant properties and have beneficial effects on metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity. However, its effects on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of a 95% ethanolic SO extract (SOEE) on NAFLD and fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. The SOEE was orally administered to C57BL/6J mice fed a choline-deficient, L-amino-acid-defined, high-fat diet for 10 weeks. The SOEE inhibited hepatic steatosis by modulating hepatic malondialdehyde levels and the expression of oxidative stress-associated genes, regulating fatty-acid-oxidation-related genes, and inhibiting the expression of genes that are responsible for fibrosis. The SOEE suppressed the deposition of extracellular matrix hydroxyproline and mRNA expression of fibrosis-associated genes. The SOEE decreased the expression of fibrosis-related genes in vitro by inhibiting SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the SOEE restored the gut microbial diversity and modulated specific bacterial genera associated with NAFLD and fibrosis. This study suggests that SOEE might be the potential candidate for inhibiting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by modulating oxidative stress, fatty acid oxidation, and gut microbiota composition.

Upregulation of leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein: A key regulator of inflammation and joint fibrosis in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints mainly affecting older individuals. Since the etiology behind the progression of OA is not well understood, several associated consequences, such as synovial joint stiffness and its progression due to joint fibrosis, are still poorly understood. Although a lot of developments have been achieved in the diagnosis and management of OA, synovial fibrosis remains one of the major challenging consequences. The present study was therefore focused on understanding the mechanism of synovial fibrosis, which may further contribute to improving symptomatic treatments, leading to overall improvements in the treatment outcomes of patients with OA.

Methods

We used advanced proteomic techniques including isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra for the identification of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma samples of patients with OA. An in silico study was carried out to evaluate the association of the identified proteins with their biological processes related to fibrosis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The most significantly upregulated protein was then validated by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The target protein was then further investigated for its role in inflammation and joint fibrosis using an in vitro study model.

Results

Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG1) was found to be the most highly differentially expressed upregulated (9.4-fold) protein in the plasma samples of patients with OA compared to healthy controls. The knockdown of LRG1 followed by in vitro studies revealed that this protein promotes the secretion of the ECM in synovial cells and actively plays a role in wound healing and cell migration. The knockdown of LRG1 further confirmed the reduction of the inflammatory- and fibrosis-related markers in primary cells.

Conclusion

LRG1 was identified as a highly significant upregulated protein in the plasma samples of patients with OA. It was found to be associated with increased fibrosis and cell migration, leading to enhanced inflammation and joint stiffness in OA pathogenesis.

A critical review on anti-fibrotic phytochemicals targeting activated hepatic stellate cells

Liver fibrosis is a major health concern occurring worldwide. It arises due to prolonged wound healing response of various insults like viral, autoimmune, cholestatic, drug-induced, and metabolic diseases. Currently, there is no clinically approved drug for liver fibrosis treatment. Hepatic stellate cells are the principal liver cells that are activated during liver fibrosis, and targeting these activated cells is an ideal therapeutic strategy. Numerous phytochemicals have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo treating experimental liver fibrosis; however, none of them have been clinically approved for therapeutic use. This review mainly focuses on such hepatoprotective phytochemicals reported inhibiting major signaling pathways that are dysregulated in activated hepatic stellate cells. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Liver fibrosis is a global health concern and there is no FDA approved drug to treat liver fibrosis. Although notable pharmacological agents like pentoxifylline, gliotoxin, imatinibmesylate, Gleevec, and so on are reported to exhibit anti-fibrotic effect, the major concern is their side effect. Hence, phytochemicals are promising candidates that could be employed against liver fibrosis. In this review, the anti-fibrotic potential of phytochemicals targeting activated HSCs are summarized. Understanding these phytochemicals will further help in the development of agents that are more effective against liver fibrosis.

Dioscin ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by up-regulating miR-125a-5p to regulate macrophage polarization

PURPOSE

Dioscin has been proven to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infection roles. However, the role of Dioscin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its related mechanisms is unclear and needs further study.

METHODS

The colitis model in mice was established. After Dioscin (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) treatment, the colon length was measured by a ruler. Histopathology, inflammatory cytokines, gut permeability, tight junction proteins, macrophage infiltration, macrophage polarization, and miR-125a-5p level were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), FITC-dextran, Western blot, and flow cytometry. In vitro experiments, after RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interleukin-4 (IL-4), were treated with Dioscin and miR-125a-5p inhibitor, miR-125a-5p level, cell vitality, inflammatory cytokines, and M1/M2 marker genes were measured by qRT-PCR and MTT assay.

RESULTS

Dioscin (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) relieved DSS-triggered colitis and restrained the serum and colon of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. Meanwhile, different concentrations' Dioscin weakened M1 macrophage polarization but facilitated tight junction protein expressions, M2 macrophage polarization, and miR-125a-5p level in colitic mice. Moreover, miR-125a-5p inhibitor reversed the modulation of Dioscin on miR-125a-5p expression, cell vitality, and inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. We further discovered that Dioscin restrained M1 marker gene (CD16) expression while intensifying M2 marker genes (CD206 and Arginase-1) expressions in vitro, which was reversed by miR-125a-5p inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

Dioscin modulated macrophage polarization by increasing miR-125a-5p, thereby improving the intestinal epithelial barrier function and reducing IBD.

Dioscin exhibits protective effects on in vivo and in vitro asthma models via suppressing TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT pathways

Dioscin is a natural product that possesses protective effects on multiple chronic injuries, but its effects on asthma are not fully understood. Herein, we evaluated its effects on asthmatic mice established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenges and further explored the mechanism. Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were analyzed using Diff-Quik staining. OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)/IgG1 in serum and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 4[IL-4], IL-5, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in BALFs and lung tissues were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits. Hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunohistochemistry staining showed histopathological changes in lung tissues. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Hydroxyproline content was used to evaluate collagen deposition. Polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to measure messenger RNA and protein expression. We found that dioscin treatment (particularly at the dose of 80 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation in asthmatic mice, as evidenced by the decreased serum OVA-specific IgE/IgG1 and the reduced inflammatory cells and cytokines in BALFs and lung tissues. Moreover, dioscin effectively ameliorated the goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, collagen deposition, and smooth muscle hyperplasia in the airways of asthmatic mice. Mechanistically, dioscin restrained the activated TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and protein kinase B (AKT) signal pathways in lung tissues and potently reversed the TGF-β1-induced EMT and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and AKT in 16HBE cells. Collectively, dioscin displayed protective effects on OVA-induced asthmatic mice via adjusting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT signal pathways, supporting the fact that dioscin could be a candidate for chronic asthma prevention in the future.

Orally Administered Diosgenin Alleviates Colitis in Mice Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium through Gut Microbiota Modulation and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Generation

Diosgenin (DIO) is a kind of steroid sapogenin derived from natural plants. It exerts strong anti-infection, antiallergy, antiviral, and antishock pharmacological properties. In this article, the protective effects of DIO against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice were researched. Compared with the 2.5% DSS treatment group, 15 mg/kg body weight of diosgenin alleviated colitis disease, evidenced by the increased body weight, the decrease in the disease activity index, and the histological scores. Furthermore, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing results demonstrated that DIO improved the colon homeostasis through modulating the gut microbiota, including increases in the relative abundance of several probiotic bacteria, such as Prevotellaceae (from 1.4% to 5.8%), Lactobacillus (from 12.3% to 29.7%), Mucispirillum (from 0.07% to 0.49%), and decreases in the pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus (from 1.6% to 0.6%) and Pseudomonadaceae (from 0.004% to 0%). In addition, the concentration of gut microbial metabolites, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetic acid, and propionic acid were significantly increased after DIO supplementation. In conclusion, our findings suggested that DIO attenuates DSS-induced colitis in mice by means of modulating imbalanced gut microbiota and increases in SCFA generation.

Dioscin: A review on pharmacological properties and therapeutic values

Dioscin has gained immense popularity as a natural, bioactive steroid saponin, which offers numerous medical benefits. The growing global incidence of disease-associated morbidity and mortality continues to compromise human health, facilitating an increasingly urgent need for nontoxic, noninvasive, and efficient treatment alternatives. Natural compounds can contribute vastly to this field. Over recent years, studies have demonstrated the remarkable protective actions of dioscin against a variety of human malignancies, metabolic disorders, organ injuries, and viral/fungal infections. The successful usage of this phytocompound has been widely seen in medical treatment procedures under traditional Chinese medicine, and it is becoming progressively prevalent worldwide. This review provides an insight into the wide spectrum of pharmacological activities of dioscin, as reported and compiled in recent literature. The various novel approaches and applications of dioscin also verify the advantages exhibited by plant extracts against commercially available drugs, highlighting the potential of phytochemical agents like dioscin to be further incorporated into clinical practice.

Cancer Chemopreventive Role of Dietary Terpenoids by Modulating Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Signaling System—A Comprehensive Update

ROS, RNS, and carcinogenic metabolites generate excessive oxidative stress, which changes the basal cellular status and leads to epigenetic modification, genomic instability, and initiation of cancer. Epigenetic modification may inhibit tumor-suppressor genes and activate oncogenes, enabling cells to have cancer promoting properties. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene, and is activated in response to cellular stress. It can regulate redox homoeostasis by expressing several cytoprotective enzymes, including NADPH quinine oxidoreductase, heme oxygenase-1, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, etc. There is accumulating evidence supporting the idea that dietary nutraceuticals derived from commonly used fruits, vegetables, and spices have the ability to produce cancer chemopreventive activity by inducing Nrf2-mediated detoxifying enzymes. In this review, we discuss the importance of these nutraceuticals in cancer chemoprevention and summarize the role of dietary terpenoids in this respect. This approach was taken to accumulate the mechanistic function of these terpenoids to develop a comprehensive understanding of their direct and indirect roles in modulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling system.

Trillium tschonoskii rhizomes' saponins induces oligodendrogenesis and axonal reorganization for ischemic stroke recovery in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. is one of traditional Chinese medical herbs that has been utilized to treat brain damages and cephalalgia. The neuroprotective effect of total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii rhizome (TSTT) has been demonstrated efficacy in rats following ischemia. However, the axonal remodeling effect of TSTT and the detailed mechanisms after ischemic stroke have not been investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to estimate therapeutic role of TSTT in axonal remodeling using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, and explored possible mechanisms underlying this process followed by histological assays in ischemic rats.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent permanently focal cerebral ischemia induced by occluding right permanent middle cerebral artery. TSTT was intragastrically administrated 6 h after surgery and once daily for consecutive 15 days. Neurological function was assessed by the motor deficit score and beam walking test. T2 relaxation mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were applied for detecting cerebral tissues damages and microstructural integrity of axons. Luxol fast blue (LFB) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were performed to evaluate histopathology in myelinated axons. Double immunofluorescent staining was conducted to assess oligodendrogenesis. Furthermore, the protein expressions regarding to axonal remodeling related signaling pathways were detected by Western blot assays.

RESULTS

TSTT treatment (65, 33 mg/kg) markedly improved motor function after ischemic stroke. T2 mapping MRI demonstrated that TSTT decreased lesion volumes, and DTI further confirmed that TSTT preserved axonal microstructure of the sensorimotor cortex and internal capsule. Meanwhile, diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) showed that TSTT elevated correspondent density and length of fiber in the internal capsule. These MRI measurements were confirmed by histological examinations. Notably, TSTT significantly increased Ki67/NG2, Ki67/CNPase double-labeled cells along the boundary zone of ischemic cortex and striatum. Meanwhile, TSTT treatment up-regulated the phosphorylation level of Ser 9 in GSK-3β, and down-regulated phosphorylated β-catenin and CRMP-2 expression.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our findings indicated that TSTT (65, 33 mg/kg) enhanced post-stroke functional recovery, amplified endogenous oligodendrogenesis and promoted axonal regeneration. The beneficial role of TSTT might be correlated with GSK-3/β-catenin/CRMP-2 modulating axonal reorganization after ischemic stroke.

Dioscin-loaded zein nanoparticles alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury via the microRNA-let 7i signalling pathways

The present study investigates the potential role of dioscin (DIO) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced kidney injury. For this purpose, DIO‐loaded zein nanoparticles (DIO‐ZNPs) were formulated and evaluated for physicochemical parameters. The DIO‐ZNPs exhibited a controlled release of drug compared with that of the free drug suspension. Results showed that the cell viability of NRK‐52E consistently decreased with the increase in LPS from 0.01 µg/ml to 2 µg/ml. When compared with LPS, DIO‐induced NPs showed 1.10‐, 1.32‐, 1.57‐ and 1.92‐fold increase in the cell viability for concentrations of 20 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml, respectively. DIO‐ZNPs exhibited the most remarkable recovery in the cell proliferation compared with free DIO as shown by the cellular morphology analysis. Furthermore, Annexin‐V staining analysis showed that the LPS‐treated cells possess the lowest green fluorescence indicating fewer viable cells, whereas DIO‐ZNPs exhibited the maximum green fluorescence comparable with that of the non‐treated cells indicating maximum cell viability. Furthermore, the results show that DIO‐ZNPs significantly increased the expression of miR‐let‐7i in the epithelial kidney cells, whereas the expression levels of TLR4 were significantly downregulated compared with that of the LPS‐treated cells. In conclusion, miR‐let‐7i could be an interesting therapeutic target and nanoparticle‐based DIO could be a potential candidate in the management of acute kidney injury

Silencing p53 inhibits interleukin 10-induced activated hepatic stellate cell senescence and fibrotic degradation in vivo

Activated hepatic stellate cells are reported to play a significant role in liver fibrogenesis. Beside the phenotype reversion and apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells, the senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells limits liver fibrosis. Our previous researches have demonstrated that interleukin-10 could promote hepatic stellate cells senescence via p53 signaling pathway in vitro. However, the relationship between expression of p53 and senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells induced by interleukin-10 in fibrotic liver is unclear. The purpose of present study was to explore whether p53 plays a crucial role in the senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells and degradation of collagen mediated by interleukin-10. Hepatic fibrosis animal model was induced by carbon tetrachloride through intraperitoneal injection and transfection of interleukin-10 gene to liver was performed by hydrodynamic-based transfer system. Depletions of p53 in vivo and in vitro were carried out by adenovirus-based short hairpin RNA against p53. Regression of fibrosis was assessed by liver biopsy and collagen staining. Cellular senescence in the liver was observed by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence double staining, and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the senescent cell and senescence-related protein expression. Our data showed that interleukin-10 gene treatment could lighten hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride and induce the aging of activated hepatic stellate cells accompanied by up-regulating the expression of aging-related proteins. We further demonstrated that depletion of p53 could abrogate up-regulation of interleukin-10 on the expression of senescence-related protein in vivo and vitro. Moreover, p53 knockout in fibrotic mice could block not only the senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells, but also the degradation of fibrosis induced by interleukin-10 gene intervention. Taken together, our results suggested that interleukin-10 gene treatment could attenuate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis by inducing senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells in vivo, and this induction was closely related to p53 signaling pathway.

Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin, and its analogs: Effective therapies against different chronic diseases

BACKGROUND

Chronic diseases are a major cause of mortality worldwide, and despite the recent development in treatment modalities, synthetic drugs have continued to show toxic side effects and development of chemoresistance, thereby limiting their application. The use of phytochemicals has gained attention as they show minimal side effects. Diosgenin is one such phytochemical which has gained importance for its efficacy against the life-threatening diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, nervous system disorders, asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and many more.

AIM

To evaluate the literature available on the potential of diosgenin and its analogs in modulating different molecular targets leading to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

METHOD

A detailed literature search has been carried out on PubMed for gathering information related to the sources, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and toxicity of diosgenin and its analogs.

KEY FINDINGS

The literature search resulted in many in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials that reported the efficacy of diosgenin and its analogs in modulating important molecular targets and signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK, etc., which play a crucial role in the development of most of the diseases. Reports have also revealed the safety of the compound and the adaptation of nanotechnological approaches for enhancing its bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties.

SIGNIFICANCE

Thus, the review summarizes the efficacy of diosgenin and its analogs for developing as a potent drug against several chronic diseases.

Wnt signaling pathway in aging-related tissue fibrosis and therapies

Fibrosis is the final hallmark of pathological remodeling, which is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases and aging-related organ failure to fully control chronic wound-healing and restoring tissue function. The process of fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis of the kidney, lung, liver, heart and other tissue disorders. Wnt is a highly conserved signaling in the aberrant wound repair and fibrogenesis, and sustained Wnt activation is correlated with the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In particular, mounting evidence has revealed that Wnt signaling played important roles in cell fate determination, proliferation and cell polarity establishment. The expression and distribution of Wnt signaling in different tissues vary with age, and these changes have key effects on maintaining tissue homeostasis. In this review, we first describe the major constituents of the Wnt signaling and their regulation functions. Subsequently, we summarize the dysregulation of Wnt signaling in aging-related fibrotic tissues such as kidney, liver, lung and cardiac fibrosis, followed by a detailed discussion of its involvement in organ fibrosis. In addition, the crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways has the potential to profoundly add to the complexity of organ fibrosis. Increasing studies have demonstrated that a number of Wnt inhibitors had the potential role against tissue fibrosis, specifically in kidney fibrosis and the implications of Wnt signaling in aging-related diseases. Therefore, targeting Wnt signaling might be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy against aging-related tissue fibrosis.

TGF-β1 mediated Smad signaling pathway and EMT in hepatic fibrosis induced by Nano NiO in vivo and in vitro

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (Nano NiO) bears hepatotoxicity, while whether it leads to liver fibrosis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to establish the Nano NiO-induced hepatic fibrosis model in vivo and investigate the roles of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in Smad pathway activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurrence, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in vitro. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 0.015, 0.06, and 0.24 mg/kg Nano NiO by intratracheal instilling twice a week for 9 weeks. HepG2 cells were treated with 100 μg/mL Nano NiO and TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542) to explore the mechanism of collagen formation. Results of Masson staining as well as the elevated levels of type I collagen (Col-I) and Col-III suggested that Nano NiO resulted in hepatic fibrosis in rats. Furthermore, Nano NiO increased the protein expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinase9 (MMP9), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase1 (TIMP1), while decreased the protein content of E-cadherin and Smad7 in rat liver and HepG2 cells. Most importantly, Nano NiO-triggered the abnormal expression of the abovementioned proteins were all alleviated by co-treatment with SB431542, implying that TGF-β1-mediated Smad pathway, EMT and MMP9/TIMP1 imbalance were involved in overproduction of collagen in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that Nano NiO induced hepatic fibrosis via TGF-β1-mediated Smad pathway activation, EMT occurrence, and ECM deposition.

Zygophyllum album leaves extract prevented hepatic fibrosis in rats, by reducing liver injury and suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways. Exploring of bioactive compounds using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS

Zygophyllum album is traditionally used against many illnesses, such as liver disease. The present study investigated the bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Z. album (MEZA) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and explored its possible antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hepatoprotective effect. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside being the main one was the main composite (144.6 mg/100 g dm). Results showed that MEZA reduced significantly the biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH and ALP), and the hepatic oxidative stress indicators (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in deltamethrin (DLM)-treated rats. Moreover, MEZA limited the inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB gene, which suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Furthermore, Z. album reduced DLM-induced apoptosis by attenuating caspase 3 and p53 mRNA activation. MEZA treatment also alleviated upregulation of α-SMA, type I collagen, and TGF-β1 mRNA in the liver. The possible antifibrotic effect of MEZA was clearly demonstrated by the histopathology examination, using Masson's Trichrome and Sirius Red stainings. Therefore, the current study suggested that the bioactive compounds of Z. album possessed antifibrotic effect against DLM-induced hepatic fibrosis, by protecting liver tissue, and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways.

Assessment of Hepatoprotective Effect of Chokeberry Juice in Rats Treated Chronically with Carbon Tetrachloride

The aim of this study was to compare the protective effects of chokeberry juice and silymarin against chemical-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Liver fibrosis was induced by CCl₄ administered two days a week for six weeks. Two groups of rats were co-treated with chokeberry juice, 10 mL/kg/day. or silymarin as a positive control, 100 mg/kg/day for six weeks. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was suppressed by 50% and the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes was increased by 19%–173% in rats co-treated with CCl₄ and substances tested as compared to rats administered CCl₄ alone. Hepatic hydroxyproline was decreased by 24% only in rats treated with silymarin. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of fibrosis-related molecules, procollagen I, α-SMA, TIMP-1, TGFβ, and TNFα, which were significantly increased in the liver of CCl₄-treated rats, were not modulated by substances tested. Histological evaluation revealed a slight protective effect of silymarin against fibrosis. However, in CCl₄ + chokeberry-treated rats, the density of vacuolated hepatocytes was significantly lower than that in silymarin administered animals. Chokeberry juice did not demonstrate an antifibrotic effect in the applied experimental model of fibrosis, and the effect of the known antifibrotic agent, silymarin, was very limited.

Astragaloside IV alleviates ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of key factors in death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Apoptosis plays an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and triggers a series of pathological changes which may even be life-threatening. Astragaloside-IV (AS-IV), a natural compound extracted from Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge., Leguminosae, Huangqi in Chinese), showed neuroprotective effects in the study of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study we investigate the effects of AS-IV on apoptosis induced by transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats, as well as the associated regulatory factors.

METHODS

AS-IV was administrated to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion surgery (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, once per day, continued for 7 days after surgey). After seven days of continuous administration, neurological function, cerebral infarction volume, and pathological changes of brain tissue were detected. Fas, FasL, Caspase-8, Bax, and Bcl-2 mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR. Caspase-8, Bid, Cytochrome C (Cyto C), cleaved Caspase-3 proteins were determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry was used to quantify Cyto C.

RESULTS

AS-IV significantly attenuated the neurological deficit in rats with ischemica-reperfusion injury, and reduced cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis. AS-IV inhibited the mRNA upregulation of Fas, FasL, Caspase-8, and Bax/Bcl-2. Furthermore, the protein level of apoptosis cytokines Caspase-8, Bid, cleaved Caspase-3 and Cyto C were also inhibited after ischemia reperfusion, suggesting that AS-IV might alleviate ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of key factors in death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway.

Dioscin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through suppression of TLR4 signaling pathways

Aim: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening inflammatory syndrome that lacks an effective therapy. Dioscin, a natural steroid saponin isolated from a variety of herbs, could serve as an anti-inflammatory agent, as suggested in previous reports. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of dioscin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and validate the potential mechanisms.Materials and Methods: An ALI model was induced by intratracheal administration of LPS. Dioscin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically once daily for seven consecutive days prior to LPS challenge.Results: Our data revealed that dioscin significantly suppressed LPS-induced lung pathological changes, pulmonary capillary permeability, pulmonary edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and cytokine production, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC). Moreover, dioscin inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation as well as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression.Conclusions: In brief, the results indicated that dioscin alleviates LPS-induced ALI through suppression of TLR4 signaling pathways.

Platyconic Acid A, Platycodi Radix-Derived Saponin, Suppresses TGF-1-induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells via Blocking SMAD and Activating the PPAR Signaling Pathway

Platycodi radix is a widely sold health food worldwide, which contains numerous phytochemicals that are beneficial to health. Previously, we reported that saponin from the roots of Platycodi radix-derived saponin inhibited toxicant-induced liver diseases. Nevertheless, the inhibitory effect of platyconic acid A (PA), the active component of Platycodi radix-derived saponin, on the anti-fibrotic activity involving the SMAD pathway remains unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effects of PA on TGF-β1-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). PA inhibited TGF-β1-enhanced cell proliferation, as well as expression of α-SMA and collagen Iα1 in HSC-T6 cells. PA suppressed TGF-β1-induced smad2/3 phosphorylation and smad binding elements 4 (SBE4) luciferase activity. Reversely, PA restored TGF-β1-reduced expression of smad7 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ. PA also repressed TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs. In summary, the results suggest that the inhibitory effect of PA on HSCs occurs through the blocking of SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways, leading to the suppression of α-SMA and collagen Iα1 expression.

Danshensu, a novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase1 inhibitor, exerts anti-hepatic fibrosis effects via inhibition of JAK2-STAT3 signaling

BACKGROUND

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an important intracellular rate-limiting enzyme in the development of Hepatic fibrosis (HF), and has been proposed as a hallmark of HF. Danshensu (DSS) is a major bioactive component that isolated from a edible traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen), while, the anti-HF mode and mechanism of action of DSS have not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat HF model and TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) model were employed to assess the in vivo and in vitro anti-HF effects of DSS. HSC-T6 cells stably expressing IDO1, a constitutively active IDO1 mutant, was used to determine the role of JAK2-STAT3 signaling in the DSS's anti-HF effects.

RESULTS

We found that intragastric administration of DSS potently reduced fibrosis, inhibited IDO1 expression and STAT3 activity both in vitro and in vivo. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis, DSS was identified as a novel IDO1 inhibitor. Mechanistic studies indicated that DSS inhibited JAK2-STAT3 signaling, it reduced IDO1 expression, STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 nuclear localization. More importantly, overexpression of IDO1 diminished DSS's anti-HF effects.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide a pharmacological justification for the clinical use of DSS in treating HF, and suggest that DSS has the potential to be developed as a modern alternative and/or complimentary agent for HF treatment and prevention.

Protective Effects of Dioscin Against Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity Via Regulation of Sirt1/FOXO1/NF-κb Signal

Doxorubicin (Dox), an antitumor antibiotic, has therapeutic effects on many kinds of tumors. However, Dox can produce some serious side effects that limit its clinical application. Thus, exploration of effective drug targets or active lead compounds against Dox-induced organ damage is necessary. Dioscin, one natural product, has potent effects against Dox-induced renal injury and cardiotoxicity. However, the effects of dioscin on Dox-induced hepatotoxicity have not been reported. In this study, the results showed that dioscin significantly ameliorated Dox-induced cell injury, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and suppressed cell apoptosis in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) cells caused by Dox. In vivo, dioscin evidently decreased the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA); increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); and alleviated liver injury. Mechanism study showed that dioscin remarkably up-regulated the expression levels of silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via increase of the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and suppressed the expression levels of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1) to inhibit oxidative stress. Furthermore, dioscin obviously decreased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) to suppress inflammation. Meanwhile, dioscin significantly regulated tumor suppressor P53 (P53) expression level and BCL-2-associated X (BAX)/BCL-2 apoptosis regulator (BCL-2) ratio to inhibit cell apoptosis. These results were further validated by knockdown of Sirt1 using siRNA silencing in AML-12 cells, which confirmed that the target of dioscin against Dox-induced hepatotoxicity was Sirt1/FOXO1/NF-κB signal. In short, our findings showed that dioscin exhibited protective effects against Dox-induced liver damage via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which should be developed as one new candidate for the prevention of Dox-induced liver injury in the future.

Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Activities of Dioscin

Dioscin is a typical saponin with multiple pharmacological activities. The past few years have seen an emerging interest in and growing research on this pleiotropic saponin. Here, we review the emerging pharmacological activities reported recently, with foci on its antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and tissue-protective properties. The potential use of dioscin in therapies of diverse clinical disorders is also discussed.

Knockout of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide attenuates cholestatic liver injury by differentially regulating cellular senescence of hepatic stellate cells and cholangiocytes

α-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide involved in several pathophysiological processes. α-CGRP is involved in the regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestasis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate if α-CGRP regulates bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis by using a α-CGRP knockout (α-CGRP^-/-) mouse model. α-CGRP^-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to sham surgery or BDL for 7 days. Then, liver fibrosis and cellular senescence as well as the expression of kinase such as p38 and C-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway were evaluated in total liver, together with measurement of cellular senescence in cholangiocytes or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). There was enhanced hepatic expression of Calca (coding α-CGRP) and the CGRP receptor components (CRLR, RAMP-1 and RCP) in BDL and in both WT α-CGRP^-/- and BDL α-CGRP^-/- mice, respectively. Moreover, there was increased CGRP serum levels and hepatic mRNA expression of CALCA and CGRP receptor components in late-stage PSC samples compared to healthy control samples. Depletion of α-CGRP reduced liver injury and fibrosis in BDL mice that was associated with enhanced cellular senescence of hepatic stellate cells and reduced senescence of cholangiocytes as well as decreased activation of p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathway. Cholangiocyte supernatant from BDL α-CGRP^-/- mice inhibited the activation and increased cellular senescence of cultured human HSCs (HHSCs) compared to HHSCs stimulated with BDL cholangiocyte supernatant. Taken together, endogenous α-CGRP promoted BDL-induced cholestatic liver fibrosis through differential changes in senescence of HSCs and cholangiocytes and activation of p38 and JNK signaling. Modulation of α-CGRP/CGRP receptor signaling may be key for the management of biliary senescence and liver fibrosis in cholangiopathies.

Gambogic acid attenuates liver fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways via inhibiting HSP90

Gambogic acid (GA), a major ingredient of Garcinia hanburryi, is known to have diverse biological effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effects of GA on hepatic fibrosis and reveal its underlying mechanism. We investigated the anti-fibrotic effect of GA on dimethylnitrosamine and bile duct ligation induced liver fibrosis in rats in vivo. The rat and human hepatic stellate cell lines (HSCs) lines were chose to evaluate the effect of GA in vitro. Our results indicated that GA could significantly ameliorate liver fibrosis associated with improving serum markers, decrease in extracellular matrix accumulation and HSCs activation in vivo. GA significantly inhibited the proliferation of HSC cells and induced the cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Moreover, GA triggered autophagy at early time point and subsequent initiates mitochondrial mediated apoptotic pathway resulting in HSC cell death. The mechanism of GA was related to inhibit heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and degradation of the client proteins inducing PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways inhibition. This study demonstrated that GA effectively ameliorated liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo, which provided new insights into the application of GA for liver fibrosis.

Dioscin, a Steroidal Saponin Isolated from Dioscorea nipponica, Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Inhibiting Th17 Cell Response

Dioscin, a steroidal saponin isolated from Dioscorea nipponica Makino, has previously been shown to possess antiarthritic effects. However, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effects of dioscin on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice and related mechanism. Cytokine production in CII-specific immune responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Th17 cell-related gene expression, including IL-17A, ROR[Formula: see text] and IL-23p19, were detected by qPCR analysis; Surface marker, T regulatory (Treg) cells and intracellular cytokines (IL-17A and IFN-[Formula: see text]) were evaluated by flow cytometry. We performed Th17 cell differentiation assay in vitro. Results showed that, in vivo, dioscin treatment significantly reduced the severity of CIA, which was accompanied by decreased Th17 response, but not Th1 and Treg response; dioscin-treated mice also showed lower percentage of CD11b[Formula: see text] Gr-1[Formula: see text] neutrophils; In vitro, dioscin treatment suppressed the differentiation of naive CD4[Formula: see text] T cells into Th17 cell and decreased IL-17A production. Collectively, our results indicate that dioscin exerts antiarthritic effects by inhibiting Th17 cell immune response.

Potent effects of dioscin against hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR)-mediated apoptosis, autophagy, and DNA damage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Dioscin shows potent effects against cancers. We aimed to elucidate its pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vivo and in vitro.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Effects of dioscin were investigated in SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells, diethylnitrosamine-induced primary liver cancer in rats, and cell xenografts in nude mice. Isobaric tags for relative and absolution quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics was used to find dioscin's targets and investigate its mechanism.

KEY RESULTS

In SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells dioscin markedly inhibited cell proliferation and migration, induced apoptosis, autophagy, and DNA damage. It inhibited DEN-induced primary liver cancer in rats, markedly changed body weights and restored levels of α fetoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, γ-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and Ki67. It also inhibited growth of xenografts in mice. In SMMC7721 cells, 191 differentially expressed proteins were found after dioscin, based on iTRAQ-based assay. TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) was identified as being significantly down-regulated by dioscin. Dioscin induced cell apoptosis, autophagy, and DNA damage via increasing expression levels of p53, cleaved PARP, Bax, cleaved caspase-3/9, Beclin-1, and LC3 and suppressing those of Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), CDK5, p-ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM). The transfection of TIGAR siRNA into SMMC7721 cells and xenografts in nude mice further confirmed that the potent activity of dioscin against HCC is evoked by adjusting TIGAR-mediated inhibition of p53, Akt/mTOR, and CDK5/ATM pathways.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The data suggest that dioscin has potential as a therapeutic, and TIGAR as a drug target for treating HCC.

Protective effects of combined Losartan and Nilotinib on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed as therapeutic compounds for inhibiting the progression of liver fibrosis. In the present study, the simultaneous treatment of Nilotinib (TKIs) and Losartan was studied. Forty rats were divided into eight groups of fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and therapeutics (Nilotinib, Losartan, and combination therapy). In the end, serum parameters of the liver and gene expression analysis of transforming growth factor-β₁, its receptors (TβRII), platelet-derived growth factor, its receptors (PDGFR_β), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), tumor necrosis factor-α, cytochrome P450 2E1, and collagen1 type 1 were performed. The oxidant/antioxidant factors were also analyzed. Histopathology analysis along with α-SMA immunohistochemistry and hydroxyproline evaluation was also conducted for a more in-depth study. The overall results indicated a better therapeutic effect of co-treatment of Nilotinib-Losartan in comparison with the treatment of each of them alone. Interestingly, some gene and protein factors and fibrotic indices were reduced even to the normal levels of the control group. The results of this study suggest that co-administration of these two combinations, strengthens their anti-fibrotic properties and, due to the routine use of these compounds against AML and blood pressure, these compounds can be used with caution against human liver fibrosis.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 antagonism attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells via suppressing inflammation

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) serve key roles in hepatic fibrosis by producing excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been found to be associated with hepatic fibrogenesis through direct interactions with HSCs. Recently, the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signalling system was identified as a key player in the process of liver fibrosis. In the present study it was evaluated whether FGFR1 mediated LPS-induced HSCs activation. In cultured cells, FGFR1 was inhibited by either siRNA silencing or by a small-molecule inhibitor in LPS-stimulated HSCs. The blockade of FGFR1 decreased LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, inflammatory cytokine release, fibrosis, and cell proliferation in HSCs. It was further indicated that LPS triggered FGFR1 phosphorylation via TLR4/c-Src. These findings confirmed the detrimental effect of FGFR1 activation in the pathogenesis of LPS-related HSC activation and revealed that FGFR1 may be an ideal therapeutic target for LPS-induced liver fibrosis.

Antifibrogenic Influence of Mentha piperita L. Essential Oil against CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats

Essential oils of some aromatic plants provide an effective nonmedicinal option to control liver fibrosis. Mentha piperita L. essential oil (MPEO) have been reported to possess protective effects against hepatotoxicity. However, its effect against liver fibrosis remains unknown. The present study investigated the antifibrogenic potential of MPEO and its underlying mechanisms. Forty male rats divided into 4 groups were used: group 1 served as normal control, group 2 (liver fibrosis) received CCl4 (2.5 mL/kg, IP, twice weekly) for 8 weeks, group 3 concurrently received CCl4 plus MPEO (50 mg/kg, IP, daily, from the 3rd week), and group 4 received MPEO only. MPOE significantly improved the liver injury markers, lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant capacity, CYP2E1 gene expressionand liver histology. Furthermore, MPOE ameliorated liver fibrosis as evidenced by the reduced expression of desmin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and SMAD3 proteins. In addition, MPOE counteracted the p53 upregulation induced by CCl4 at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, MPOE could effectively attenuate hepatic fibrosis mainly through improving the redox status, suppressing p53 and subsequently modulating TGF-β1 and SMAD3 protein expression. These data promote the use of MPOE as a promising approach in antifibrotic therapy.

Special metabolites isolated from Urochloa humidicola (Poaceae)

This study aims to identify special metabolites in polar extracts from Urochloa humidicola (synonym Brachiaria humidicola) that have allelopathic effects and induce secondary photosensitization in ruminants. The compounds were isolated and identified via chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The compounds 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid, trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and p-hydroxy-benzoic acid; the flavonols isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and methyl quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronate; and kaempferitrin, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, and tricin were identified in the extract from the leaves of Urochloa humidicola. Two furostanic saponins, namely, dioscin and 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-4)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-penogenin, as well as catechin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside were identified in the methanolic extract obtained from the roots of this plant. This species features a range of metabolites that may be toxic for animals if used in food and may interfere with the growth medium, thereby inhibiting the development of other species.

Dioscin overcome TKI resistance in EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells via down-regulation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 expression

Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) results in tumor relapse and poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. TKI resistance caused by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations at T790M and c-Met amplification occurs through persistent activation of the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. We therefore expected that dual inhibitors of both signaling pathways could overcome TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. Here, dioscin was selected from a product library of Chinese naturally occurring compounds and overcame TKI resistance in EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mechanistically, dioscin may down-regulate the expression of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) at the transcription level by increasing p53 binding to the SHP2 promoter due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Simultaneous inhibition of MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT activation via decreased SHP2 expression and its interaction with GAB1 may be responsible for dioscin-mediated TKI sensitivity. A higher unfavorable response to TKI therapy occurred more commonly in patients with high SHP2 mRNA expression than in patients with low SHP2 mRNA expression. Therefore, we suggest that dioscin may act as a dual inhibitor of the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to overcome TKI resistance via dysregulation of SHP2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma.

Effect of dioscin on promoting liver regeneration via activating Notch1/Jagged1 signal pathway

BACKGROUND

Development of novel candidates to promote liver regeneration is critical important after partial hepatectomy (PH). Dioscin, a natural product, shows potent effect on liver protection in our previous works.

PURPOSE

This work aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of dioscin on liver regeneration.

METHODS

The promoting proliferation effects of dioscin on mouse hepatocytem AML12 cells, rat primary hepatocytes, rats and mice after 70% PH were evaluated.

RESULTS

Dioscin significantly promoted proliferation of rat primary hepatocytes and AML12 cells through MTT, BrdU and PCNA staining assays. Meanwhile, dioscin rapidly recovered the liver to body weight ratios, declined ALT and AST levels, and relieved hepatocytes necrosis compared with 70% PH operation groups in rats and mice. Mechanistic test showed that dioscin significantly increased Notch1 and Jagged1 levels, and accelerated γ-secretase activity by up-regulating PS1 expression, leading to nuclear translocation of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1). Subsequently, the significant activation of Notch-dependent target genes (Hey1, Hes1, EGFR, VEGF), and cell-cycle regulatory proteins (CyclinD1, CyclinE1, CDK4 and CDK2) were all recognized. In addition, these results were further confirmed by Notch1 siRNA silencing and inhibition of γ-secretase by DAPT (a well-characterized γ-secretase inhibitor) in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

Dioscin, as a novel efficient γ-secretase activator, NICD1 nucleus translocation promoter and cell cycle regulator, markedly activated Notch1/Jagged1 pathway to promote hepato-proliferation. Our findings provide novel insights into dioscin as a natural product with facilitating liver regeneration after PH.

Chlorogenic Acid Inhibits Liver Fibrosis by Blocking the miR-21-Regulated TGF-β1/Smad7 Signaling Pathway in Vitro and in Vivo

Aims: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic acid that has a wide range of pharmacological effects. However, the protective effects and mechanisms of CGA on liver fibrosis are not clear. This study explored the effects of CGA on miR-21-regulated TGF-β1/Smad7 liver fibrosis in the hepatic stellate LX2 cell line and in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods: The mRNA expression of miR-21, Smad7, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the protein levels of Smad2, p-Smad2, Smad3, p-Smad3, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Smad7, CTGF, α-SMA, TIMP-1, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 were assayed in LX2 cells and liver tissue. The effects of CGA after miR-21 knockdown or overexpression were analyzed in LX2 cells. The liver tissue and serum were collected for histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA.

Results: The mRNA expression of miR-21, CTGF, α-SMA, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1 and the protein expression of p-Smad2, p-Smad3, p-Smad2/3, CTGF, α-SMA, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1 were inhibited by CGA both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, CGA elevated the mRNA and protein expression of Smad7 and MMP-9. After miR-21 knockdown and overexpression, the downstream molecules also changed accordingly. CGA also lessened the degree of liver fibrosis in the pathological manifestation and reduced α-SMA and collagen I expression in liver tissue and TGF-β1 in serum. Conclusion: CGA might relieve liver fibrosis through the miR-21-regulated TGF-β1/Smad7 signaling pathway, which suggests that CGA might be a new anti-fibrosis agent that improves liver fibrosis.

Relationship between mTOR signaling pathway and hepatic stellate cells function

The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is generally considered to be the central link in the formation of hepatic fibrosis. Various factors can regulate the function of HSCs through multiple signaling pathways, of which the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is especially important. Elucidating the relationship between the mTOR signaling pathway and the proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence of HSCs can provide new therapeutic targets and methods for the clinical treatment of hepatic fibrosis. This paper discusses the relationship between the mTOR signaling pathway and the function of HSCs.

Drugs and Targets in Fibrosis

Fibrosis contributes to the development of many diseases and many target molecules are involved in fibrosis. Currently, the majority of fibrosis treatment strategies are limited to specific diseases or organs. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates great similarities among fibroproliferative diseases, and more and more drugs are proved to be effective anti-fibrotic therapies across different diseases and organs. Here we comprehensively review the current knowledge on the pathological mechanisms of fibrosis, and divide factors mediating fibrosis progression into extracellular and intracellular groups. Furthermore, we systematically summarize both single and multiple component drugs that target fibrosis. Future directions of fibrosis drug discovery are also proposed.

Regulation of Cellular Senescence by miR-34a in Alcoholic Liver Injury

Alcoholic liver disease remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, which ranges from alcoholic steatohepatitis to fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and the related mechanisms are understood poorly. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-34a in alcohol-induced cellular senescence and liver fibrosis. We found that hepatic miR-34a expression was upregulated in ethanol-fed mice and heavy drinkers with steatohepatitis compared with respective controls. Mice treated with miR-34a Vivo-Morpholino developed less severe liver fibrosis than wild-type mice after 5 weeks of ethanol feeding. Further mechanism exploration showed that inhibition of miR-34a increased cellular senescence of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in ethanol-fed mice, although it decreased senescence in total liver and hepatocytes, which was verified by the changes of senescence-associated β-galactosidase and gene expression. Furthermore, enhanced cellular senescence was observed in liver tissues from steatohepatitis patients compared with healthy controls. In addition, the expression of transforming growth factor-β1, drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein 2 (Smad2), and Smad3 was decreased after inhibition of miR-34a in ethanol-fed mice. Our in vitro experiments showed that silencing of miR-34a partially blocked activation of HSCs by lipopolysaccharide and enhanced senescence of HSCs. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-34a decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced fibrotic gene expression in cultured hepatocytes. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR-34a functions as a profibrotic factor that promotes alcohol-induced liver fibrosis by reducing HSC senescence and increasing the senescence of hepatocytes.

Dioscin Exerts Protective Effects Against Crystalline Silica-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice

Inhalation of crystalline silica particles leads to pulmonary fibrosis, eventually resulting in respiratory failure and death. There are few effective drugs that can delay the progression of this disease; thus, patients with silicosis are usually only offered supportive care. Dioscin, a steroidal saponin, exhibits many biological activities and health benefits including its protective effects against hepatic fibrosis. However, the effect of dioscin on silicosis is unknown.

Methods: We employed experimental mouse mode of silicosis. Different doses of dioscin were gavaged to the animals 1 day after crystalline silica instillation to see the effect of dioscin on crystalline silica induced pulmonary fibrosis. Also, we used RAW264.7 and NIH-3T3 cell lines to explore dioscin effects on macrophages and fibroblasts. Dioscin was also oral treatment but 10 days after crystalline silica instillation to see its effect on established pulmonary fibrosis.

Results: Dioscin treatment reduced pro-inflammation and pro-fibrotic cytokine secretion by modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. It also reduced the recruitment of fibrocytes, protected epithelial cells from crystalline silica injury, inhibited transforming growth factor beta/Smad3 signaling and fibroblast activation. Together, these effects delayed the progression of crystalline silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism by which dioscin treatment alleviated CS-induced inflammation appeared to be via the reduction of macrophage, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocte infiltration into lung. Dioscin inhibits macrophages and fibroblasts from secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and may also function as a modulator of T helper cells responses, concurrent with attenuated phosphorylation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Also, dioscin could block the phosphorylation of Smad3 in fibroblast. Oral treatment of dioscin could also effectively postpone the progression of established silicosis.

Conclusion: Oral treatment dioscin delays crystalline silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis and exerts pulmonary protective effects in mice. Dioscin may be a novel and potent candidate for protection against crystalline silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Dioscin Inhibits HSC-T6 Cell Migration via Adjusting SDC-4 Expression: Insights from iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) migration, an important bioprocess, contributes to the development of liver fibrosis. Our previous studies have found the potent activity of dioscin against liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSCs proliferation, triggering the senescence and inducing apoptosis of activated HSCs, but the molecular mechanisms associated with cell migration were not clarified. In this work, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolution quantitation)-based quantitative proteomics study was carried out, and a total of 1566 differentially expressed proteins with fold change ≥2.0 and p < 0.05 were identified in HSC-T6 cells treated by dioscin (5.0 μg/mL). Based on Gene Ontology classification, String and KEGG pathway assays, the effects of dioscin to inhibit cell migration via regulating SDC-4 were carried out. The results of wound-healing, cell migration and western blotting assays indicated that dioscin significantly inhibit HSC-T6 cell migration through SDC-4-dependent signal pathway by affecting the expression levels of Fn, PKCα, Src, FAK, and ERK1/2. Specific SDC-4 knockdown by shRNA also blocked HSC-T6 cell migration, and dioscin slightly enhanced the inhibiting effect. Taken together, the present work showed that SDC-4 played a crucial role on HSC-T6 cell adhesion and migration of dioscin against liver fibrosis, which may be one potent therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases.

Hepatoprotective effects of Yulangsan flavone against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

BACKGROUND

Yulangsan flavone (YLSF) was extracted from the root of Millettia pulchra Kurz var-laxior (Dunn) Z. Wei, which has been widely used for liver disease treatment in the Guangxi province of China.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

The study was conducted to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effects of YLSF against CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, meanwhile revealing the potential mechanism.

STUDY DESIGN

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of both sexes were randomly divided into two groups: hepatic fibrosis group and normal control (NC) group. The rats in the hepatic fibrosis group were given 1 ml/kg 50% CCl₄ (1:1 mixed with peanut oil), while those in the NC group were given 1 ml/kg normal saline (NS), both via intragastric administration. The established experimental rat model from the hepatic fibrosis group was confirmed by pathological inspection and randomly divided into five groups: three YLSF groups (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg), a colchicine group (0.20 mg/kg) and a model group (10 ml/kg NS). All rats were treated with corresponding drugs or NS once a day for four consecutive weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, blood serum and hepatic tissue were collected.

METHODS

The activities of ALT and AST in the serum and the levels of SOD, MDA, GSH and GSH-Px in hepatic tissue were analysed, the indexes of liver, spleen and thymus were counted, the degree of hepatic injury was examined using HE and Masson staining, and the mRNA expression of Col-1, TIMP-1 and TGF-β1 in hepatic tissues was detected.

RESULTS

Compared with the model group, experimental results showed that YLSF and colchicine could reduce the levels of AST, ALT and MDA, increase the levels of SOD, GSH and GSH-Px, enhance rat survivability, decrease the liver, spleen and thymus index, significantly lessen collagen deposition and tissue damage and down-regulate the mRNA expression of Col-1, TIMP-1 and TGF-β1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings confirm that YLSF has a certain curative effect on rats with liver fibrosis induced by CCl₄, and its mechanism may include attenuating free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and accelerating extracellular matrix degradation by down-regulating expression of related genes.

Substance P increases liver fibrosis by differential changes in senescence of cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells

Substance P (SP) is involved in the proliferation of cholangiocytes in bile duct-ligated (BDL) mice and human cholangiocarcinoma growth by interacting with the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). To identify whether SP regulates liver fibrosis during cholestasis, wild-type or NK-1R knockout (NK-1R^-/- ) mice that received BDL or sham surgery and multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2^-/- ) mice treated with either an NK-1R antagonist (L-733,060) or saline were used. Additionally, wild-type mice were treated with SP or saline intraperitoneally. In vivo, there was increased expression of tachykinin precursor 1 (coding SP) and NK-1R in both BDL and Mdr2^-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Expression of tachykinin precursor 1 and NK-1R was significantly higher in liver samples from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients compared to healthy controls. Knockout of NK-1R decreased BDL-induced liver fibrosis, and treatment with L-733,060 resulted in decreased liver fibrosis in Mdr2^-/- mice, which was shown by decreased sirius red staining, fibrosis gene and protein expression, and reduced transforming growth factor-β1 levels in serum and cholangiocyte supernatants. Furthermore, we observed that reduced liver fibrosis in NK-1R^-/- mice with BDL surgery or Mdr2^-/- mice treated with L-733,060 was associated with enhanced cellular senescence of hepatic stellate cells and decreased senescence of cholangiocytes. In vitro, L-733,060 inhibited SP-induced expression of fibrotic genes in hepatic stellate cells and cholangiocytes; treatment with L-733,060 partially reversed the SP-induced decrease of senescence gene expression in cultured hepatic stellate cells and the SP-induced increase of senescence-related gene expression in cultured cholangiocytes.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our results demonstrate the regulatory effects of the SP/NK-1R axis on liver fibrosis through changes in cellular senescence during cholestatic liver injury. (Hepatology 2017;66:528-541).

Lingguizhugan decoction improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by altering insulin resistance and lipid metabolism related genes: a whole trancriptome study by RNA-Seq

Lingguizhugan decoction, a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however, the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In the present study, we compared the phenotype of the normal rats (fed with chow diet), high-fat-diet (HFD) induced NAFLD rats and Lingguizhugan decoction (LGZG, comprises four Chinese herbs: Poria, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Radix Glycyrrhizae.) intervened rats, and detected whole genome gene expression by RNA-Seq. Our results demonstrated that LGZG decoction attenuated phenotypic characteristics of NAFLD rats. RNA-Seq data analysis revealed that gene expression profiles exerted differential patterns between different groups. 2690 (1445 up-regulated, 1245 down-regulated) genes in NAFLD versus (vs) normal group, 69 (16 up-regulated, 53 down-regulated) genes in LGZG vs NAFLD group, and 42 overlapped (12 up- regulated, 30 down-regulated) genes between NAFLDvs normal group and LGZG vs NAFLD group were identified as differentially expressed. GO, pathway enrichment and PPI networks analysis of the overlapped genes revealed that LGZG decoction might attenuate NAFLD possibly by affecting insulin resistance and lipid metabolism related pathways (e.g., PI3K-Akt, AMPK). Differentially expressed genes involved in these pathways such as Pik3r1, Foxo1, Foxo3, Scd1, Col3a1 and Fn1 might be candidate targets for treating NAFLD.

Molecular interplays in hepatic stellate cells: apoptosis, senescence, and phenotype reversion as cellular connections that modulate liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiological process correlated with intense repair and cicatrization mechanisms in injured liver, and over the past few years, the characterization of the fine-tuning of molecular interconnections that support the development of liver fibrosis has been investigated. In this cellular process, the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) support the organ fibrogenesis. The HSCs are found in two distinct morpho-physiological states: quiescent and activated. In normal liver, most HSCs are found in quiescent state, presenting a considerable amount of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, while in injured liver, the activated phenotype of HSCs is a myofibroblast, that secrete extracellular matrix elements and contribute to the establishment of the fibrotic process. Studies on the molecular mechanisms by which HSCs try to restore their quiescent state have been performed; however, no effective treatment to reverse fibrosis has been so far prescribed. Therefore, the elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, senescence, and the cell reversion phenotype process from activate to quiescent state will certainly contribute to the development of effective therapies to treat hepatic fibrosis. In this context, this review aimed to address central elements of apoptosis, senescence, and reversal of HSC phenotype in the control of hepatic fibrogenesis, as a guide to future development of therapeutic strategies.