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Brito Dos Santos F, Kaschuk J, Banvillet G, Jalaee A, Rojas OJ, Foster EJ. Alternative proton exchange membrane based on a bicomponent anionic nanocellulose system. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122299. [PMID: 38858022 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
As integral parts of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) facilitate the conversion of hydrogen's chemical energy into electricity and water. Unfortunately, commercial PEMs are associated with high costs, limited durability, variable electrochemical performance and are based on perfluorinated polymers that persist in the environment. Nanocellulose-based PEMs have emerged as alternative options given their renewability, thermal and mechanical stability, low-cost, and hydrophilicity. These PEMs take advantage of the anionic nature of most nanocelluloses, as well as their facile modification with conductive functional groups, for instance, to endow ionic and electron conductivity. Herein, we incorporated for the first time two nanocellulose types, TEMPO-oxidized and sulfonated, to produce a fully bio-based PEM and studied their contribution separately and when mixed in a PEM matrix. Sulfonated nanocellulose-based PEMs are shown to perform similarly to commercial and bio-based membranes, demonstrating good thermal-oxidative stability (up to 190 °C), mechanical robustness (Young's modulus as high as 1.15 GPa and storage moduli >13 GPa), and high moisture-uptake capacity (ca. 6330 % after 48 h). The introduced nanocellulose membranes are shown as promising materials for proton-exchange material applications, as required in fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brito Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3; Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Joice Kaschuk
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, WE, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Banvillet
- Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Adel Jalaee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3; Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3; Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Dos Santos FB, McMichael PS, Whitbeck A, Jalaee A, Gyenge E, Foster EJ. Proton Exchange Membranes from Sulfonated Lignin Nanocomposites for Redox Flow Battery Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309459. [PMID: 38519858 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are increasingly being considered for a wide range of energy storage applications, and such devices rely on proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to function. PEMs are high-cost, petroleum-derived polymers that often possess limited durability, variable electrochemical performance, and are linked to discharge of perfluorinated compounds. Alternative PEMs that utilize biobased materials, including lignin and sulfonated lignin (SL), low-cost byproducts of the wood pulping process, have struggled to balance electrochemical performance with dimensional stability. Herein, SL nanoparticles are demonstrated for use as a nature-derived, ion-conducting PEM material. SL nanoparticles (NanoSLs) can be synthesized for increased surface area, uniformity, and miscibility compared with macrosized lignin, improving proton conductivity. After addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) as a structural backbone, membranes with the highest NanoSL concentration demonstrated an ion exchange capacity of 1.26 meq g-1, above that of the commercial PEM Nafion 112 (0.98 meq g-1), along with a conductivity of 80.4 mS cm-1 in situ, above that of many biocomposite PEMs, and a coulombic efficiency (CE), energy efficiency (EE) and voltage efficiency (VE) of 91%, 68% and 78%, respectively at 20 mA cm-2. These nanocomposite PEMs demonstrate the potential for valorization of forest biomass waste streams for high value clean energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brito Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Materials Group, The University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Philip Spencer McMichael
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Materials Group, The University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alex Whitbeck
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Adel Jalaee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Materials Group, The University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elod Gyenge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Materials Group, The University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Mattila JM, Krug JD, Roberson WR, Burnette RP, McDonald S, Virtaranta L, Offenberg JH, Linak WP. Characterizing Volatile Emissions and Combustion Byproducts from Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Using Online Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3942-3952. [PMID: 38350647 PMCID: PMC10985785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are used in firefighting applications and often contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which can detrimentally impact environmental and biological health. Incineration is a potential disposal method for AFFFs, which may produce secondary PFAS and other air pollutants. We used online chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) to measure volatile PFAS emissions from incinerating AFFF concentrate solutions. We quantified perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) during the incineration of legacy and contemporary AFFFs. These included trifluoroacetic acid, which reached mg m-3 quantities in the incinerator exhaust. These PFCAs likely arose as products of incomplete combustion of AFFF fluorosurfactants with lower peak furnace temperatures yielding higher PFCA concentrations. We also detected other short-chain PFAS, and other novel chemical products in AFFF combustion emissions. The volatile headspace above AFFF solutions contained larger (C ≥ 8), less oxidized PFAS detected by CIMS. We identified neutral PFAS resembling fluorotelomer surfactants (e.g., fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaines and fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonates) and fluorotelomer alcohols in contemporary AFFF headspaces. Directly comparing the distinct chemical spaces of AFFF volatile headspace and combustion byproducts as measured by CIMS provides insight toward the chemistry of PFAS during thermal treatment of AFFFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Mattila
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Krug
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - William R. Roberson
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Stella McDonald
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27518, United States
| | - Larry Virtaranta
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John H. Offenberg
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - William P. Linak
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Depuydt S, Van der Bruggen B. Green Synthesis of Cation Exchange Membranes: A Review. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:23. [PMID: 38248713 PMCID: PMC10819081 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Cation exchange membranes (CEMs) play a significant role in the transition to a more sustainable/green society. They are important components for applications such as water electrolysis, artificial photosynthesis, electrodialysis and fuel cells. Their synthesis, however, is far from being sustainable, affecting safety, health and the environment. This review discusses and evaluates the possibilities of synthesizing CEMs that are more sustainable and green. First, the concepts of green and sustainable chemistry are discussed. Subsequently, this review discusses the fabrication of conventional perfluorinated CEMs and how they violate the green/sustainability principles, eventually leading to environmental and health incidents. Furthermore, the synthesis of green CEMs is presented by dividing the synthesis into three parts: sulfonation, material selection and solvent selection. Innovations in using gaseous SO3 or gas-liquid interfacial plasma technology can make the sulfonation process more sustainable. Regarding the selection of polymers, chitosan, cellulose, polylactic acid, alginate, carrageenan and cellulose are promising alternatives to fossil fuel-based polymers. Finally, water is the most sustainable solvent and many biopolymers are soluble in it. For other polymers, there are a limited number of studies using green solvents. Promising solvents are found back in other membrane, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, Cyrene™, Rhodiasolv® PolarClean, TamiSolve NxG and γ-valerolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Chen Q, Hao J, Zhang S, Tian Z, Davey K, Qiao SZ. High-Reversibility Sulfur Anode for Advanced Aqueous Battery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309038. [PMID: 37970742 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite being extensively explored as cathodes in batteries, sulfur (S) can function as a low-potential anode by changing charge carriers in electrolytes. Here, a highly reversible S anode that fully converts from S8 0 to S2- in static aqueous S-I2 batteries by using Na+ as the charge carrier is reported. This S anode exhibits a low potential of -0.5 V (vs standard hydrogen electrode) and a near-to-theoretical capacity of 1404 mA h g-1 . Importantly, it shows significant advantages over the widely used Zn anode in aqueous media by obviating dendrite formation and H2 evolution. To suppress "shuttle effects" faced by both S and I2 electrodes, a scalable sulfonated polysulfone (SPSF) membrane is proposed, which is superior to commercial Nafion in cost (US$1.82 m-2 vs $3500 m-2 ) and environmental benignity. Because of its ultra-high selectivity in blocking polysulfides/iodides, the battery with SPSF displays excellent cycling stability. Even under 100% depth of discharge, the battery demonstrates high capacity retention of 87.6% over 500 cycles, outperforming Zn-I2 batteries with 3.1% capacity under the same conditions. These findings broaden anode options beyond metals for high-energy, low-cost, and fast-chargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Junnan Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Shaojian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Zhihao Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Améduri B. Fluoropolymers as Unique and Irreplaceable Materials: Challenges and Future Trends in These Specific Per or Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances. Molecules 2023; 28:7564. [PMID: 38005292 PMCID: PMC10675016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to some low-molar-mass per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which are well established to be toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative, and mobile, fluoropolymers (FPs) are water-insoluble, safe, bioinert, and durable. These niche high-performance polymers fulfil the 13 polymer-of-low-concern (PLC) criteria in their recommended conditions of use. In addition, more recent innovations (e.g., the use of non-fluorinated surfactants in aqueous radical (co)polymerization of fluoroalkenes) from industrial manufacturers of FPs are highlighted. This review also aims to show how these specialty polymers endowed with outstanding properties are essential (even irreplaceable, since hydrocarbon polymer alternatives used in similar conditions fail) for our daily life (electronics, energy, optics, internet of things, transportation, etc.) and constitute a special family separate from other "conventional" C1-C10 PFASs found everywhere on Earth and its oceans. Furthermore, some information reports on their recycling (e.g., the unzipping depolymerization of polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, into TFE), end-of-life FPs, and their risk assessment, circular economy, and regulations. Various studies are devoted to environments involving FPs, though they present a niche volume (with a yearly production of 330,300 t) compared to all plastics (with 460 million t). Complementary to other reviews on PFASs, which lack of such above data, this review presents both fundamental and applied strategies as evidenced by major FP producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Améduri
- Institute Charles Gerhardt, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Sharma R, Morgen P, Larsen MJ, Roda-Serrat MC, Lund PB, Grahl-Madsen L, Andersen SM. Recovery, Regeneration, and Reapplication of PFSA Polymer from End-of-Life PEMFC MEAs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48705-48715. [PMID: 37787495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a recovery, regeneration, and reapplication process for Nafion, a perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer, from end-of-life (EoL) low-temperature proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FCs). Samples of PFSA PEM recovered from EoL membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) with a history of close to 19,000 h of operation were recycled by dissolving the polymeric material in ethanol and applying the dissolved PFSA ionomer for producing the ionomer phase of the catalyst layer of new PEMFC cathodes. Structural characterizations show a marginally lower abundance of sulfonic groups for the EoL PEM compared to a fresh sample. Sulfonation of the former was employed to regenerate sulfonic groups to compensate for the lost ones. New gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) were prepared with the recycled PFSA ionomer both with and without sulfonation, and MEAs with these GDEs as cathodes were assembled through a state-of-the-art procedure. Electrochemical characterizations of the GDEs and single-cell studies of the MEAs showed that the electrochemical performances of catalyst layers containing recycled PFSA ionomer were at least similar to those containing fresh. Durability studies of the GDEs and MEAs, performed through a three-electrode liquid cell and a single cell, respectively, show the highest durability for the GDE/MEA with PFSA ionomer recycled without applying the sulfonation step. However, the GDE with PFSA ionomer obtained from recycling a re-sulfonated PEM shows a durability comparable to that of the GDE with fresh PFSA ionomer. Hence, PFSA material aged during PEMFC operation may be employed to produce highly functional and durable regenerated PFSA ionomer for PEMFC catalyst layers. The studied process of PFSA ionomer recycling is highly attractive for industrial adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan Sharma
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Per Morgen
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Juul Larsen
- IRD Fuel Cells A/S, Emil Neckelmanns Vej 15 A&B, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - Maria Cinta Roda-Serrat
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Brilner Lund
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- IRD Fuel Cells A/S, Emil Neckelmanns Vej 15 A&B, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - Laila Grahl-Madsen
- IRD Fuel Cells A/S, Emil Neckelmanns Vej 15 A&B, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - Shuang Ma Andersen
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Pozzebon EA, Seifert L. Emerging environmental health risks associated with the land application of biosolids: a scoping review. Environ Health 2023; 22:57. [PMID: 37599358 PMCID: PMC10440945 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-01008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 40% of the six million dry metric tons of sewage sludge, often referred to as biosolids, produced annually in the United States is land applied. Biosolids serve as a sink for emerging pollutants which can be toxic and persist in the environment, yet their fate after land application and their impacts on human health have not been well studied. These gaps in our understanding are exacerbated by the absence of systematic monitoring programs and defined standards for human health protection. METHODS The purpose of this paper is to call critical attention to the knowledge gaps that currently exist regarding emerging pollutants in biosolids and to underscore the need for evidence-based testing standards and regulatory frameworks for human health protection when biosolids are land applied. A scoping review methodology was used to identify research conducted within the last decade, current regulatory standards, and government publications regarding emerging pollutants in land applied biosolids. RESULTS Current research indicates that persistent organic compounds, or emerging pollutants, found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microplastics, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have the potential to contaminate ground and surface water, and the uptake of these substances from soil amended by the land application of biosolids can result in contamination of food sources. Advanced technologies to remove these contaminants from wastewater treatment plant influent, effluent, and biosolids destined for land application along with tools to detect and quantify emerging pollutants are critical for human health protection. CONCLUSIONS To address these current risks, there needs to be a significant investment in ongoing research and infrastructure support for advancements in wastewater treatment; expanded manufacture and use of sustainable products; increased public communication of the risks associated with overuse of pharmaceuticals and plastics; and development and implementation of regulations that are protective of health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pozzebon
- California Conference of Directors of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 2017, Cameron Park, CA, 95682-2017, USA
| | - Lars Seifert
- California Conference of Directors of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 2017, Cameron Park, CA, 95682-2017, USA.
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Shields EP, Krug JD, Roberson WR, Jackson SR, Smeltz MG, Allen MR, Preston Burnette R, Nash JT, Virtaranta L, Preston W, Liberatore HK, Ariel Geer Wallace M, Ryan JV, Kariher PH, Lemieux PM, Linak WP. Pilot-Scale Thermal Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Legacy Aqueous Film Forming Foam. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2023; 3:1308-1317. [PMID: 38989445 PMCID: PMC11235189 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is critical to ensure effective remediation of PFAS contaminated matrices. The destruction of hazardous chemicals within incinerators and other thermal treatment processes has historically been determined by calculating the destruction efficiency (DE) or the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE). While high DEs, >99.99%, are deemed acceptable for most hazardous compounds, many PFAS can be converted to other PFAS at low temperatures resulting in high DEs without full mineralization and the potential release of the remaining fluorocarbon portions to the environment. Many of these products of incomplete combustion (PICs) are greenhouse gases, most have unknown toxicity, and some can react to create new perfluorocarboxylic acids. Experiments using aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) and a pilot-scale research combustor varied the combustion environment to determine if DEs indicate PFAS mineralization. Several operating conditions above 1090 °C resulted in high DEs and few detectable fluorinated PIC emissions. However, several conditions below 1000 °C produced DEs >99.99% for the quantifiable PFAS and mg/m3 emission concentrations of several non-polar PFAS PICs. These results suggest that DE alone may not be the best indication of total PFAS destruction, and additional PIC characterization may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Shields
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan D Krug
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - William R Roberson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Stephen R Jackson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Marci G Smeltz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | | | | | - John T Nash
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Cary, NC, 27518, USA
| | - Larry Virtaranta
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | | | - Hannah K Liberatore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ryan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Peter H Kariher
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Paul M Lemieux
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Homeland Security and Materials Management Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - William P Linak
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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10
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Moon Y, Yun Hwang R, Park S, Hee Han Project funding O. 1H NMR Spectroscopy of Degraded Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes: A Simple Methodology for Detecting Onset of Degradation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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11
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Safronova EY, Korchagin OV, Bogdanovskaya VA, Yaroslavtsev AB. Chemical Stability of Hybrid Materials Based on Nafion® Membrane and Hydrated Oxides. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Khalid H, Najibah M, Park HS, Bae C, Henkensmeier D. Properties of Anion Exchange Membranes with a Focus on Water Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100989. [PMID: 36295748 PMCID: PMC9609780 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, alkaline membrane water electrolysis, in which membranes are in direct contact with water or alkaline solutions, has gained attention. This necessitates new approaches to membrane characterization. We show how the mechanical properties of FAA3, PiperION, Nafion 212 and reinforced FAA3-PK-75 and PiperION PI-15 change when stress−strain curves are measured in temperature-controlled water. Since membranes show dimensional changes when the temperature changes and, therefore, may experience stresses in the application, we investigated seven different membrane types to determine if they follow the expected spring-like behavior or show hysteresis. By using a very simple setup which can be implemented in most laboratories, we measured the “true hydroxide conductivity” of membranes in temperature-controlled water and found that PI-15 and mTPN had higher conductivity at 60 °C than Nafion 212. The same setup was used to monitor the alkaline stability of membranes, and it was found that stability decreased in the order mTPN > PiperION > FAA3. XPS analysis showed that FAA3 was degraded by the attack of hydroxide ions on the benzylic position. Water permeability was analyzed, and mTPN had approximately two times higher permeability than PiperION and 50% higher permeability than FAA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Khalid
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Malikah Najibah
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyun S. Park
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence:
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13
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Evaluation of radiation stability of electron beam irradiated Nafion® and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Santoro C, Lavacchi A, Mustarelli P, Di Noto V, Elbaz L, Dekel DR, Jaouen F. What is Next in Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers? Bottlenecks, Benefits, and Future. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200027. [PMID: 35263034 PMCID: PMC9310600 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As highlighted by the recent roadmaps from the European Union and the United States, water electrolysis is the most valuable high-intensity technology for producing green hydrogen. Currently, two commercial low-temperature water electrolyzer technologies exist: alkaline water electrolyzer (A-WE) and proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEM-WE). However, both have major drawbacks. A-WE shows low productivity and efficiency, while PEM-WE uses a significant amount of critical raw materials. Lately, the use of anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEM-WE) has been proposed to overcome the limitations of the current commercial systems. AEM-WE could become the cornerstone to achieve an intense, safe, and resilient green hydrogen production to fulfill the hydrogen targets to achieve the 2050 decarbonization goals. Here, the status of AEM-WE development is discussed, with a focus on the most critical aspects for research and highlighting the potential routes for overcoming the remaining issues. The Review closes with the future perspective on the AEM-WE research indicating the targets to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Santoro
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5, Via Cozzi 520125MilanoItaly
| | - Alessandro Lavacchi
- Istituto di Chimica Dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM)Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR)Via Madonna Del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFirenzeItaly
| | - Piercarlo Mustarelli
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-BicoccaU5, Via Cozzi 520125MilanoItaly
| | - Vito Di Noto
- Section of Chemistry for the Technology (ChemTech)Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of PadovaVia Marzolo 9I-35131PadovaPDItaly
| | - Lior Elbaz
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced MaterialsBar-Ilan UniversityRamat-Gan5290002Israel
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical EngineeringTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP)Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
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15
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Katcharava Z, Saatkamp T, Muenchinger A, Dumbadze N, Kreuer K, Schuster M, Titvinidze G. Optimized step‐growth polymerization of water‐insoluble, highly sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Torben Saatkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart Germany
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Pham TA, Koo S, Park H, Luong QT, Kwon OJ, Jang S, Kim SM, Kim K. Investigation on the Microscopic/Macroscopic Mechanical Properties of a Thermally Annealed Nafion ® Membrane. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4018. [PMID: 34833318 PMCID: PMC8620802 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nafion® electrolyte membrane, which provides a proton pathway, is an essential element in fuel cell systems. Thermal treatment without additional additives is widely used to modify the mechanical properties of the membrane, to construct reliable and durable electrolyte membranes in the fuel cell. We measured the microscopic mechanical properties of thermally annealed membranes using atomic force microscopy with the two-point method. Furthermore, the macroscopic property was investigated through tensile tests. The microscopic modulus exceeded the macroscopic modulus over all annealing temperature ranges. Additionally, the measured microscopic modulus increased rapidly near 150 °C and was saturated over that temperature, whereas the macroscopic modulus continuously increased until 250 °C. This mismatched micro/macroscopic reinforcement trend indicates that the internal reinforcement of the clusters is induced first until 150 °C. In contrast, the reinforcement among the clusters, which requires more thermal energy, probably progresses even at a temperature of 250 °C. The results showed that the annealing process is effective for the surface smoothing and leveling of the Nafion® membrane until 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Anh Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.A.P.); (S.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Seunghoe Koo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.A.P.); (S.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyunseok Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.A.P.); (S.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Quang Thien Luong
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Q.T.L.); (O.J.K.)
| | - Oh Joong Kwon
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Q.T.L.); (O.J.K.)
| | - Segeun Jang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Sang Moon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.A.P.); (S.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Kyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.A.P.); (S.K.); (H.P.)
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17
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Electrospun Composite Proton-Exchange and Anion-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14206709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant into electricity. Cation-exchange and anion-exchange membranes play an important role in hydrogen fed proton-exchange membrane (PEM) and anion-exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells, respectively. Over the past 10 years, there has been growing interest in using nanofiber electrospinning to fabricate fuel cell PEMs and AEMs with improved properties, e.g., a high ion conductivity with low in-plane water swelling and good mechanical strength under wet and dry conditions. Electrospinning is used to create either reinforcing scaffolds that can be pore-filled with an ionomer or precursor mats of interwoven ionomer and reinforcing polymers, which after suitable processing (densification) form a functional membrane. In this review paper, methods of nanofiber composite PEMs and AEMs fabrication are reviewed and the properties of these membranes are discussed and contrasted with the properties of fuel cell membranes prepared using conventional methods. The information and discussions contained herein are intended to provide inspiration for the design of high-performance next-generation fuel cell ion-exchange membranes.
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Bălan SA, Mathrani VC, Guo DF, Algazi AM. Regulating PFAS as a Chemical Class under the California Safer Consumer Products Program. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:25001. [PMID: 33595352 PMCID: PMC7888260 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of manmade chemicals containing at least one fully fluorinated carbon atom. The widespread use, large number, and diverse chemical structures of PFAS pose challenges to any sufficiently protective regulation, emissions reduction, and remediation at contaminated sites. Regulating only a subset of PFAS has led to their replacement with other members of the class with similar hazards, that is, regrettable substitutions. Regulations that focus solely on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ineffective, given that nearly all other PFAS can generate PFAAs in the environment. OBJECTIVES In this commentary, we present the rationale adopted by the State of California's Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) for regulating PFAS as a class in certain consumer products. DISCUSSION We at the California DTSC propose regulating certain consumer products if they contain any member of the class of PFAS because: a) all PFAS, or their degradation, reaction, or metabolism products, display at least one common hazard trait according to the California Code of Regulations, namely environmental persistence; and b) certain key PFAS that are the degradation, reaction or metabolism products, or impurities of nearly all other PFAS display additional hazard traits, including toxicity; are widespread in the environment, humans, and biota; and will continue to cause adverse impacts for as long as any PFAS continue to be used. Regulating PFAS as a class is thus logical, necessary, and forward-thinking. This technical position may be helpful to other regulatory agencies in comprehensively addressing this large class of chemicals with common hazard traits. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7431.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Andreea Bălan
- Safer Consumer Products Program, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Vivek Chander Mathrani
- Safer Consumer Products Program, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Dennis Fengmao Guo
- Safer Consumer Products Program, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - André Maurice Algazi
- Safer Consumer Products Program, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California, USA
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19
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Yuan S, Wang M, Lv B, Wang J. Transformation pathways of chlorinated paraffins relevant for remediation: a mini-review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9020-9028. [PMID: 33475920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the environmental presence and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), an emerging class of organic halogen compounds, have been receiving increasing attention worldwide. Short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) constitute the important CPs of considerable concern. In this review article, the state-of-the-art research status on the environmental transformation of CPs, including thermal decomposition, photolytic and photocatalytic degradation, biological metabolism, and atmospheric transformation, was summarized and integrated in detail. The degradation efficiency and transformation products of CPs in these environmental processes were evaluated, in which dechlorination was considered as the major reaction pathway. Notably, waste incineration of CPs has been demonstrated to generate a variety of persistent chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes, which have more significant environmental impacts. Additionally, photodegradation and photocatalysis are suggested as the feasible techniques for efficient removal of SCCPs from water matrices. Overall, the current transformation studies of CPs could facilitate the comprehensive understanding of their environmental behaviors and fate as well as the development of promising remediation strategies for pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Sponge City Construction of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Lv
- Engineering Research Center for Sponge City Construction of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Key laboratory of Anhui Province of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, HeFei, China
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20
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Stoiber T, Evans S, Naidenko OV. Disposal of products and materials containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A cyclical problem. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127659. [PMID: 32698118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), highly stable and persistent chemicals used in numerous industrial applications and consumer goods, pose an exceptionally difficult challenge for disposal. Three approaches are currently available for PFAS wastes: landfilling, wastewater treatment and incineration. Each disposal approach can return either the original PFAS or their degradation products back to the environment, illustrating that the PFAS problem is cyclical. Landfilling and wastewater treatment do not destroy PFAS and simply move PFAS loads between sites. Consumer products and various materials discarded in landfills leach PFAS over time, and landfill leachate is commonly sent to wastewater treatment plants. From wastewater treatment plants, PFAS are carried over to sludge and effluent. Sewage sludge can be landfilled, incinerated, or applied on agricultural fields, and PFAS from treated sludge (biosolids) can contaminate soil, water, and crops. Incineration of PFAS-containing wastes can emit harmful air pollutants, such as fluorinated greenhouse gases and products of incomplete combustion, and some PFAS may remain in the incinerator ash. Volatile PFAS are emitted into the air from landfills and wastewater treatment plants, and research is urgently needed on the potential presence of PFAS compounds in air emissions from commercially run incinerators. Monitoring of waste streams for PFAS, stopping PFAS discharges into water, soil and air and protecting the health of fence-line communities close to the waste disposal sites are essential to mitigate the impacts of PFAS pollution on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Stoiber
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW Suite 100, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
| | - Sydney Evans
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW Suite 100, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
| | - Olga V Naidenko
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW Suite 100, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
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21
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22
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Yamaguchi M. Thermal desorption and pyrolysis direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry of Nafion membrane. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Lohmann R, Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Glüge J, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lindstrom AB, Miller MF, Ng CA, Patton S, Scheringer M, Trier X, Wang Z. Are Fluoropolymers Really of Low Concern for Human and Environmental Health and Separate from Other PFAS? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12820-12828. [PMID: 33043667 PMCID: PMC7700770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluoropolymers are a group of polymers within the class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the evidence regarding the environmental and human health impacts of fluoropolymers throughout their life cycle(s). Production of some fluoropolymers is intimately linked to the use and emissions of legacy and novel PFAS as polymer processing aids. There are serious concerns regarding the toxicity and adverse effects of fluorinated processing aids on humans and the environment. A variety of other PFAS, including monomers and oligomers, are emitted during the production, processing, use, and end-of-life treatment of fluoropolymers. There are further concerns regarding the safe disposal of fluoropolymers and their associated products and articles at the end of their life cycle. While recycling and reuse of fluoropolymers is performed on some industrial waste, there are only limited options for their recycling from consumer articles. The evidence reviewed in this analysis does not find a scientific rationale for concluding that fluoropolymers are of low concern for environmental and human health. Given fluoropolymers' extreme persistence; emissions associated with their production, use, and disposal; and a high likelihood for human exposure to PFAS, their production and uses should be curtailed except in cases of essential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU in Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology; The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrew B. Lindstrom
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark F. Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences & U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carla A. Ng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sharyle Patton
- Health and Environment Program Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 94924, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Trier
- European Environment Agency, Kgs. Nytorv 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Robuck AR, Cantwell MG, McCord J, Addison LM, Pfohl M, Strynar MJ, McKinney R, Katz DR, Wiley DN, Lohmann R. Legacy and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Juvenile Seabirds from the U.S. Atlantic Coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12938-12948. [PMID: 32894676 PMCID: PMC7700771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic, globally distributed chemicals. Legacy PFAS, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), have been regularly detected in marine fauna but little is known about their current levels or the presence of novel PFAS in seabirds. We measured 36 emerging and legacy PFAS in livers from 31 juvenile seabirds from Massachusetts Bay, Narragansett Bay, and the Cape Fear River Estuary (CFRE), United States. PFOS was the major legacy perfluoroalkyl acid present, making up 58% of concentrations observed across all habitats (range: 11-280 ng/g). Novel PFAS were confirmed in chicks hatched downstream of a fluoropolymer production site in the CFRE: a perfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (Nafion byproduct 2; range: 1-110 ng/g) and two perfluorinated ether carboxylic acids (PFO4DA and PFO5DoDA; PFO5DoDA range: 5-30 ng/g). PFOS was inversely associated with phospholipid content in livers from CFRE and Massachusetts Bay individuals, while δ 13C, an indicator of marine versus terrestrial foraging, was positively correlated with some long-chain PFAS in CFRE chick livers. There is also an indication that seabird phospholipid dynamics are negatively impacted by PFAS, which should be further explored given the importance of lipids for seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Robuck
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Mark G. Cantwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - James McCord
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC 27709
| | | | - Marisa Pfohl
- University of Rhode Island, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Mark J. Strynar
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Richard McKinney
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - David R. Katz
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - David N. Wiley
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Scituate, MA 02066 0
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882
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25
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Kwiatkowski CF, Andrews DQ, Birnbaum LS, Bruton TA, DeWitt JC, Knappe DRU, Maffini MV, Miller MF, Pelch KE, Reade A, Soehl A, Trier X, Venier M, Wagner CC, Wang Z, Blum A. Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:532-543. [PMID: 34307722 PMCID: PMC8297807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This commentary presents a scientific basis for managing as one chemical class the thousands of chemicals known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). The class includes perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluoroalkylether acids, and their precursors; fluoropolymers and perfluoropolyethers; and other PFAS. The basis for the class approach is presented in relation to their physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological properties. Specifically, the high persistence, accumulation potential, and/or hazards (known and potential) of PFAS studied to date warrant treating all PFAS as a single class. Examples are provided of how some PFAS are being regulated and how some businesses are avoiding all PFAS in their products and purchasing decisions. We conclude with options for how governments and industry can apply the class-based approach, emphasizing the importance of eliminating non-essential uses of PFAS, and further developing safer alternatives and methods to remove existing PFAS from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol F. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David Q. Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas A. Bruton
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Detlef R. U. Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | | | - Mark F. Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Katherine E. Pelch
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76126, United States
| | - Anna Reade
- Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Xenia Trier
- European Environment Agency, DK-1050 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Charlotte C. Wagner
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Lochner T, Kluge RM, Fichtner J, El‐Sayed HA, Garlyyev B, Bandarenka AS. Temperature Effects in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lochner
- Department of Physics, Physics of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
- BMW Group Taunusstr. 41 80809 München Germany
| | - Regina M. Kluge
- Department of Physics, Physics of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Johannes Fichtner
- Department of Physics, Physics of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Hany A. El‐Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Technical ElectrochemistryTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Department of Physics, Physics of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Department of Physics, Physics of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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27
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Solo-Gabriele HM, Jones AS, Lindstrom AB, Lang JR. Waste type, incineration, and aeration are associated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl levels in landfill leachates. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 107:191-200. [PMID: 32304853 PMCID: PMC8335518 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many consumer products which will be ultimately disposed in landfills. Limiting environmental contamination and future exposures will require managing leachates from different types of landfills, each with different PFAS levels depending upon the source of the waste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of waste type and on-site treatment on PFAS levels in landfill leachates. Eleven PFAS species (7 carboxylic acids, 3 sulfonic acids, and 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid) were evaluated in leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW), construction and demolition (C&D), MSW ash (MSWA), and a mixture of MSWA and MSW with landfill gas condensate (MSWA/MSW-GC). Leachates were also analyzed before and after on-site treatment at two of these facilities. Results indicate that MSWA leachate had significantly lower PFAS levels relative to other leachate types. Lower total PFAS concentrations in MSWA leachates were correlated with an increase in incineration temperature (R2 = 0.92, p = 0.008). The levels of PFAS in untreated C&D and untreated MSW leachate were similar. The levels of targeted PFAS species in MSW leachate for one of the facilities evaluated increased after on-site landfill treatment presumably due to the conversion of PFAS precursors in the untreated leachate sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146-0630, USA.
| | - Athena S Jones
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146-0630, USA.
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Johnsie R Lang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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28
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Peressin N, Adamski M, Schibli EM, Ye E, Frisken BJ, Holdcroft S. Structure–Property Relationships in Sterically Congested Proton-Conducting Poly(phenylene)s: the Impact of Biphenyl Linearity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Peressin
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - M. Adamski
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - E. M. Schibli
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - E. Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - B. J. Frisken
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S. Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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29
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Katzenberg A, Chowdhury A, Fang M, Weber AZ, Okamoto Y, Kusoglu A, Modestino MA. Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers for Improved Electrochemical Devices: Insights into Structure–Property Relationships. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3742-3752. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adlai Katzenberg
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Anamika Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Minfeng Fang
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Yoshiyuki Okamoto
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Miguel A. Modestino
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
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30
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Green Energy Harvester from Vibrations Based on Bacterial Cellulose. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010136. [PMID: 31878206 PMCID: PMC6982844 DOI: 10.3390/s20010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bio-derived power harvester from mechanical vibrations is here proposed. The harvester aims at using greener fabrication technologies and reducing the dependence from carbon-based fossil energy sources. The proposed harvester consists mainly of biodegradable matters. It is based on bacterial cellulose, produced by some kind of bacteria, in a sort of bio-factory. The cellulose is further impregnated with ionic liquids and covered with conducting polymers. Due to the mechanoelectrical transduction properties of the composite, an electrical signal is produced at the electrodes, when a mechanical deformation is imposed. Experimental results show that the proposed system is capable of delivering electrical energy on a resistive load. Applications can be envisaged on autonomous or quasi-autonomous electronics, such as wireless sensor networks, distributed measurement systems, wearable, and flexible electronics. The production technology allows for fabricating the harvester with low power consumption, negligible amounts of raw materials, no rare elements, and no pollutant emissions.
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31
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Nguyen TD, Whitehead A, Wai N, Ong SJH, Scherer GG, Xu ZJ. Equilibrium and Dynamic Absorption of Electrolyte Species in Cation/Anion Exchange Membranes of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1076-1083. [PMID: 30523669 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) rely on ion exchange membranes (IEMs) to separate the positive and negative compartments while maintaining electrical neutrality of the cell, by allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers. Cation exchange membranes (CEMs) and anion exchange membranes (AEMs), the two principal types of IEM, have both been employed in VRFBs. The performance of these IEMs can be influenced by the absorption of species from the electrolyte. In this study, a typical commercial CEM (Nafion 117) and AEM (FAP 450), were examined with respect to vanadium uptake, after exposure to electrolyte at different states of charge. The two types of membrane were found to behave very differently, with the AEM showing very high selectivity for VV , which resulted in a significant increase in area-specific resistivity. In contrast, the CEM absorbed VII more strongly than vanadium in other oxidation states. These findings are essential for the development of an effective membrane for VRFB applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam D Nguyen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1-02-27, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, #06-04, 1 CleanTech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, S2-B3a-01, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Adam Whitehead
- redT energy (UK) Ltd., Molly Millars Lane, Wokingham, RG41 2QZ, UK
| | - Nyunt Wai
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, #06-04, 1 CleanTech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Samuel Jun Hoong Ong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1-02-27, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Günther G Scherer
- Labor für Elektrochemie, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1-02-27, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, #06-04, 1 CleanTech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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32
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Talawar MB, Nandagopal S, Singh S, Mahajan AP, Badgujar DM, Gupta M, Shafeeuulla Khan MA. TGA, DSC and DFT Studies of TKX‐50, ABTOX and Their Key Precursors. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev B. Talawar
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
| | - Sundaramurthy Nandagopal
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Defence Research & Development Organization) Girinagar Pune - 411 025 India
| | - Sudhir Singh
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Defence Research & Development Organization) Girinagar Pune - 411 025 India
| | - Anilkumar P. Mahajan
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Defence Research & Development Organization) Girinagar Pune - 411 025 India
| | - Dilip M. Badgujar
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
| | - Manoj Gupta
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
| | - Md. Abdul Shafeeuulla Khan
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization) Pune - 411 025 India
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33
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Radhakrishnan S, Das D, Samanta A, de los Reyes CA, Deng L, Alemany LB, Weldeghiorghis TK, Khabashesku VN, Kochat V, Jin Z, Sudeep PM, Martí AA, Chu CW, Roy A, Tiwary CS, Singh AK, Ajayan PM. Fluorinated h-BN as a magnetic semiconductor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700842. [PMID: 28740867 PMCID: PMC5510960 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the fluorination of electrically insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and the subsequent modification of its electronic band structure to a wide bandgap semiconductor via introduction of defect levels. The electrophilic nature of fluorine causes changes in the charge distribution around neighboring nitrogen atoms in h-BN, leading to room temperature weak ferromagnetism. The observations are further supported by theoretical calculations considering various possible configurations of fluorinated h-BN structure and their energy states. This unconventional magnetic semiconductor material could spur studies of stable two-dimensional magnetic semiconductors. Although the high thermal and chemical stability of h-BN have found a variety of uses, this chemical functionalization approach expands its functionality to electronic and magnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Deya Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Atanu Samanta
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Liangzi Deng
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Lawrence B. Alemany
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | - Valery N. Khabashesku
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Baker Hughes Inc., Center for Technology Innovation, Houston, TX 77040, USA
| | - Vidya Kochat
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Zehua Jin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Parambath M. Sudeep
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E3, Canada
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ching-Wu Chu
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Ajit Roy
- Air Force Research Laboratories, 3005 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Abhishek K. Singh
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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34
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Nanocomposite Based on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Membranes: Synthesis and Characterization. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10030258. [PMID: 28772619 PMCID: PMC5503356 DOI: 10.3390/ma10030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles, capped by 3-mercapto propane sulfonate (Au-3MPS), were synthesized inside a swollen sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane (sPEEK). The formation of the Au-3MPS nanoparticles in the swollen sPEEK membrane was observed by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The nanocomposite containing the gold nanoparticles grown in the sPEEK membrane, showed the plasmon resonance λmax at about 520 nm, which remained stable over a testing period of three months. The size distribution of the nanoparticles was assessed, and the sPEEK membrane roughness, both before and after the synthesis of nanoparticles, was studied by AFM. The XPS measurements confirm Au-3MPS formation in the sPEEK membrane. Moreover, AFM experiments recorded in fluid allowed the production of images of the Au-3MPS@sPEEK composite in water at different pH levels, achieving a better understanding of the membrane behavior in a water environment; the dynamic hydration process of the Au-3MPS@sPEEK membrane was investigated. These preliminary results suggest that the newly developed nanocomposite membranes could be promising materials for fuel cell applications.
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35
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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36
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Kim HN, Hwang RY, Han OH. Behavior of Channel Water and CF 2H Side-Chain Terminal Groups in Swollen Nafion Polymer Electrolyte Membranes after Thermal Treatment. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:801-804. [PMID: 35614761 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) are representative systems for the study of the proton conduction mechanism and water dynamics in nanopores/channels. Our 1H nuclear magnetic resonance data for Nafion PEMs, which are subjected to thermal degradation and then swollen in water, indicate that (1) water is present next to the side chains even after the removal of the SO3H groups, (2) longer heat-treatment depletes more SO3H groups and produces more CF2H groups, (3) the water near the side chains allows for the liquid-like motion of the CF2H groups, and (4) the motion correlates well with the content and dynamics of water in the channels. As the thermal degradation progresses, the Nafion membranes lose their ionic and hydrophilic nature due to the conversion of CF2SO3H groups to CF2H groups. In addition, our results demonstrate that increasing channel hydrophobicity leads to increased water dynamics in the channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Na Kim
- Western
Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo Yun Hwang
- Western
Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Oc Hee Han
- Western
Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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37
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grosse Austing J, Nunes Kirchner C, Komsiyska L, Wittstock G. Layer-by-layer modification of Nafion membranes for increased life-time and efficiency of vanadium/air redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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