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Liu W, Gao T, Li N, Shao S, Liu B. Vesicle fusion and release in neurons under dynamic mechanical equilibrium. iScience 2024; 27:109793. [PMID: 38736547 PMCID: PMC11088343 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular fusion plays a pivotal role in cellular processes, involving stages like vesicle trafficking, fusion pore formation, content release, and membrane integration or separation. This dynamic process is regulated by a complex interplay of protein assemblies, osmotic forces, and membrane tension, which together maintain a mechanical equilibrium within the cell. Changes in cellular mechanics or external pressures prompt adjustments in this equilibrium, highlighting the system's adaptability. This review delves into the synergy between intracellular proteins, structural components, and external forces in facilitating vesicular fusion and release. It also explores how cells respond to mechanical stress, maintaining equilibrium and offering insights into vesicle fusion mechanisms and the development of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Kronstadt SM, Patel DB, Born LJ, Levy D, Lerman MJ, Mahadik B, McLoughlin ST, Fasuyi A, Fowlkes L, Van Heyningen LH, Aranda A, Abadchi SN, Chang KH, Hsu ATW, Bengali S, Harmon JW, Fisher JP, Jay SM. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture within Perfusion Bioreactors Incorporating 3D-Printed Scaffolds Enables Improved Extracellular Vesicle Yield with Preserved Bioactivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300584. [PMID: 36930747 PMCID: PMC10505252 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles in various diseases. However, successful clinical translation will depend on the development of scalable biomanufacturing approaches, especially due to the documented low levels of intrinsic EV-associated cargo that may necessitate repeated doses to achieve clinical benefit in certain applications. Thus, here the effects of a 3D-printed scaffold-perfusion bioreactor system are assessed on the production and bioactivity of EVs secreted from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a cell type widely implicated in generating EVs with therapeutic potential. The results indicate that perfusion bioreactor culture induces an ≈40-80-fold increase (depending on measurement method) in MSC EV production compared to conventional cell culture. Additionally, MSC EVs generated using the perfusion bioreactor system significantly improve wound healing in a diabetic mouse model, with increased CD31+ staining in wound bed tissue compared to animals treated with flask cell culture-generated MSC EVs. Overall, this study establishes a promising solution to a major EV translational bottleneck, with the capacity for tunability for specific applications and general improvement alongside advancements in 3D-printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Divya B Patel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Max J Lerman
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shannon T McLoughlin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arafat Fasuyi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lauren Fowlkes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Angela Ting Wei Hsu
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sameer Bengali
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John W Harmon
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Ramirez-Murillo CJ, de Los Santos-Ramirez JM, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Toward low-voltage dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic systems: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:565-587. [PMID: 33166414 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoretically driven microfluidic devices have demonstrated great applicability in biomedical engineering, diagnostic medicine, and biological research. One of the potential fields of application for this technology is in point-of-care (POC) devices, ideally allowing for portable, fully integrated, easy to use, low-cost diagnostic platforms. Two main approaches exist to induce dielectrophoresis (DEP) on suspended particles, that is, electrode-based DEP and insulator-based DEP, each featuring different advantages and disadvantages. However, a shared concern lies in the input voltage used to generate the electric field necessary for DEP to take place. Therefore, input voltage can determine portability of a microfluidic device. This review outlines the recent advances in reducing stimulation voltage requirements in DEP-driven microfluidics.
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Baratchi S, Zaldivia MTK, Wallert M, Loseff-Silver J, Al-Aryahi S, Zamani J, Thurgood P, Salim A, Htun NM, Stub D, Vahidi P, Duffy SJ, Walton A, Nguyen TH, Jaworowski A, Khoshmanesh K, Peter K. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Represents an Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Via Reduction of Shear Stress-Induced, Piezo-1-Mediated Monocyte Activation. Circulation 2020; 142:1092-1105. [PMID: 32697107 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.045536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic valve stenosis is an increasingly prevalent degenerative and inflammatory disease. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has revolutionized its treatment, thereby avoiding its life-threatening/disabling consequences. Whether aortic valve stenosis is accelerated by inflammation and whether it is itself a cause of inflammation are unclear. We hypothesized that the large shear forces exerted on circulating cells, particularly on the largest circulating cells, monocytes, while passing through stenotic aortic valves result in proinflammatory effects that are resolved with TAVI. METHODS TAVI provides a unique opportunity to compare the activation status of monocytes under high shear stress (before TAVI) and under low shear stress (after TAVI). The activation status of monocytes was determined with a single-chain antibody, MAN-1, which is specific for the activated β2-integrin Mac-1. Monocyte function was further characterized by the adhesion of myocytes to stimulated endothelial cells, phagocytic activity, uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and cytokine expression. In addition, we designed a microfluidic system to recapitulate the shear rate conditions before and after TAVI. We used this tool in combination with functional assays, Ca2+ imaging, siRNA gene silencing, and pharmacological agonists and antagonists to identify the key mechanoreceptor mediating the shear stress sensitivity of monocytes. Last, we stained for monocytes in explanted stenotic aortic human valves. RESULTS The resolution of high shear stress through TAVI reduces Mac-1 activation, cellular adhesion, phagocytosis, oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake, and expression of inflammatory markers in monocytes and plasma. Using microfluidics and pharmacological and genetic studies, we could recapitulate high shear stress effects on isolated human monocytes under highly controlled conditions, showing that shear stress-dependent calcium influx and monocyte adhesion are mediated by the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo-1. We also demonstrate that the expression of this receptor is shear stress dependent and downregulated in patients receiving TAVI. Last, we show monocyte accumulation at the aortic side of leaflets of explanted aortic valves. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that high shear stress, as present in patients with aortic valve stenosis, activates multiple monocyte functions, and we identify Piezo-1 as the mainly responsible mechanoreceptor, representing a potentially druggable target. We demonstrate an anti-inflammatory effect and therefore a novel therapeutic benefit of TAVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (S.B., S.A.-A., P.V., A.J., K.P.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
| | - Maria T K Zaldivia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
| | - Julia Loseff-Silver
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
| | - Sefaa Al-Aryahi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (S.B., S.A.-A., P.V., A.J., K.P.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jalal Zamani
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.Z., N.M.H., D.S., S.J.D., A.W., K.P.)
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering (P.T., K.K.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Agus Salim
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.S.)
| | - Nay M Htun
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.Z., N.M.H., D.S., S.J.D., A.W., K.P.)
| | - Dion Stub
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.Z., N.M.H., D.S., S.J.D., A.W., K.P.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.)
| | - Parisa Vahidi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (S.B., S.A.-A., P.V., A.J., K.P.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Duffy
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.Z., N.M.H., D.S., S.J.D., A.W., K.P.)
| | - Antony Walton
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.Z., N.M.H., D.S., S.J.D., A.W., K.P.)
| | - Thanh Ha Nguyen
- Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia (T.H.N.)
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (S.B., S.A.-A., P.V., A.J., K.P.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Karlheinz Peter
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (S.B., S.A.-A., P.V., A.J., K.P.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B., M.T.K.J., M.W., J.L.-S., A.S., N.M.H., D.S., K.P.)
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.Z., N.M.H., D.S., S.J.D., A.W., K.P.)
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5
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Punjiya M, Nejad HR, Mathews J, Levin M, Sonkusale S. A flow through device for simultaneous dielectrophoretic cell trapping and AC electroporation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11988. [PMID: 31427614 PMCID: PMC6700080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of cells and their transfection in a controlled manner is an integral step in cell biotechnology. Electric field approaches such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) offers a more viable method for targeted immobilization of cells without any labels. For transfection of cells to incorporate exogenous materials, electrical methods such as electroporation, are preferred over chemical and viral delivery methods since they minimally affect cell viability and can target many types. However prior approaches to both methods required multiple excitation sources, an AC source for DEP-based trapping and another DC source for electroporation. In this paper, we present a first of its kind flow through lab-on-chip platform using a single AC excitation source for combined trapping using negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP) and AC electroporation. Use of AC fields for electroporation eliminates the unwanted side effects of electrolysis or joule heating at electrodes compared to DC electroporation. Adjusting the flow rate and the electrical parameters of the incident AC field precisely controls the operation (trap, trap with electroporation and release). The platform has been validated through trapping and simultaneous transfection of HEK-293 embryonic kidney cells with a plasmid vector containing a fluorescent protein tag. Numerical scaling analysis is provided that indicates promise for individual cell trapping and electroporation using low voltage AC fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Punjiya
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Hojatollah Rezaei Nejad
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Juanita Mathews
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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6
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2DEP cytometry: distributed dielectrophoretic cytometry for live cell dielectric signature measurement on population level. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Shear Stress Regulates TRPV4 Channel Clustering and Translocation from Adherens Junctions to the Basal Membrane. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15942. [PMID: 29162902 PMCID: PMC5698423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized Ca2+ influx via TRPV4 on the surface of endothelial cells greatly influences endothelial adaptation to blood flow, but how mechanical stress from blood flow controls TRPV4 integration into this physiological function is not fully understood. Here, we studied the spatial organization of TRPV4 and its relationship to the adherens junction component β-catenin using single- and dual-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). In non-stimulated endothelial cells, TRPV4 is clustered in small protein islands, as is β-catenin. Using dual-color imaging, we found that TRPV4 and β-catenin reside in similar islands and can be found at both the basolateral and basal membranes. Following shear stress stimulation, TRPV4 molecules formed smaller clusters, with the majority residing outside of clusters. Further shear stress stimulation changed the molecular distribution of TRPV4 molecules, limiting them to the basal membrane. This redistribution and the smaller clusters resulted in the segregation of TRPV4 from β-catenin. Furthermore, TRPV4 trafficking was controlled by focal adhesion kinase and activation of the α5ß1 integrin. These highly differentiated spatial redistributions suggest that mechanotransduction of blood flow is controlled via a more complex hierarchy than previously thought.
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8
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Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Woodman OL, Potocnik S, Peter K, McIntyre P. Molecular Sensors of Blood Flow in Endothelial Cells. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:850-868. [PMID: 28811171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress from blood flow has a significant effect on endothelial physiology, with a key role in initiating vasoregulatory signals. Disturbances in blood flow, such as in regions of disease-associated stenosis, arterial branch points, and sharp turns, can induce proatherogenic phenotypes in endothelial cells. The disruption of vascular homeostasis as a result of endothelial dysfunction may contribute to early and late stages of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery disease. In-depth knowledge of the mechanobiology of endothelial cells is essential to identifying mechanosensory complexes involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe different blood flow patterns and summarize current knowledge on mechanosensory molecules regulating endothelial vasoregulatory functions, with clinical implications. Such information may help in the search for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | | | - Owen L Woodman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simon Potocnik
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
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9
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Grace MS, Bonvini SJ, Belvisi MG, McIntyre P. Modulation of the TRPV4 ion channel as a therapeutic target for disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:9-22. [PMID: 28202366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a broadly expressed, polymodally gated ion channel that plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. TRPV4 knockout mice and several synthetic pharmacological compounds that selectively target TRPV4 are now available, which has allowed detailed investigation in to the therapeutic potential of this ion channel. Results from animal studies suggest that TRPV4 antagonism has therapeutic potential in oedema, pain, gastrointestinal disorders, and lung diseases such as cough, bronchoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, and acute lung injury. A lack of observed side-effects in vivo has prompted a first-in-human trial for a TRPV4 antagonist in healthy participants and stable heart failure patients. If successful, this would open up an exciting new area of research for a multitude of TRPV4-related pathologies. This review will discuss the known roles of TRPV4 in disease, and highlight the possible implications of targeting this important cation channel for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Grace
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sara J Bonvini
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria G Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Arrabito G, Cavaleri F, Montalbano V, Vetri V, Leone M, Pignataro B. Monitoring few molecular binding events in scalable confined aqueous compartments by raster image correlation spectroscopy (CADRICS). LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4666-4676. [PMID: 27812580 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of scalable liquid compartments for binding assays in array formats constitutes a topic of fundamental importance in life sciences. This challenge can be addressed by mimicking the structure of cellular compartments with biological native conditions. Here, inkjet printing is employed to develop up to hundreds of picoliter aqueous droplet arrays stabilized by oil-confinement with mild surfactants (Tween-20). The aqueous environments constitute specialized compartments in which biomolecules may exploit their function and a wide range of molecular interactions can be quantitatively investigated. Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS) is employed to monitor in each compartment a restricted range of dynamic intermolecular events demonstrated through protein-binding assays involving the biotin/streptavidin model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrabito
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Cavaleri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Leone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - B Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 17, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Aten Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Ed. 18, V.le delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
This is an analysis of how magnetic fields affect biological molecules and cells. It was prompted by a series of prominent reports regarding magnetism in biological systems. The first claims to have identified a protein complex that acts like a compass needle to guide magnetic orientation in animals (Qin et al., 2016). Two other articles report magnetic control of membrane conductance by attaching ferritin to an ion channel protein and then tugging the ferritin or heating it with a magnetic field (Stanley et al., 2015; Wheeler et al., 2016). Here I argue that these claims conflict with basic laws of physics. The discrepancies are large: from 5 to 10 log units. If the reported phenomena do in fact occur, they must have causes entirely different from the ones proposed by the authors. The paramagnetic nature of protein complexes is found to seriously limit their utility for engineering magnetically sensitive cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17210.001 How biological systems interact with magnetic fields is of great interest both from a basic science perspective and for technological applications. Certain animal species can sense the Earth’s magnetic field for the purposes of navigation. How that compass sense works is perhaps the last true mystery of sensory biology. If we knew how the magnetic field affects the activity of nerve cells, we could harness that mechanism to create new biomedical tools. One technological goal is to genetically engineer specific cells in the brain or elsewhere so their activity can be controlled using an external magnet. This dream has been called “magnetogenetics”. In recent months a string of reports claimed to have solved both the scientific and the technological challenges of magnetogenetics. They all involved the discovery or the engineering of protein molecules that are sensitive to magnetic fields. Markus Meister has now checked whether those claims were consistent with well-established physical laws. For each case, Meister calculated how strongly the protein in question would link magnetic fields to cellular activity. The results show that the predicted effects are too weak to account for the reported measurements by huge margins: between five and ten orders of magnitude. It therefore appears that none of these reports have hit on a solution to magnetogenetics. All of the proposed proteins use iron atoms to couple to the magnetic field, but Meister concludes that these proteins contain far too few iron atoms. How safe is that conclusion? There has been enormous technological interest in making tiny magnets; for example, to design the ever-denser data storage drives inside computers. Hence the magnetism of small clusters of atoms is exceedingly well understood. If any of the biological reports of magnetogenetics turned out correct, they would force a revolutionary rethinking of basic physics. With the recognition that magnetogenetics remains unsolved, and that different approaches are needed, Meister hopes that other investigators will feel motivated to continue innovating in this area. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17210.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meister
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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12
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Boyd-Moss M, Baratchi S, Di Venere M, Khoshmanesh K. Self-contained microfluidic systems: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3177-92. [PMID: 27425637 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems enable rapid diagnosis, screening and monitoring of diseases and health conditions using small amounts of biological samples and reagents. Despite these remarkable features, conventional microfluidic systems rely on bulky expensive external equipment, which hinders their utility as powerful analysis tools outside of research laboratories. 'Self-contained' microfluidic systems, which contain all necessary components to facilitate a complete assay, have been developed to address this limitation. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of self-contained microfluidic systems. We categorise these systems based on their operating mechanisms into three major groups: passive, hand-powered and active. Several examples are provided to discuss the structure, capabilities and shortcomings of each group. In particular, we discuss the self-contained microfluidic systems enabled by active mechanisms, due to their unique capability for running multi-step and highly controllable diagnostic assays. Integration of self-contained microfluidic systems with the image acquisition and processing capabilities of smartphones, especially those equipped with accessory optical components, enables highly sensitive and quantitative assays, which are discussed. Finally, the future trends and possible solutions to expand the versatility of self-contained, stand-alone microfluidic platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Martina Di Venere
- School of Civil & Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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13
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Soffe R, Baratchi S, Tang SY, Mitchell A, McIntyre P, Khoshmanesh K. Concurrent shear stress and chemical stimulation of mechano-sensitive cells by discontinuous dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024117. [PMID: 27099646 PMCID: PMC4826375 DOI: 10.1063/1.4945309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms enable a variety of physical or chemical stimulation of single or multiple cells to be examined and monitored in real-time. To date, intracellular calcium signalling research is, however, predominantly focused on observing the response of cells to a single mode of stimulation; consequently, the sensitising/desensitising of cell responses under concurrent stimuli is not well studied. In this paper, we provide an extended Discontinuous Dielectrophoresis procedure to investigate the sensitising of chemical stimulation, over an extensive range of shear stress, up to 63 dyn/cm(2), which encompasses shear stresses experienced in the arterial and venus systems (10 to 60 dyn/cm(2)). Furthermore, the TRPV4-selective agonist GSK1016790A, a form of chemical stimulation, did not influence the ability of the cells' to remain immobilised under high levels of shear stress; thus, enabling us to investigate shear stress stimulation on agonism. Our experiments revealed that shear stress sensitises GSK1016790A-evoked intracellular calcium signalling of cells in a shear-stimulus dependent manner, as observed through a reduction in the cellular response time and an increase in the pharmacological efficacy. Consequently, suggesting that the role of TRPV4 may be underestimated in endothelial cells-which experience high levels of shear stress. This study highlights the importance of conducting studies at high levels of shear stress. Additionally, our approach will be valuable for examining the effect of high levels of shear on different cell types under different conditions, as presented here for agonist activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Soffe
- School of Engineering, RMIT University , Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Medical and Biomedical Science, RMIT University , Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University , Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University , Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Medical and Biomedical Science, RMIT University , Victoria 3083, Australia
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14
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Baratchi S, Almazi JG, Darby W, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Mitchell A, McIntyre P. Shear stress mediates exocytosis of functional TRPV4 channels in endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:649-66. [PMID: 26289129 PMCID: PMC11108432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels are implicated in the biology of touch, pain, hearing and vascular reactivity; however, the identity of these ion channels and the molecular basis of their activation is poorly understood. We previously found that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a receptor operated ion channel that is sensitised and activated by mechanical stress. Here, we investigated the effects of mechanical stimulation on TRPV4 localisation and activation in native and recombinant TRPV4-expressing cells. We used a combination of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, cell surface biotinylation assay and Ca(2+) imaging with laser scanning confocal microscope to show that TRPV4 is expressed in primary vascular endothelial cells and that shear stress sensitises the response of TRPV4 to its agonist, GSK1016790A. The sensitisation was attributed to the recruitment of intracellular pools of TRPV4 to the plasma membrane, through the clathrin and dynamin-mediated exocytosis. The translocation was dependent on ILK/Akt signalling pathway, release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and we demonstrated that shear stress stimulated phosphorylation of TRPV4 at tyrosine Y110. Our findings implicate calcium-sensitive TRPV4 translocation in the regulation of endothelial responses to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Juhura G Almazi
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - William Darby
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Francisco J Tovar-Lopez
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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15
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Md Ali MA, Ostrikov K(K, Khalid FA, Majlis BY, Kayani AA. Active bioparticle manipulation in microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of bioparticles in a microfluidic environment can be actively controlled using several tuneable mechanisms, including hydrodynamic, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, magnetophoresis, acoustophoresis, thermophoresis and optical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Processes and Devices Laboratory
| | - Fararishah Abdul Khalid
- Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Y. Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin A. Kayani
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology
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