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Wu L, Sheng M, Liu X, Zheng Z, Emslie SD, Yang N, Wang X, Nie Y, Jin J, Xie Q, Chen S, Zhang D, Su S, Zhong S, Hu W, Deng J, Zhu J, Qi Y, Liu CQ, Fu P. Molecular transformation of organic nitrogen in Antarctic penguin guano-affected soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107796. [PMID: 36773562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen (ON) is an important participant in the Earth's N cycle. Previous studies have shown that penguin feces add an abundance of nutrients including N to the soil, significantly changing the eco-environment in ice-free areas in Antarctica. To explore the molecular transformation of ON in penguin guano-affected soil, we collected guano-free weathered soil, modern guano-affected soil from penguin colonies, ancient guano-affected soil from abandoned penguin colonies, and penguin feces from the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used to investigate the chemical composition of water-extractable ON. By comparing the molecular compositions of ON among different samples, we found that the number of ON compounds (>4,000) in weathered soil is minimal, while carboxylic-rich alicyclic-like molecules (CRAM-like) are dominant. Penguin feces adds ON into the soil with > 10,000 CHON, CHONS and CHN compounds, including CRAM-like, lipid-like, aliphatic/ peptide-like molecules and amines in the guano-affected soil. After the input of penguin feces, macromolecules continue to degrade, and other ON compounds tend to be oxidized into relatively stable CRAM-like molecules, this is an important transformation process of ON in guano-affected soils. We conclude the roles of various forms of ON in the N cycle are complex and diverse. Combined with previous studies, ON eventually turns into inorganic N and is lost from the soil. The lost N ultimately returns to the ocean and the food web, thus completing the N cycle. Our study preliminarily reveals the molecular transformation of ON in penguin guano-affected soil and is important for understanding the N cycle in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ming Sheng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhangqin Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Steven D Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
| | - Ning Yang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xueying Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Jing Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Qiaorong Xie
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Donghuan Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Sihui Su
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shujun Zhong
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Duda MP, Hargan KE, Michelutti N, Blais JM, Grooms C, Gilchrist HG, Mallory ML, Robertson GJ, Smol JP. Reconstructing Long-Term Changes in Avian Populations Using Lake Sediments: Opening a Window Onto the Past. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.698175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of long-term monitoring data for many wildlife populations is a limiting factor in establishing meaningful and achievable conservation goals. Even for well-monitored species, time series are often very short relative to the timescales required to understand a population’s baseline conditions before the contemporary period of increased human impacts. To fill in this critical information gap, techniques have been developed to use sedimentary archives to provide insights into long-term population dynamics over timescales of decades to millennia. Lake and pond sediments receiving animal inputs (e.g., feces, feathers) typically preserve a record of ecological and environmental information that reflects past changes in population size and dynamics. With a focus on bird-related studies, we review the development and use of several paleolimnological proxies to reconstruct past colony sizes, including trace metals, isotopes, lipid biomolecules, diatoms, pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs, invertebrate sub-fossils, pigments, and others. We summarize how animal-influenced sediments, cored from around the world, have been successfully used in addressing some of the most challenging questions in conservation biology, namely: How dynamic are populations on long-term timescales? How may populations respond to climate change? How have populations responded to human intrusion? Finally, we conclude with an assessment of the current state of the field, challenges to overcome, and future potential for research.
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Zhang W, Jiao Y, Zhu R, Rhew RC. Methyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide Production and Consumption in Coastal Antarctic Tundra Soils Subject to Sea Animal Activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13354-13363. [PMID: 32935983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) are the predominant carriers of natural chlorine and bromine from the troposphere to the stratosphere, which can catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Here, penguin colony soils (PCS) and the adjacent tundra soils (i.e., penguin-lacking colony soils, PLS), seal colony soils (SCS), tundra marsh soils (TMS), and normal upland tundra soils (UTS) in coastal Antarctica were collected and incubated for the first time to confirm that these soils were CH3Cl and CH3Br sources or sinks. Overall, tundra soil acted as a net sink for CH3Cl and CH3Br with potential flux ranges from -18.1 to -2.8 pmol g-1 d-1 and -1.32 to -0.24 pmol g-1 d-1, respectively. The deposition of penguin guano or seal excrement into tundra soils facilitated the simultaneous production of CH3Cl and CH3Br and resulted in a smaller sink in PCS, SCS, and PLS. Laboratory-based thermal treatments and anaerobic incubation experiments suggested that the consumption of CH3Cl and CH3Br was predominantly mediated by microbes while the production was abiotic and O2 independent. Temperature gradient incubations revealed that increasing soil temperature promoted the consumption of CH3Cl and CH3Br in UTS, suggesting that the regional sink may increase with Antarctic warming, depending on changes in soil moisture and abiotic production rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Jiao
- Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Renbin Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Robert C Rhew
- Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Chen X, Wei Y, Nie Y, Wang J, Emslie SD, Liu X. Carbon isotopes of n-alkanoic acids in Antarctic ornithogenic sediments as indicators of sedimentary lipid sources and paleocological change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135926. [PMID: 31887520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary n-alkanoic acids are ubiquitous in the environment and their carbon isotopic composition is increasingly used to identify the source of organic matter and to reconstruct past climatic and ecological changes. Here we investigate the distribution and carbon isotope ratios of n-alkanoic acids in two sediment profiles influenced by animal excrement in Antarctica. We found that organic matter input from animal excrement is the predominate source of short- and mid-chain n-alkanoic acids in the ornithogenic sediments. Decreased δ13C values are closely related to increased excrement input of penguins and seals that occupied the study site, especially in C16n-alkanoic acid. Long-chain (>C24) n-alkanoic acids likely originate from moss and heterotrophic microbes, and the δ13C values of C26n-alkanoic acid were consistent with organic biomarkers and bio-elements from animal excrement. Two possible processes are suggested to explain the close relationship between C26n-alkanoic acid δ13C values and animal excrement input. All the results indicate that the carbon isotopes of n-alkanoic acids in ornithogenic sediments can be used to indicate historical population change of penguins or seals in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine - Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC) of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) ,Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), MNR, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yangyang Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine - Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC) of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) ,Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), MNR, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Steven D Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601S, College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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Multicentury perspective assessing the sustainability of the historical harvest of seaducks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8425-8430. [PMID: 30936301 PMCID: PMC6486763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814057116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Where available, census data on seabirds often do not extend beyond a few years or decades, challenging our ability to identify drivers of population change and to develop conservation policies. Here, we reconstruct long-term population dynamics of northern common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis). We analyzed sterols together with stable nitrogen isotopes in dated pond sediment cores to show that eiders underwent broadscale population declines over the 20th century at Canadian subarctic breeding sites. Likely, a rapidly growing Greenland population, combined with relocation of Inuit to larger Arctic communities and associated increases in the availability of firearms and motors during the early to mid-20th century, generated more efficient hunting practices, which in turn reduced the number of adult eiders breeding at Canadian nesting islands. Our paleolimnological approach highlights that current and local monitoring windows for many sensitive seabird species may be inadequate for making key conservation decisions.
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Emslie SD, McKenzie A, Patterson WP. The rise and fall of an ancient Adélie penguin 'supercolony' at Cape Adare, Antarctica. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172032. [PMID: 29765656 PMCID: PMC5936921 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report new discoveries and radiocarbon dates on active and abandoned Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colonies at Cape Adare, Antarctica. This colony, first established at approximately 2000 BP (calendar years before present, i.e. 1950), is currently the largest for this species with approximately 338 000 breeding pairs, most located on low-lying Ridley Beach. We hypothesize that this colony first formed after fast ice began blocking open-water access by breeding penguins to the Scott Coast in the southern Ross Sea during a cooling period also at approximately 2000 BP. Our results suggest that the new colony at Cape Adare continued to grow, expanding to a large upper terrace above Ridley Beach, until it exceeded approximately 500 000 breeding pairs (a 'supercolony') by approximately 1200 BP. The high marine productivity associated with the Ross Sea polynya and continental shelf break supported this growth, but the colony collapsed to its present size for unknown reasons after approximately 1200 BP. Ridley Beach will probably be abandoned in the near future due to rising sea level in this region. We predict that penguins will retreat to higher elevations at Cape Adare and that the Scott Coast will be reoccupied by breeding penguins as fast ice continues to dissipate earlier each summer, restoring open-water access to beaches there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Ashley McKenzie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - William P. Patterson
- Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CanadaS7N 5E2
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Xu L, Liu X, Wu L, Sun L, Zhao J, Chen L. Decline of recent seabirds inferred from a composite 1000-year record of population dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35191. [PMID: 27748366 PMCID: PMC5066250 DOI: 10.1038/srep35191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on three ornithogenic sediment profiles and seabird subfossils therein from the Xisha Islands, South China Sea, the relative population size of seabirds over the past 1000 years was reconstructed using reflectance spectrum. Here we present an apparent increase and subsequent decline of seabirds on these islands in the South China Sea. Seabird populations peaked during the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400-1850 AD), implying that the cool climate during the LIA appears to have been more favorable to seabirds on the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea. Climate change partly explains the recent decrease in seabird populations over the past 150 years, but the significant decline and almost complete disappearance thereof on most of the Xisha Islands is probably attributable to human disturbance. Our study reveals the increasing impact of anthropogenic activities on seabird population in recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China.,Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinjun Zhao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Xisha Deep Sea Marine Environment Observation and Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, Hainan 573199, China
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Huang T, Yang L, Chu Z, Sun L, Yin X. Geochemical record of high emperor penguin populations during the Little Ice Age at Amanda Bay, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:1185-1191. [PMID: 27261428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are sensitive to the Antarctic climate change because they breed on the fast sea ice. Studies of paleohistory for the emperor penguin are rare, due to the lack of archives on land. In this study, we obtained an emperor penguin ornithogenic sediment profile (PI) and performed geochronological, geochemical and stable isotope analyses on the sediments and feather remains. Two radiocarbon dates of penguin feathers in PI indicate that emperor penguins colonized Amanda Bay as early as CE 1540. By using the bio-elements (P, Se, Hg, Zn and Cd) in sediments and stable isotope values (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) in feathers, we inferred relative population size and dietary change of emperor penguins during the period of CE 1540-2008, respectively. An increase in population size with depleted N isotope ratios for emperor penguins on N island at Amanda Bay during the Little Ice Age (CE 1540-1866) was observed, suggesting that cold climate affected the penguin's breeding habitat, prey availability and thus their population and dietary composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Lianjiao Yang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhuding Chu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xijie Yin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
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Nie Y, Xu L, Liu X, Emslie SD. Radionuclides in ornithogenic sediments as evidence for recent warming in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:248-256. [PMID: 26999368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclides including (210)Pb, (226)Ra and (137)Cs were analyzed in eight ornithogenic sediment profiles from McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea region, East Antarctica. Equilibration between (210)Pb and (226)Ra were reached in all eight profiles, enabling the determination of chronology within the past two centuries through the Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model. Calculated fluxes of both (210)Pb and (137)Cs varied drastically among four of the profiles (MB4, MB6, CC and CL2), probably due to differences in their sedimentary environments. In addition, we found the flux data exhibiting a clear decreasing gradient in accordance with their average deposition rate, which was in turn related to the specific location of the profiles. We believe this phenomenon may correspond to global warming of the last century, since warming-induced surface runoff would bring more inflow water and detritus to the coring sites, thus enhancing the difference among the profiles. To verify this hypothesis, the deposition rate against age of the sediments was calculated based on their determined chronology, which showed ascending trends in all four profiles. The significant increase in deposition rates over the last century is probably attributable to recent warming, implying a potential utilization of radionuclides as environmental indicators in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Nie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Steven D Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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Lou C, Liu X, Liu W, Wu L, Nie Y, Emslie SD. Distribution patterns and possible influencing factors of As speciation in ornithogenic sediments from the Ross Sea region, East Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:466-473. [PMID: 26930318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ornithogenic sediments are rich in toxic As (arsenic) compounds, posing a potential threat to local ecosystems. Here we analyzed the distribution of As speciation in three ornithogenic sediment profiles (MB6, BI and CC) collected from the Ross Sea region, East Antarctica. The distributions of total As and total P (phosphorus) concentrations were highly consistent in all three profiles, indicating that guano input is a major factor controlling total As distribution in the ornithogenic sediments. The As found in MB6 and CC is principally As(V) (arsenate), in BI As(III) (arsenite) predominates, but the As in fresh guano is largely composed of DMA (dimethylarsinate). The significant difference of As species between fresh guano and ornithogenic sediment samples may be related to diagenetic processes after deposition by seabirds. Based on analysis of the sedimentary environment in the studied sediments, we found that the redox conditions have an obvious influence on the As speciation distribution. Moreover, the distributions of As(III) and chlorophyll a in the MB6 and BI profiles are highly consistent, demonstrating that aquatic algae abundance may also influence the distribution patterns of As speciation in the ornithogenic sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangneng Lou
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Steven D Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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