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Lim JS, Yim YH. Isotope ratios of total C, N, and S in particulate matter simultaneously calibrated by mixed USGS and IAEA reference materials. Talanta 2024; 271:125627. [PMID: 38224657 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a method for calibrating the isotope ratios of the total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in particulate matter (PM) collected from the Seoul metro using an elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). Mixtures of isotope reference materials (MRMs) from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reference materials formed an input dataset for generalized least squares (GLS) regression to yield calibration lines. The analytical method proposed in this study enabled the measurement of stable isotope ratios of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur simultaneously. Results showed good linearity and repeatability for carbon and nitrogen isotopes, but poor results for sulfur isotopes due to peak broadening. Reference values with uncertainties for the isotope ratios of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were determined for the collected PM, demonstrating twice as much uncertainty as that of the USGS and IAEA reference materials. Homogeneity was the biggest uncertainty source for the calibrated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sik Lim
- Research Center for Climate Metasphere, Korea Research Institute of refers and Science (KRISS), Gajeong-ro 267, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; Science of Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Hyeon Yim
- Science of Measurement, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; Inorganic Metrology Group, Korea Research Institute of refers and Science (KRISS), Gajeong-ro 267, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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Adnew GA, Workman E, Janssen C, Röckmann T. Temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation in the CO 2 -O 2 isotope exchange reaction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9301. [PMID: 35318757 PMCID: PMC9285609 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxygen isotope exchange between O2 and CO2 in the presence of heated platinum (Pt) is an established technique for determining the δ17 O value of CO2 . However, there is not yet a consensus on the associated fractionation factors at the steady state. METHODS We determined experimentally the steady-state α17 and α18 fractionation factors for Pt-catalyzed CO2 -O2 oxygen isotope exchange at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1200°C. For comparison, the theoretical α18 equilibrium exchange values reported by Richet et al. (1997) have been updated using the direct sum method for CO2 and the corresponding α17 values were determined. Finally, we examined whether the steady-state fractionation factors depend on the isotopic composition of the reactants, by using CO2 and O2 differing in δ18 O value from -66 ‰ to +4 ‰. RESULTS The experimentally determined steady-state fractionation factors α17 and α18 are lower than those obtained from the updated theoretical calculations (of CO2 -O2 isotope exchange under equilibrium conditions) by 0.0024 ± 0.0001 and 0.0048 ± 0.0002, respectively. The offset is not due to scale incompatibilities between isotope measurements of O2 and CO2 nor to the neglect of non-Born-Oppenheimer effects in the calculations. There is a crossover temperature at which enrichment in the minor isotopes switches from CO2 to O2 . The direct sum evaluation yields a θ value of ~0.54, i.e. higher than the canonical range maximum for a mass-dependent fractionation process. CONCLUSIONS Updated theoretical values of α18 for equilibrium isotope exchange are lower than those derived from previous work by Richet et al. (1997). The direct sum evaluation for CO2 yields θ values higher than the canonical range maximum for mass-dependent fractionation processes. This demonstrates the need to include anharmonic effects in the calculation and definition of mass-dependent fractionation processes for poly-atomic molecules. The discrepancy between the theory and the experimental α17 and α18 values may be due to thermal diffusion associated with the temperature gradient in the reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Agmuas Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Physics DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Workman
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Physics DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Christof Janssen
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA)Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Physics DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Adnew GA, Hofmann MEG, Pons TL, Koren G, Ziegler M, Lourens LJ, Röckmann T. Leaf scale quantification of the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ 47 of CO 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14023. [PMID: 34234170 PMCID: PMC8263724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The clumped isotope composition (Δ47, the anomaly of the mass 47 isotopologue relative to the abundance expected from a random isotope distribution) of CO2 has been suggested as an additional tracer for gross CO2 fluxes. However, the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ47 has not been directly determined and two indirect/conceptual studies reported contradicting results. In this study, we quantify the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ47 of CO2 using leaf cuvette experiments with one C4 and two C3 plants. The experimental results are supported by calculations with a leaf cuvette model. Our results demonstrate the important roles of the Δ47 value of CO2 entering the leaf, kinetic fractionation as CO2 diffuses into, and out of the leaf and CO2–H2O isotope exchange with leaf water. We experimentally confirm the previously suggested dependence of Δ47 of CO2 in the air surrounding a leaf on the stomatal conductance and back-diffusion flux. Gas exchange can enrich or deplete the Δ47 of CO2 depending on the Δ47 of CO2 entering the leaf and the fraction of CO2 exchanged with leaf water and diffused back to the atmosphere, but under typical ambient conditions, it will lead to a decrease in Δ47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Agmuas Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Magdalena E G Hofmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Picarro B.V., 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ziegler
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas J Lourens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Manaj S, Kim ST. Techniques for measuring carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of atmospheric CO 2 via isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8995. [PMID: 33140500 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the stable isotope compositions of atmospheric CO2 is common in earth and atmospheric sciences, and various analytical methods have been developed utilizing continuous-flow (CF) or dual-inlet (DI) isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Air is typically collected via passive, manual, or automated collection methods and the volume of the air sample ranges from 10 to 300 mL for CF-IRMS to >1 L for DI-IRMS to yield a measurable amount of atmospheric CO2 gas. It has been determined that the integrity of vials and flasks for air sample storage can be compromised after 3 days of air collection for δ13 C values and within 10 hours for δ18 O values. Air samples must be purified after collection to remove constituents of air, such as Ar, O2 , N2 , N2 O, and water vapor, to avoid isobaric interferences during mass spectrometric measurement. Purification is generally undertaken by utilizing commercial or custom-made preconcentration devices, the blanking method for CF-IRMS, or an offline/online cryogenic separation using a vacuum line for DI-IRMS. Ambient N2 O is a component of air that may affect analytical results and thus must either be corrected for or be removed using a gas chromatographic column. In some cases, water is removed during air collection by using a common chemical desiccant, magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO4 )2 ), or by a dry ice/alcohol mixture (-78°C). Lastly, a linearity issue for IRMS due to the low amount of purified CO2 from a typical ambient air sample must be considered. In general, analytical precisions of 0.02-0.21‰ and 0.04-0.34‰ for CF-IRMS and 0.01-0.02‰ and 0.01-0.02‰ for DI-IRMS are expected for δ13 C and δ18 O measurements, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio Manaj
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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5
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Laskar AH, Maurya AS, Singh V, Gurjar BR, Liang MC. A new perspective of probing the level of pollution in the megacity Delhi affected by crop residue burning using the triple oxygen isotope technique in atmospheric CO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114542. [PMID: 32311636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in the megacity Delhi is affected not only by local emissions but also by pollutants from crop residue burning in the surrounding areas of the city, particularly the rice straw burning in the post monsoon season. As a major burning product, gaseous CO2, which is rather inert in the polluted atmosphere, provides an alternative solution to characterize the impact of biomass burning from a new perspective that other common tracers such as particulate matters are limited because of their physical and chemical reactiveness. Here, we report conventional ([CO2], δ13C, and δ18O) and unconventional (Δ17O) isotope data for CO2 collected at Connaught Place (CP), a core area in the megacity Delhi, and two surrounding remote regions during a field campaign in October 18-20, 2017. We also measured the isotopic ratios near a rice straw burning site in Taiwan to constrain their end member isotopic compositions. Rice straw burning produces CO2 with δ13C, δ18O, and Δ17O values of -29.02 ± 0.65, 19.63 ± 1.16, and 0.05 ± 0.02‰, respectively. The first two isotopic tracers are less distinguishable from those emitted by fossil fuel combustion but the last one is significantly different. We then utilize these end member isotopic ratios, with emphasis on Δ17O for the reason given above, for partitioning sources that affect the CO2 level in Delhi. Anthropogenic fraction of CO2 at CP ranges from 4 to 40%. Further analysis done by employing a three-component (background, rice straw burning, and fuel combustion) mixing model with constraints from the Δ17O values yields that rice straw burning contributes as much as ∼70% of the total anthropogenic CO2, which is more than double of the fossil fuel contribution (∼30%), during the study days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhayanand S Maurya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishvendra Singh
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhola R Gurjar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan.
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A Stratospheric Intrusion-Influenced Ozone Pollution Episode Associated with an Intense Horizontal-Trough Event. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ozone pollution is currently a serious issue in China. As an important source of tropospheric ozone, the stratospheric ozone has received less concern. This study uses a combination of ground-based ozone measurements, the latest ERA5 reanalysis data as well as chemistry-climate model and Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling (LPDM) simulations to investigate the potential impacts of stratospheric intrusion (SI) on surface ozone pollution episodes in eastern China. Station-based observations indicate that severe ozone pollution occurred from 27 April to 28 April 2018 in eastern China, with maximal values over 140 ppbv. ERA5 meteorological and ozone data suggest that a strong horizontal-trough exists at the same time, which leads to an evident SI event and brings ozone-rich air from the stratosphere to the troposphere. Using a stratospheric ozone tracer defined by NCAR’s Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem), we conclude that this SI event contributed about 15 ppbv (15%) to the surface ozone pollution episode during 27–28 April in eastern China. The potential impacts of SI events on surface ozone variations should be therefore considered in ozone forecast and control.
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7
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Adnew GA, Hofmann ME, Paul D, Laskar A, Surma J, Albrecht N, Pack A, Schwieters J, Koren G, Peters W, Röckmann T. Determination of the triple oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CO 2 from atomic ion fragments formed in the ion source of the 253 Ultra high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1363-1380. [PMID: 31063233 PMCID: PMC6771542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Determination of δ17 O values directly from CO2 with traditional gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry is not possible due to isobaric interference of 13 C16 O16 O on 12 C17 O16 O. The methods developed so far use either chemical conversion or isotope equilibration to determine the δ17 O value of CO2 . In addition, δ13 C measurements require correction for the interference from 12 C17 O16 O on 13 C16 O16 O since it is not possible to resolve the two isotopologues. METHODS We present a technique to determine the δ17 O, δ18 O and δ13 C values of CO2 from the fragment ions that are formed upon electron ionization in the ion source of the Thermo Scientific 253 Ultra high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometer (hereafter 253 Ultra). The new technique is compared with the CO2 -O2 exchange method and the 17 O-correction algorithm for δ17 O and δ13 C values, respectively. RESULTS The scale contractions for δ13 C and δ18 O values are slightly larger for fragment ion measurements than for molecular ion measurements. The δ17 O and Δ17 O values of CO2 can be measured on the 17 O+ fragment with an internal error that is a factor 1-2 above the counting statistics limit. The ultimate precision depends on the signal intensity and on the total time that the 17 O+ beam is monitored; a precision of 14 ppm (parts per million) (standard error of the mean) was achieved in 20 hours at the University of Göttingen. The Δ17 O measurements with the O-fragment method agree with the CO2 -O2 exchange method over a range of Δ17 O values of -0.3 to +0.7‰. CONCLUSIONS Isotope measurements on atom fragment ions of CO2 can be used as an alternative method to determine the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of CO2 without chemical processing or corrections for mass interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Magdalena E.G. Hofmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Amzad Laskar
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Jakub Surma
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | - Nina Albrecht
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | - Andreas Pack
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | | | - Gerbrand Koren
- Department of Meteorology and Air QualityWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Meteorology and Air QualityWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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8
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Koren G, Schneider L, van der Velde IR, van Schaik E, Gromov SS, Adnew GA, Mrozek Martino DJ, Hofmann MEG, Liang M, Mahata S, Bergamaschi P, van der Laan‐Luijkx IT, Krol MC, Röckmann T, Peters W. Global 3-D Simulations of the Triple Oxygen Isotope Signature Δ 17O in Atmospheric CO 2. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:8808-8836. [PMID: 31598450 PMCID: PMC6774299 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The triple oxygen isotope signature Δ17O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its "17O excess," has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3-D model simulations for Δ17O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3-D model framework we include the stratospheric source of Δ17O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on Δ17O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean Δ17O (defined as Δ 17 O = ln ( δ 17 O + 1 ) - λ RL · ln ( δ 18 O + 1 ) with λ RL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500 m of the atmosphere is 39.6 per meg, which is ∼20 per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric Δ17O in CO2 profile from Sodankylä (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of Δ17O in CO2 from Göttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of Δ17O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of Δ17O in atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Linda Schneider
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐TRO)Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
- Now at Zentrum für Sonnenenergie‐ und Wasserstoff‐Forschung Baden‐Württemberg (ZSW)StuttgartGermany
| | - Ivar R. van der Velde
- Earth System Research LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
- Now at Faculty of ScienceVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van Schaik
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sergey S. Gromov
- Atmospheric Chemistry DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and RASMoscowRussia
| | - Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Magdalena E. G. Hofmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at Picarro B.V. 's‐HertogenboschThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Institute of Global Environmental ChangeXian Jiaotong UniversityXianChina
| | | | | | - Maarten C. Krol
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Whiteman JP, Sharp ZD, Gerson AR, Newsome SD. Relating Δ17O Values of Animal Body Water to Exogenous Water Inputs and Metabolism. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The dynamics of animal body water and metabolism are integral aspects of biological function but are difficult to measure, particularly in free-ranging individuals. We demonstrate a new method to estimate inputs to body water via analysis of Δ17O, a measure of 17O/16O relative to 18O/16O. Animal body water is primarily a mixture of drinking or food water (meteoric water; Δ17O ≈ 0.030 per mille [‰]) and metabolic water synthesized from atmospheric oxygen (Δ17O ≈ –0.450‰). Greater drinking or food water intake should increase Δ17O toward 0.030‰, whereas greater metabolic rate should decrease Δ17O toward –0.450‰. We found that wild mammal Δ17O values generally increased with body mass, consistent with both a decline in mass-specific metabolic rate and an increase in water intake. Captive mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Δ17O values were higher than predicted but exhibited the expected relative change based on metabolic rate and water intake. Measurements of Δ17O may enable novel ecophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences at Old Dominion University, in Norfolk, Virginia
| | | | | | - Seth D Newsome
- Department of Biology, at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque
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10
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Laskar AH, Lin L, Jiang X, Liang M. Distribution of CO 2 in Western Pacific, Studied Using Isotope Data Made in Taiwan, OCO-2 Satellite Retrievals, and CarbonTracker Products. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2018; 5:827-842. [PMID: 30775410 PMCID: PMC6360507 DOI: 10.1029/2018ea000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess sources and processes that affect the variability of CO2 at local to regional scales, we have analyzed the mixing ratio [CO2] and stable isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of atmospheric CO2 for three years (2014-2016) in urban and sub-urban areas in Taipei, Taiwan. The data are compared with those from some background sites, viz., Lulin, Mauna Loa, and Minamitorishima, to evaluate how local emissions affect CO2 level regionally. [CO2] over the urban and sub-urban stations are significantly higher than that observed at the three aforementioned remote sites mainly due to local emissions, which partly mask the seasonal cycle caused by photosynthesis and respiration. Likewise, significantly low δ13C and δ18O values observed at two Taipei stations also point to anthropogenic emissions. The seasonal cycles in [CO2] and in the isotopic compositions are retrieved using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Regional impact is assessed using CO2 products from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite, the NOAA/EARL CarbonTracker project, and meteorological data from European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast-Interim. We found that besides local emissions, Taiwan is largely affected by external CO2 in winter and spring originated from north, west and southwest landmasses. In winter air masses with elevated CO2 concentrations, originated in eastern China influence Taipei. In spring season, about 2 ppmv enhancement in CO2 observed at the top of Lulin, a high mountain station (2.8 km), could be linked to CO2 produced by biomass burning in the southeast Asian countries and transported to the region by easterly winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H. Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Now at Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Li‐Ching Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Now at Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Mao‐Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Now at Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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11
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Liang MC, Mahata S, Laskar AH, Thiemens MH, Newman S. Oxygen isotope anomaly in tropospheric CO 2 and implications for CO 2 residence time in the atmosphere and gross primary productivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13180. [PMID: 29030617 PMCID: PMC5640618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance variations of near surface atmospheric CO2 isotopologues (primarily 16O12C16O, 16O13C16O, 17O12C16O, and 18O12C16O) represent an integrated signal from anthropogenic/biogeochemical processes, including fossil fuel burning, biospheric photosynthesis and respiration, hydrospheric isotope exchange with water, and stratospheric photochemistry. Oxygen isotopes, in particular, are affected by the carbon and water cycles. Being a useful tracer that directly probes governing processes in CO2 biogeochemical cycles, Δ17O (=ln(1 + δ17O) - 0.516 × ln(1 + δ18O)) provides an alternative constraint on the strengths of the associated cycles involving CO2. Here, we analyze Δ17O data from four places (Taipei, Taiwan; South China Sea; La Jolla, United States; Jerusalem, Israel) in the northern hemisphere (with a total of 455 measurements) and find a rather narrow range (0.326 ± 0.005‰). A conservative estimate places a lower limit of 345 ± 70 PgC year-1 on the cycling flux between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere and infers a residence time of CO2 of 1.9 ± 0.3 years (upper limit) in the atmosphere. A Monte Carlo simulation that takes various plant uptake scenarios into account yields a terrestrial gross primary productivity of 120 ± 30 PgC year-1 and soil invasion of 110 ± 30 PgC year-1, providing a quantitative assessment utilizing the oxygen isotope anomaly for quantifying CO2 cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amzad H Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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Stoltmann T, Casado M, Daëron M, Landais A, Kassi S. Direct, Precise Measurements of Isotopologue Abundance Ratios in CO 2 Using Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Application to Δ 17O. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10129-10132. [PMID: 28892362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present an ultrasensitive absorption spectrometer based on a 30 Hz/s stability, sub-kHz line width laser source coupled to a high-stability cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy setup. It provides direct and precise measurements of the isotopic ratios δ17O and δ18O in CO2. We demonstrate the first optical absorption measurements of 17O anomalies in CO2 with a precision better than 10 ppm, matching the requirements for paleo-environmental applications. This illustrates how optical absorption methods have become a competitive alternative to state-of-the-art isotopic ratio mass spectrometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stoltmann
- CNRS, LIPhy , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Casado
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Daëron
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amaelle Landais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Samir Kassi
- CNRS, LIPhy , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy , F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Laskar AH, Mahata S, Liang MC. Identification of Anthropogenic CO 2 Using Triple Oxygen and Clumped Isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11806-11814. [PMID: 27690222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of contributions from various sources of CO2 is important for understanding the atmospheric CO2 budget. Considering the number and diversity of sources and sinks, the widely used proxies such as concentration and conventional isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) are not always sufficient to fully constrain the CO2 budget. Additional constraints may help in understanding the mechanisms of CO2 production and consumption. The anomaly in triple oxygen isotopes or 17O excess (denoted by Δ17O) and molecules containing two rare isotopes, called clumped isotopes, are two recently developed tracers with potentials to independently constrain some important processes that regulate CO2 in the atmosphere. The clumped isotope for CO2, denoted by Δ47, is the excess of 13C16O18O over a random distribution of isotopes in a CO2 molecule. We measured the concentrations of δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, and Δ47 in air CO2 samples collected from the Hsuehshan tunnel (length: 12.9 km), and applied linear and polynomial regressions to obtain the fossil fuel end-members for all these isotope proxies. The other end-members, the values of all these proxies for background air CO2, are either assumed or taken as the values obtained over the tunnel and ocean. The fossil fuel (anthropogenic) CO2 end-member values for δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, and Δ47 are estimated using the two component mixing approach: the derived values are -26.76 ± 0.25‰, 24.57 ± 0.33‰, -0.219 ± 0.021‰, and 0.267 ± 0.036‰, respectively. These four major CO2 isotope tracers along with the concentration were used to estimate the anthropogenic contribution in the atmospheric CO2 in urban and suburban locations. We demonstrate that Δ17O and Δ47 have the potential to independently estimate anthropogenic contribution, and the advantages of these two over the conventional isotope proxies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Mahata S, Bhattacharya SK, Liang MC. An improved method of high-precision determination of Δ(17)O of CO2 by catalyzed exchange with O2 using hot platinum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:119-131. [PMID: 26661978 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE CO2 and O2 can exchange their oxygen isotopes rapidly in the presence of hot (~670 °C) platinum and this has led to a method for determining the δ(17)O value of a CO2 sample. We have improved the method to achieve a precision of 0.008 ‰ (1-σ standard deviation) in the determination of δ(17)O values. Such high precision is essential to identify the stratospheric component in tropospheric CO2 and use it for global carbon flux studies. The crucial issue in the accurate determination of the δ(17)O value is estimation of a correction factor, which depends on the amount ratio CO2/O2. An attempt was also made to investigate the mechanism of exchange with their controlling parameters. METHODS The oxygen isotopes of a CO2 sample gas are exchanged with those of an appropriate amount of tank O2 in the presence of hot platinum. The pre-exchange CO2 and O2 gas samples as well as the post-exchange O2 sample are analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A mixing model was developed involving the δ(18)O value of the CO2 and δ(17)O and δ(18)O values of pre- and post-exchange O2 to obtain the δ(17)O value of the CO2 sample. A correction to the measured value was determined to obtain the actual value with high accuracy and precision. RESULTS To obtain a precision better than 0.01 ‰ requires the amount ratio CO2/O2 to be controlled to better than ~15 %. We also find that the oxygen isotopes are nearly homogeneously distributed between the O2 and the CO2 molecules. In addition, determination of the (16) O(13)C(18)O/(16)O(12)C(16)O isotopologue ratio in the CO2 shows that the abundance of (16)O(13)C(18)O is close to that expected for random partitioning of the isotopes among the CO2 isotopologues. CONCLUSIONS The isotopic scrambling between O2 and CO2 that occurs on hot platinum allows one to accurately determine the δ(17)O values of CO2 through isotopic analysis of O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S K Bhattacharya
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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