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Mao K, Lv Y, Huo F, Hu E, Zhang R, Fu Y. The fluorescence mKate2 labeling as a visualizing system for monitoring small extracellular vesicles. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400128. [PMID: 38797724 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanosized vesicles enclosed in a lipid membrane released by nearly all cell types. sEVs have been considered as reliable biomarkers for diagnostics and effective carriers. Despite the clear importance of sEV functionality, sEV research faces challenges imposed by the small size and precise imaging of sEVs. Recent advances in live and high-resolution microscopy, combined with efficient labeling strategies, enable us to investigate the composition and behavior of EVs within living organisms. Here, a modified sEVs was generated with a near infrared fluorescence protein mKate2 using a VSVG viral pseudotyping-based approach for monitoring sEVs. An observed was made that the mKate2-tagged protein can be incorporated into the membranes of sEVs without altering their physical properties. In vivo imaging demonstrates that sEVs labeled with mKate2 exhibit excellent brightness and high photostability, allowing the acquisition of long-term investigation comparable to those achieved with mCherry labeling. Importantly, the mKate2-tagged sEVs show a low toxicity and exhibit a favorable safety profile. Furthermore, the co-expression of mKate2 and rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) peptide on sEVs enables brain-targeted visualization, suggesting the mKate2 tag does not alter the biodistribution of sEVs. Together, the study presents the mKate2 tag as an efficient tracker for sEVs to monitor tissue-targeting and biodistribution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedan Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Youheng Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - FangFang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Enchang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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2
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Chiem K, Park JG, Morales Vasquez D, Plemper RK, Torrelles JB, Kobie JJ, Walter MR, Ye C, Martinez-Sobrido L. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using a Double Reporter-Expressing Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0237922. [PMID: 35980204 PMCID: PMC9603146 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02379-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the highly contagious agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An essential requirement for understanding SARS-CoV-2 biology and the impact of antiviral therapeutics is a robust method to detect the presence of the virus in infected cells or animal models. Despite the development and successful generation of recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2-expressing fluorescent or luciferase reporter genes, knowledge acquired from their use in in vitro assays and/or in live animals is limited to the properties of the fluorescent or luciferase reporter genes. Herein, for the first time, we engineered a replication-competent rSARS-CoV-2 that expresses both fluorescent (mCherry) and luciferase (Nluc) reporter genes (rSARS-CoV-2/mCherry-Nluc) to overcome limitations associated with the use of a single reporter gene. In cultured cells, rSARS-CoV-2/mCherry-Nluc displayed similar viral fitness as rSARS-CoV-2 expressing single reporter fluorescent and luciferase genes (rSARS-CoV-2/mCherry and rSARS-CoV-2/Nluc, respectively) or wild-type (WT) rSARS-CoV-2, while maintaining comparable expression levels of both reporter genes. In vivo, rSARS-CoV-2/mCherry-Nluc has similar pathogenicity in K18 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice than rSARS-CoV-2 expressing individual reporter genes or WT rSARS-CoV-2. Importantly, rSARS-CoV-2/mCherry-Nluc facilitates the assessment of viral infection and transmission in golden Syrian hamsters using in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). Altogether, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using this novel bioreporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 for the study of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of vaccines and antivirals, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to ravage health care institutions worldwide. Previously, we generated replication-competent recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 expressing fluorescent or luciferase reporter proteins to track viral infection in vitro and/or in vivo. However, these rSARS-CoV-2 are restricted to express only a single fluorescent or a luciferase reporter gene, limiting or preventing their use in specific in vitro assays and/or in vivo studies. To overcome this limitation, we have engineered a rSARS-CoV-2 expressing both fluorescent (mCherry) and luciferase (Nluc) genes and demonstrated its feasibility to study the biology of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and/or in vivo, including the identification and characterization of neutralizing antibodies and/or antivirals. Using rodent models, we visualized SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission through in vivo imaging systems (IVIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiem
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Richard K. Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - James J. Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark R. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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3
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Boitet M, Eun H, Lee T, Kim J, Grailhe R. Non-invasive In Vivo Brain Astrogenesis and Astrogliosis Quantification Using a Far-red E2-Crimson Transgenic Reporter Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6740-6753. [PMID: 36001234 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the adaptation of major clinical imaging modalities for small animals, optical bioluminescence imaging technology is the main approach readily reporting gene activity. Yet, in vivo bioluminescence monitoring requires the administration and diffusion of a substrate to the tissues of interest, resulting in experimental variability, high reagent cost, long acquisition time, and stress to the animal. In our study, we avoid such issues upon generating a new transgenic mouse (GFAP-E2crimson) expressing the far-red fluorescent protein E2-crimson under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. Using microscopy, we validated the selective expression of the reporter in the astrocyte cell population and by non-invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging its detection through the scalps and skulls of live animals. In addition, we performed a longitudinal study validating by in vivo imaging that the E2-crimson fluorescence signal is up-regulated, in pups during astrogenesis and in adult mice during astrogliosis upon kainic acid administration. Furthermore, upon crossing GFAP-E2crimson transgenic with 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mice model, we were able to quantify the chronic inflammation triggered by amyloid deposit and aging over 18 months. As many diseases and conditions can trigger neuroinflammation, we believe that the GFAP-E2crimson reporter mice model delivers tremendous value for the non-invasive quantification of astrogliosis responses in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Boitet
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IPK Campus, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeju Eun
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwan Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Kim
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IPK Campus, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Far-Red Fluorescent Murine Glioma Model for Accurate Assessment of Brain Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153822. [PMID: 35954485 PMCID: PMC9367351 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common brain tumor, for which no significant improvement in life expectancy and quality of life is yet possible. The creation of stable fluorescent glioma cell lines is a promising tool for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanisms of glioma initialization and pathogenesis, as well as for the development of new anti-cancer strategies. Herein, a new fluorescent glioma GL261-kat cell line stably expressing a far-red fluorescent protein (TurboFP635; Katushka) was generated and characterized, and then validated in a mouse orthotopic glioma model. By using epi-fluorescence imaging, we detect the fluorescent glioma GL261-kat cells in mice starting from day 14 after the inoculation of glioma cells, and the fluorescence signal intensity increases as the glioma progresses. Tumor growth is confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and histology. A gradual development of neurological deficit and behavioral alterations in mice is observed during glioma progression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the significance and feasibility of using the novel glioma GL261-kat cell line as a model of glioma biology, which can be used to study the initialization of glioma and monitor its growth by lifetime non-invasive tracking of glioma cells, with the prospect of monitoring the response to anti-cancer therapy.
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Shcherbakova DM. Near-infrared and far-red genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 362:109314. [PMID: 34375713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent indicators of neuronal activity are ultimately developed to dissect functions of neuronal ensembles during behavior in living animals. Recent development of near-infrared shifted calcium and voltage indicators moved us closer to this goal and enabled crosstalk-free combination with blue light-controlled optogenetic tools for all-optical control and readout. Here I discuss designs of recent near-infrared and far-red calcium and voltage indicators, compare their properties and performance, and overview their applications to spectral multiplexing and in vivo imaging. I also provide perspectives for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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6
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Efficient Genetic Safety Switches for Future Application of iPSC-Derived Cell Transplants. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060565. [PMID: 34204193 PMCID: PMC8234706 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell products hold great promise as a potential cell source in personalized medicine. As concerns about the potential risk of graft-related severe adverse events, such as tumor formation from residual pluripotent cells, currently restrict their applicability, we established an optimized tool for therapeutic intervention that allows drug-controlled, specific and selective ablation of either iPSCs or the whole graft through genetic safety switches. To identify the best working system, different tools for genetic iPSC modification, promoters to express safety switches and different safety switches were combined. Suicide effects were slightly stronger when the suicide gene was delivered through lentiviral (LV) vectors compared to integration into the AAVS1 locus through TALEN technology. An optimized HSV-thymidine kinase and the inducible Caspase 9 both mediated drug-induced, efficient in vitro elimination of transgene-positive iPSCs. Choice of promoter allowed selective elimination of distinct populations within the graft: the hOct4 short response element restricted transgene expression to iPSCs, while the CAGs promoter ubiquitously drove expression in iPSCs and their progeny. Remarkably, both safety switches were able to prevent in vivo teratoma development and even effectively eliminated established teratomas formed by LV CAGs-transgenic iPSCs. These optimized tools to increase safety provide an important step towards clinical application of iPSC-derived transplants.
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7
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Kolesov DV, Ivanova VO, Sokolinskaya EL, Kost LA, Balaban PM, Lukyanov KA, Nikitin ES, Bogdanov AM. Impacts of OrX and cAMP-insensitive Orco to the insect olfactory heteromer activity. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4549-4561. [PMID: 34129187 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insect odorant receptors (ORs) have been suggested to function as ligand-gated cation channels, with OrX/Orco heteromers combining ionotropic and metabotropic activity. The latter is mediated by different G proteins and results in Orco self-activation by cyclic nucleotide binding. In this contribution, we co-express the odor-specific subunits DmOr49b and DmOr59b with either wild-type Orco or an Orco-PKC mutant lacking cAMP activation heterologously in mammalian cells. We show that the characteristics of heteromers strongly depend on both the OrX type and the coreceptor variant. Thus, methyl acetate-sensitive Or59b/Orco demonstrated 25-fold faster response kinetics over o-cresol-specific Or49b/Orco, while the latter required a 10-100 times lower ligand concentration to evoke a similar electrical response. Compared to wild-type Orco, Orco-PKC decreased odorant sensitivity in both heteromers, and blocked an outward current rectification intrinsic to the Or49b/Orco pair. Our observations thus provide an insight into insect OrX/Orco functioning, highlighting their natural and artificial tuning features and laying the groundwork for their application in chemogenetics, drug screening, and repellent design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila V Kolesov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta O Ivanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Liubov A Kost
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny S Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey M Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Visualizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Function in 3D Tumor Microenvironment Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094784. [PMID: 33946403 PMCID: PMC8125158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanostructures that mediate intercellular communication by delivering complex signals in normal tissues and cancer. The cellular coordination required for tumor development and maintenance is mediated, in part, through EV transport of molecular cargo to resident and distant cells. Most studies on EV-mediated signaling have been performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures, largely because of their simplicity and high-throughput screening capacity. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures can be used to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, enabling the study of EV-mediated cellular communication. 3D cultures may best model the role of EVs in formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer cell-stromal interactions that sustain tumor growth. In this review, we discuss EV biology in 3D culture correlates of the TME. This includes EV communication between cell types of the TME, differences in EV biogenesis and signaling associated with differing scaffold choices and in scaffold-free 3D cultures and cultivation of the premetastatic niche. An understanding of EV biogenesis and signaling within a 3D TME will improve culture correlates of oncogenesis, enable molecular control of the TME and aid development of drug delivery tools based on EV-mediated signaling.
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9
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Huang Q, Garrett A, Bose S, Blocker S, Rios AC, Clevers H, Shen X. The frontier of live tissue imaging across space and time. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:603-622. [PMID: 33798422 PMCID: PMC8034393 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
What you see is what you get-imaging techniques have long been essential for visualization and understanding of tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration, which are driven by stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Advances in molecular and tissue modeling techniques in the last decade are providing new imaging modalities to explore tissue heterogeneity and plasticity. Here we describe current state-of-the-art imaging modalities for tissue research at multiple scales, with a focus on explaining key tradeoffs such as spatial resolution, penetration depth, capture time/frequency, and moieties. We explore emerging tissue modeling and molecular tools that improve resolution, specificity, and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 Shaanxi, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aliesha Garrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shree Bose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stephanie Blocker
- Center for In Vitro Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has devastated public health services and economies worldwide. Despite global efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 is now found in over 200 countries and has caused an upward death toll of over 1 million human lives as of November 2020. To date, only one Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic drug (Remdesivir) and a monoclonal antibody, MAb (Bamlanivimab) are available for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. As with other viruses, studying SARS-CoV-2 requires the use of secondary approaches to detect the presence of the virus in infected cells. To overcome this limitation, we have generated replication-competent recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 expressing fluorescent (Venus or mCherry) or bioluminescent (Nluc) reporter genes. Vero E6 cells infected with reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 can be easily detected via fluorescence or luciferase expression and display a good correlation between reporter gene expression and viral replication. Moreover, rSARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes have comparable plaque sizes and growth kinetics to those of wild-type virus, rSARS-CoV-2/WT. We used these reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 to demonstrate their feasibility to identify neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) or antiviral drugs. Our results demonstrate that reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 represent an excellent option to identify therapeutics for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, where reporter gene expression can be used as valid surrogates to track viral infection. Moreover, the ability to manipulate the viral genome opens the feasibility of generating viruses expressing foreign genes for their use as vaccines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has significantly impacted the human health and economic status worldwide. There is an urgent need to identify effective prophylactics and therapeutics for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 disease. The use of fluorescent- or luciferase-expressing reporter expressing viruses has significantly advanced viral research. Here, we generated recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 expressing fluorescent (Venus and mCherry) or luciferase (Nluc) reporter genes and demonstrate that they represent an excellent option to track viral infections in vitro. Importantly, reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 display similar growth kinetics and plaque phenotype that their wild-type counterpart (rSARS-CoV-2/WT), demonstrating their feasibility to identify drugs and/or neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for the therapeutic treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Henceforth, these reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 can be used to interrogate large libraries of compounds and/or monoclonal antibodies (MAb), in high-throughput screening settings, to identify those with therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2.
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Pakhomov AA, Pastukhova AA, Tishkin GV, Martynov VI. Transformations of the Chromophore in the Course of Maturation of a Chromoprotein from Actinia equina. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Lin Z, King R, Tang V, Myers G, Balbin-Cuesta G, Friedman A, McGee B, Desch K, Ozel AB, Siemieniak D, Reddy P, Emmer B, Khoriaty R. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Cargo Receptor SURF4 Facilitates Efficient Erythropoietin Secretion. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00180-20. [PMID: 32989016 PMCID: PMC7652404 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00180-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythroid differentiation and maturation. Though the transcriptional regulation of EPO has been well studied, the molecular determinants of EPO secretion remain unknown. Here, we generated a HEK293T reporter cell line that provides a quantifiable and selectable readout of intracellular EPO levels and performed a genome-scale CRISPR screen that identified SURF4 as an important mediator of EPO secretion. Targeting SURF4 with multiple independent single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) resulted in intracellular accumulation and extracellular depletion of EPO. Both of these phenotypes were rescued by expression of SURF4 cDNA. Additionally, we found that disruption of SURF4 resulted in accumulation of EPO in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartment and that SURF4 and EPO physically interact. Furthermore, SURF4 disruption in Hep3B cells also caused a defect in the secretion of endogenous EPO under conditions mimicking hypoxia, ruling out an artifact of heterologous overexpression. This work demonstrates that SURF4 functions as an ER cargo receptor that mediates the efficient secretion of EPO. Our findings also suggest that modulating SURF4 may be an effective treatment for disorders of erythropoiesis that are driven by aberrant EPO levels. Finally, we show that SURF4 overexpression results in increased secretion of EPO, suggesting a new strategy for more efficient production of recombinant EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesen Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vi Tang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ginette Balbin-Cuesta
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ann Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Beth McGee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karl Desch
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Siemieniak
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian Emmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Jäger B, Klatt D, Plappert L, Golpon H, Lienenklaus S, Barbosa PD, Schambach A, Prasse A. CXCR4/MIF axis amplifies tumor growth and epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Herbert FC, Brohlin OR, Galbraith T, Benjamin C, Reyes CA, Luzuriaga MA, Shahrivarkevishahi A, Gassensmith JJ. Supramolecular Encapsulation of Small-Ultrared Fluorescent Proteins in Virus-Like Nanoparticles for Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1529-1536. [PMID: 32343135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Icosahedral virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophages Qβ and PP7 encapsulating small-ultrared fluorescent protein (smURFP) were produced using a versatile supramolecular capsid disassemble-reassemble approach. The generated fluorescent VLPs display identical structural properties to their nonfluorescent analogs. Encapsulated smURFP shows indistinguishable photochemical properties to its unencapsulated counterpart, exhibits outstanding stability toward pH, and produces bright in vitro images following phagocytosis by macrophages. In vivo imaging allows the biodistribution to be imaged at different time points. Ex vivo imaging of intravenously administered encapsulated smURFP reveals a localization in the liver and kidneys after 2 h blood circulation and substantial elimination after 16 h of imaging, highlighting the potential application of these constructs as noninvasive in vivo imaging agents.
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Lenzini S, Bargi R, Chung G, Shin JW. Matrix mechanics and water permeation regulate extracellular vesicle transport. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:217-223. [PMID: 32066904 PMCID: PMC7075670 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to communicate over long distances, which requires EVs to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, given that the size of EVs is usually larger than the mesh size of the ECM, it is not clear how they can travel through the dense ECM. Here we show that, in contrast to synthetic nanoparticles, EVs readily transport through nanoporous ECM. Using engineered hydrogels, we demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the matrix regulate anomalous EV transport under confinement. Matrix stress relaxation allows EVs to overcome the confinement, and a higher crosslinking density facilitates a fluctuating transport motion through the polymer mesh, which leads to free diffusion and fast transport. Furthermore, water permeation through aquaporin-1 mediates the EV deformability, which further supports EV transport in hydrogels and a decellularized matrix. Our results provide evidence for the nature of EV transport within confined environments and demonstrate an unexpected dependence on matrix mechanics and water permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lenzini
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raymond Bargi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gina Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Repellin CE, Ganesan P, Alcudia JF, Lakshmireddy HKD, Patel P, Beviglia L, Javitz HS, Sambucetti L, Bhatnagar P. Engineered Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines for Validation of CAR T Cell Function. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e1900224. [PMID: 32293122 PMCID: PMC7162992 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of genetically engineered isogenic cell lines is developed to express either folate receptor alpha or mesothelin, and a control cell line negative for both antigens. These cell lines also express fluorescent and bioluminescent reporter transgenes. The cell lines are used to authenticate specificity and function of a T-cell biofactory, a living vector that is developed to express proportionate amounts of engineered proteins upon engaging with disease cells through their specific antigenic biomarkers. The engineered cell lines are also used to assess the cytolytic function and specificity of primary T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors; and the specificity of monoclonal antibodies. The strategy described can be used to generate other cell lines to present different disease-specific biomarkers for use as quality control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Ganesan
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025
| | | | | | - Puja Patel
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025
| | - Lucia Beviglia
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025
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17
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McRae TD, Oleksyn D, Miller J, Gao YR. Robust blind spectral unmixing for fluorescence microscopy using unsupervised learning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225410. [PMID: 31790435 PMCID: PMC6886781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the overlapping emission spectra of fluorophores, fluorescence microscopy images often have bleed-through problems, leading to a false positive detection. This problem is almost unavoidable when the samples are labeled with three or more fluorophores, and the situation is complicated even further when imaged under a multiphoton microscope. Several methods have been developed and commonly used by biologists for fluorescence microscopy spectral unmixing, such as linear unmixing, non-negative matrix factorization, deconvolution, and principal component analysis. However, they either require pre-knowledge of emission spectra or restrict the number of fluorophores to be the same as detection channels, which highly limits the real-world applications of those spectral unmixing methods. In this paper, we developed a robust and flexible spectral unmixing method: Learning Unsupervised Means of Spectra (LUMoS), which uses an unsupervised machine learning clustering method to learn individual fluorophores’ spectral signatures from mixed images, and blindly separate channels without restrictions on the number of fluorophores that can be imaged. This method highly expands the hardware capability of two-photon microscopy to simultaneously image more fluorophores than is possible with instrumentation alone. Experimental and simulated results demonstrated the robustness of LUMoS in multi-channel separations of two-photon microscopy images. We also extended the application of this method to background/autofluorescence removal and colocalization analysis. Lastly, we integrated this tool into ImageJ to offer an easy to use spectral unmixing tool for fluorescence imaging. LUMoS allows us to gain a higher spectral resolution and obtain a cleaner image without the need to upgrade the imaging hardware capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D. McRae
- Multiphoton Research Core Facility, Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - David Oleksyn
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Jim Miller
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Yu-Rong Gao
- Multiphoton Research Core Facility, Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Cruz-Bermúdez A, Laza-Briviesca R, Vicente-Blanco RJ, García-Grande A, Coronado MJ, Laine-Menéndez S, Alfaro C, Sanchez JC, Franco F, Calvo V, Romero A, Martin-Acosta P, Salas C, Garcia JM, Provencio M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts modify lung cancer metabolism involving ROS and TGF-β signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:163-173. [PMID: 30391585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major public health problem due to its high incidence and mortality rate. The altered metabolism in lung cancer is key for the diagnosis and has implications on both, the prognosis and the response to treatments. Although Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the major components of the tumor microenvironment, little is known about their role in lung cancer metabolism. We studied tumor biopsies from a cohort of 12 stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma patients and saw a positive correlation between the grade of fibrosis and the glycolysis phenotype (Low PGC-1α and High GAPDH/MT-CO1 ratio mRNA levels). These results were confirmed and extended to other metabolism-related genes through the in silico data analysis from 73 stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma patients available in TCGA. Interestingly, these relationships are not observed with the CAFs marker α-SMA in both cohorts. To characterize the mechanism, in vitro co-culture studies were carried out using two NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1299 cells) and two different fibroblast cell lines. Our results confirm that a metabolic reprogramming involving ROS and TGF-β signaling occurs in lung cancer cells and fibroblasts independently of α-SMA induction. Under co-culture conditions, Cancer-Associated fibroblasts increase their glycolytic ability. On the other hand, tumor cells increase their mitochondrial function. Moreover, the differential capability among tumor cells to induce this metabolic shift and also the role of the basal fibroblasts Oxphos Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function modifying this phenomenon could have implications on both, the diagnosis and prognosis of patients. Further knowledge in the mechanism involved may allow the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cruz-Bermúdez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Laza-Briviesca
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro J Vicente-Blanco
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García-Grande
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda Calle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Coronado
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Laine-Menéndez
- Mitochondrial and neuromuscular disease laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alfaro
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Cristobal Sanchez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Franco
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Calvo
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Romero
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martin-Acosta
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Salas
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Garcia
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Provencio
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Mezzanotte L, Iljas JD, Que I, Chan A, Kaijzel E, Hoeben R, Löwik C. Optimized Longitudinal Monitoring of Stem Cell Grafts in Mouse Brain Using a Novel Bioluminescent/Near Infrared Fluorescent Fusion Reporter. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1878-1889. [PMID: 29390874 PMCID: PMC5802635 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717739718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodistribution and fate of transplanted stem cells via longitudinal monitoring has been successfully achieved in the last decade using optical imaging. However, sensitive longitudinal imaging of transplanted stem cells in deep tissue like the brain remains challenging not only due to low light penetration but because of other factors such as low or inferior expression levels of optical reporters in stem cells and stem cell death after transplantation. Here we describe an optimized imaging protocol for sensitive long-term monitoring of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) expressing a novel bioluminescent/near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) fusion reporter transplanted in mouse brain cortex. Lentivirus expressing the luc2-iRFP720 reporter, a fusion between luc2 codon-optimized firefly luciferase (luc2) and the gene encoding NIRF protein iRFP720, was generated to transduce hMSCs. These cells were analyzed for their fluorescent and bioluminescent emission and checked for their differentiation potential. In vivo experiments were performed by transplanting decreasing amounts of luc2-iRFP720 expressing hMSCs in mouse brain, followed by fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) starting 1 wk after cell injection when the blood–brain barrier was restored. Bioluminescent images were acquired when signals peaked and used to compare different luc2 substrate performances, that is, D-luciferin (D-Luc; 25 μM/kg or 943 μM/kg) or CycLuc1 (25 μM/kg). Results showed that luc2-iRFP720 expressing hMSCs maintained a good in vitro differentiation potential toward adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes, suggesting that lentiviral transduction did not affect cell behavior. Moreover, in vivo experiments allowed us to image as low as 1 × 105 cells using both fluorescence and BLI. The highest bioluminescent signals (∼1 × 107 photons per second) were achieved 15 min after the injection of D-Luc (943 μM/kg). This allowed us to monitor as low as 1 × 105 hMSCs for the subsequent 7 wk without a significant drop in bioluminescent signals, suggesting the sustained viability of hMSCs transplanted into the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mezzanotte
- 1 Department of Radiology, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juvita Delancy Iljas
- 2 Percuros BV, Enschede, the Netherlands.,3 Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ivo Que
- 4 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Chan
- 2 Percuros BV, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kaijzel
- 4 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Hoeben
- 5 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- 1 Department of Radiology, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Kovacovicova K, Skolnaja M, Heinmaa M, Mistrik M, Pata P, Pata I, Bartek J, Vinciguerra M. Senolytic Cocktail Dasatinib+Quercetin (D+Q) Does Not Enhance the Efficacy of Senescence-Inducing Chemotherapy in Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:459. [PMID: 30425964 PMCID: PMC6218402 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, which develops in the context of fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic inflammation, in turn due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol consumption and/or hepatitis viral infection. An increased number of senescent cells are associated with age-related tissue degeneration during NAFLD-induced HCC, or during chemotherapeutic treatment. Senolytic agents target selectively senescent cells. A combination of the senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and alleviated age-associated physical dysfunction in mice. However, whether D+Q can impact the treatment of HCC, at the end-stage of the NAFLD inflammatory spectrum, is unknown. Here, using two well-established HCC cell lines (HepG2, Huh-7), we demonstrate that the maximal cytostatic doses for D and/or Q (1 + 1 μM) lacked efficacy in removing doxorubicin-induced β-gal-positive senescent cells. Moreover, D+Q did not affect doxorubicin-dependent induction of flattened morphology, activation of p16, expression of SASP-associated genes or formation of γH2AX foci. We then investigated the antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin, D+Q, or the combination, in xenograft studies conducted with HCC cells inoculated in athymic nude mice. Doxorubicin reduced tumor growth by 30% compared to control mice, while D+Q was ineffective in synergizing with doxorubicin and in clearing doxorubicin-induced HCC senescent cells. Unexpectedly, D+Q alone appeared to have acute pro-tumorigenic effects in control mice. While our data need to be confirmed in animal models that fully recapitulate NAFLD, we demonstrate that these compounds are ineffective, alone or in synergy with senescence-inducing chemotherapy, against experimental HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Skolnaja
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,IVEX Lab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Heinmaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pille Pata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,IVEX Lab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Jiri Bartek
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), Brno, Czechia.,Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Human Teratoma-Derived Hematopoiesis Is a Highly Polyclonal Process Supported by Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1051-1060. [PMID: 30344010 PMCID: PMC6234902 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ensure a life-long regeneration of the blood system and are therefore an important source for transplantation and gene therapy. The teratoma environment supports the complex development of functional HSCs from human pluripotent stem cells, which is difficult to recapitulate in culture. This model mimics various aspects of early hematopoiesis, but is restricted by the low spontaneous hematopoiesis rate. In this study, a feasible protocol for robust hematopoiesis has been elaborated. We achieved a significant increase of the teratoma-derived hematopoietic population when teratomas were generated in the NSGS mouse, which provides human cytokines, together with co-injection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Since little is known about hematopoiesis in teratomas, we addressed localization and clonality of the hematopoietic lineage. Our results indicate that early human hematopoiesis is closely reflected in teratoma formation, and thus highlight the value of this model. Robust human hematopoiesis in teratomas with co-injected HUVECs in NSGS mice Hematopoietic progenitors localize inside vascular structures in teratomas CD45+ cells are present in mesenchymal tissue in teratomas Teratoma formation and subsequent hematopoiesis are polyclonal events
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22
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Shcherbakova DM, Stepanenko OV, Turoverov KK, Verkhusha VV. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins: Multiplexing and Optogenetics across Scales. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:1230-1243. [PMID: 30041828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since mammalian tissue is relatively transparent to near-infrared (NIR) light, NIR fluorescent proteins (FPs) engineered from bacterial phytochromes have become widely used probes for non-invasive in vivo imaging. Recently, these genetically encoded NIR probes have been substantially improved, enabling imaging experiments that were not possible previously. Here, we discuss the use of monomeric NIR FPs and NIR biosensors for multiplexed imaging with common visible GFP-based probes and blue light-activatable optogenetic tools. These NIR probes are suitable for visualization of functional activities from molecular to organismal levels. In combination with advanced imaging techniques, such as two-photon microscopy with adaptive optics, photoacoustic tomography and its recent modification reversibly switchable photoacoustic computed tomography, NIR probes allow subcellular resolution at millimeter depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olesya V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation; Department of Biophysics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
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23
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Gurung S, Deane JA, Darzi S, Werkmeister JA, Gargett CE. In Vivo Survival of Human Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplanted Under the Kidney Capsule of Immunocompromised Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:35-43. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Gurung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A. Deane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saeedeh Darzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jerome A. Werkmeister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Upadhya R, Lam WC, Maybruck BT, Donlin MJ, Chang AL, Kayode S, Ormerod KL, Fraser JA, Doering TL, Lodge JK. A fluorogenic C. neoformans reporter strain with a robust expression of m-cherry expressed from a safe haven site in the genome. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 108:13-25. [PMID: 28870457 PMCID: PMC5681388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
C. neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen with defined asexual and sexual life cycles. Due to the availability of genetic and molecular tools for its manipulation, it has become a model organism for studies of fungal pathogens, even though it lacks a reliable system for maintaining DNA fragments as extrachromosomal plasmids. To compensate for this deficiency, we identified a genomic gene-free intergenic region where heterologous DNA could be inserted by homologous recombination without adverse effects on the phenotype of the recipient strain. Since such a site in the C. neoformans genome at a different location has been named previously as "safe haven", we named this locus second safe haven site (SH2). Insertion of DNA into this site in the genome of the KN99 congenic strain pair caused minimal change in the growth of the engineered strain under a variety of in vitro and in vivo conditions. We exploited this 'safe' locus to create a genetically stable highly fluorescent strain expressing mCherry protein (KN99mCH); this strain closely resembled its wild-type parent (KN99α) in growth under a variety of in vitro stress conditions and in the expression of virulence traits. The efficiency of phagocytosis and the proliferation of KN99mCH inside human monocyte-derived macrophages were comparable to those of KN99α, and the engineered strain showed the expected organ dissemination after inoculation, although there was a slight reduction in virulence. The mCherry fluorescence allowed us to measure specific association of cryptococci with leukocytes in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of infected animals and, for the first-time, to assess their live/dead status in vivo. These results highlight the utility of KN99mCH for elucidation of host-pathogen interactions in vivo. Finally, we generated drug-resistant KN99 strains of both mating types that are marked at the SH2 locus with a specific drug resistant gene cassette; these strains will facilitate the generation of mutant strains by mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Upadhya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Woei C Lam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T Maybruck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maureen J Donlin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew L Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Kayode
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kate L Ormerod
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry& Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A Fraser
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry& Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tamara L Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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Scarfe L, Brillant N, Kumar JD, Ali N, Alrumayh A, Amali M, Barbellion S, Jones V, Niemeijer M, Potdevin S, Roussignol G, Vaganov A, Barbaric I, Barrow M, Burton NC, Connell J, Dazzi F, Edsbagge J, French NS, Holder J, Hutchinson C, Jones DR, Kalber T, Lovatt C, Lythgoe MF, Patel S, Patrick PS, Piner J, Reinhardt J, Ricci E, Sidaway J, Stacey GN, Starkey Lewis PJ, Sullivan G, Taylor A, Wilm B, Poptani H, Murray P, Goldring CEP, Park BK. Preclinical imaging methods for assessing the safety and efficacy of regenerative medicine therapies. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:28. [PMID: 29302362 PMCID: PMC5677988 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine therapies hold enormous potential for a variety of currently incurable conditions with high unmet clinical need. Most progress in this field to date has been achieved with cell-based regenerative medicine therapies, with over a thousand clinical trials performed up to 2015. However, lack of adequate safety and efficacy data is currently limiting wider uptake of these therapies. To facilitate clinical translation, non-invasive in vivo imaging technologies that enable careful evaluation and characterisation of the administered cells and their effects on host tissues are critically required to evaluate their safety and efficacy in relevant preclinical models. This article reviews the most common imaging technologies available and how they can be applied to regenerative medicine research. We cover details of how each technology works, which cell labels are most appropriate for different applications, and the value of multi-modal imaging approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the responses to cell therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Scarfe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathalie Brillant
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Noura Ali
- College of Health Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Alrumayh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammed Amali
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephane Barbellion
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vendula Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research and Development, Ware, UK
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Potdevin
- SANOFI Research and Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France
| | - Gautier Roussignol
- SANOFI Research and Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France
| | - Anatoly Vaganov
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - John Connell
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Neil S French
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julie Holder
- Roslin Cells, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | - Tammy Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cerys Lovatt
- GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research and Development, Ware, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Patel
- ReNeuron Ltd, Pencoed Business Park, Pencoed, Bridgend, UK
| | - P Stephen Patrick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Piner
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Emanuelle Ricci
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Glyn N Stacey
- UK Stem Cell Bank, Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | - Philip J Starkey Lewis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris E P Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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26
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Isomura M, Yamada K, Noguchi K, Nishizono A. Near-infrared fluorescent protein iRFP720 is optimal for in vivo fluorescence imaging of rabies virus infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2689-2698. [PMID: 29039733 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is a noninvasive method that enables real-time monitoring of viral infection dynamics in a small animal, which allows a better understanding of viral pathogenesis. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of virus infection is widely used but, despite its advantage over bioluminescence that no substrate administration is required, fluorescence imaging is not used because of severe autofluorescence. Recently, several far-red and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been developed and shown to be useful for whole-body fluorescence imaging. Here, we report comparative testing of far-red and NIR FPs in the imaging of rabies virus (RABV) infection. Using the highly neuroinvasive 1088 strain, we generated recombinant RABV that expressed FPs such as Katushka2S, E2-Crimson, iRFP670 or iRFP720. After intracerebral inoculation to nude mice, the 1088 strain expressing iRFP720, the most red-shifted FP, was detected the earliest with the highest signal-to-noise ratio using a filter set for >700 nm, in which the background signal level was very low. Furthermore, we could also track viral dissemination from the spinal cord to the brain in nude mice after intramuscular inoculation of iRFP720-expressing 1088 into the hind limb. Hence, we conclude that the NIR FP iRFP720 used with a filter set for >700 nm is useful for in vivo fluorescence imaging not only for RABV infection but also for other virus infections. Our findings will also be useful for developing dual-optical imaging of virus-host interaction dynamics using bioluminescence reporter mice for inflammation imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Isomura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu city, Oita, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu city, Oita, Japan.,Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Yufu city, Oita, Japan
| | - Kazuko Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu city, Oita, Japan.,Present address: Department of Food Science and Technology, Minami Kyusyu University, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu city, Oita, Japan
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27
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Microfluidic droplet platform for ultrahigh-throughput single-cell screening of biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2550-2555. [PMID: 28202731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621226114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) techniques can identify unique functionality from millions of variants. To mimic the natural selection mechanisms that occur by compartmentalization in vivo, we developed a technique based on single-cell encapsulation in droplets of a monodisperse microfluidic double water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (MDE). Biocompatible MDE enables in-droplet cultivation of different living species. The combination of droplet-generating machinery with FACS followed by next-generation sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the secretomes of encapsulated organisms yielded detailed genotype/phenotype descriptions. This platform was probed with uHTS for biocatalysts anchored to yeast with enrichment close to the theoretically calculated limit and cell-to-cell interactions. MDE-FACS allowed the identification of human butyrylcholinesterase mutants that undergo self-reactivation after inhibition by the organophosphorus agent paraoxon. The versatility of the platform allowed the identification of bacteria, including slow-growing oral microbiota species that suppress the growth of a common pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, and predicted which genera were associated with inhibitory activity.
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