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Sarkar A. Biosensing, Characterization of Biosensors, and Improved Drug Delivery Approaches Using Atomic Force Microscopy: A Review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.798928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its invention, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has come forth as a powerful member of the “scanning probe microscopy” (SPM) family and an unparallel platform for high-resolution imaging and characterization for inorganic and organic samples, especially biomolecules, biosensors, proteins, DNA, and live cells. AFM characterizes any sample by measuring interaction force between the AFM cantilever tip (the probe) and the sample surface, and it is advantageous over other SPM and electron micron microscopy techniques as it can visualize and characterize samples in liquid, ambient air, and vacuum. Therefore, it permits visualization of three-dimensional surface profiles of biological specimens in the near-physiological environment without sacrificing their native structures and functions and without using laborious sample preparation protocols such as freeze-drying, staining, metal coating, staining, or labeling. Biosensors are devices comprising a biological or biologically extracted material (assimilated in a physicochemical transducer) that are utilized to yield electronic signal proportional to the specific analyte concentration. These devices utilize particular biochemical reactions moderated by isolated tissues, enzymes, organelles, and immune system for detecting chemical compounds via thermal, optical, or electrical signals. Other than performing high-resolution imaging and nanomechanical characterization (e.g., determining Young’s modulus, adhesion, and deformation) of biosensors, AFM cantilever (with a ligand functionalized tip) can be transformed into a biosensor (microcantilever-based biosensors) to probe interactions with a particular receptors of choice on live cells at a single-molecule level (using AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy techniques) and determine interaction forces and binding kinetics of ligand receptor interactions. Targeted drug delivery systems or vehicles composed of nanoparticles are crucial in novel therapeutics. These systems leverage the idea of targeted delivery of the drug to the desired locations to reduce side effects. AFM is becoming an extremely useful tool in figuring out the topographical and nanomechanical properties of these nanoparticles and other drug delivery carriers. AFM also helps determine binding probabilities and interaction forces of these drug delivery carriers with the targeted receptors and choose the better agent for drug delivery vehicle by introducing competitive binding. In this review, we summarize contributions made by us and other researchers so far that showcase AFM as biosensors, to characterize other sensors, to improve drug delivery approaches, and to discuss future possibilities.
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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Liu Y, Feig VR, Bao Z. Conjugated Polymer for Implantable Electronics toward Clinical Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001916. [PMID: 33899347 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their excellent mechanical flexibility, mixed-conducting electrical property, and extraordinary chemical turnability, conjugated polymers have been demonstrated to be an ideal bioelectronic interface to deliver therapeutic effect in many different chronic diseases. This review article summarizes the latest advances in implantable electronics using conjugated polymers as electroactive materials and identifies remaining challenges and opportunities for developing electronic medicine. Examples of conjugated polymer-based bioelectronic devices are selectively reviewed in human clinical studies or animal studies with the potential for clinical adoption. The unique properties of conjugated polymers are highlighted and exemplified as potential solutions to address the specific challenges in electronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Vivian Rachel Feig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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Gelmi A, Schutt CE. Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials: Scaffolds for Stem Cell Control. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001125. [PMID: 32996270 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell fate is closely intertwined with microenvironmental and endogenous cues within the body. Recapitulating this dynamic environment ex vivo can be achieved through engineered biomaterials which can respond to exogenous stimulation (including light, electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and magnetic fields) to deliver temporal and spatial cues to stem cells. These stimuli-responsive biomaterials can be integrated into scaffolds to investigate stem cell response in vitro and in vivo, and offer many pathways of cellular manipulation: biochemical cues, scaffold property changes, drug release, mechanical stress, and electrical signaling. The aim of this review is to assess and discuss the current state of exogenous stimuli-responsive biomaterials, and their application in multipotent stem cell control. Future perspectives in utilizing these biomaterials for personalized tissue engineering and directing organoid models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gelmi
- School of Science College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Carolyn E. Schutt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Knight Cancer Institute Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR) Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97201 USA
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Wang W, Luo CJ, Huang J, Edirisinghe M. PEEK surface modification by fast ambient-temperature sulfonation for bone implant applications. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180955. [PMID: 30836898 PMCID: PMC6451405 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a simple, fast and economical surface treatment under ambient temperature to improve the hydrophilicity and osteoconductivity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for bone implant applications. A major challenge in bone implants is the drastic difference in stiffness between traditional implant materials (such as titanium and stainless steel) and human bone. PEEK is biocompatible with an elastic modulus closely matching that of human bone, making it a highly attractive alternative. However, its bio-inert and poorly hydrophilic surface presents a serious challenge for osseointegration. Sulfonation can improve hydrophilicity and introduce bioactive sulfonate groups, but PEEK sulfonation has traditionally been applied for fuel cells, employing elevated temperatures and long reaction times to re-cast PEEK into sulfonated films. Little research has systematically studied PEEK surface modification by short reaction time (seconds) and ambient-temperature sulfonation for biomedical applications. Here, we investigate three ambient-temperature sulfonation treatments under varying reaction times (5–90 s) and evaluate the hydrophilicity and morphology of 15 modified PEEK surfaces. We establish an optimal treatment using 30 s H2SO4 followed by 20 s rinsing, and then 20 s immersion in NaOH followed by 20 s rinsing. This 30 s ambient-temperature sulfonation is found to be more effective than conventional plasma treatments and reduced PEEK water contact angle from 78° to 37°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London , Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - C J Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London , Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London , Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE , UK
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London , Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE , UK
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Molecular interactions and forces of adhesion between single human neural stem cells and gelatin methacrylate hydrogels of varying stiffness. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:156-169. [PMID: 32084598 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Single Cell Force Spectroscopy was applied to measure the single cell de-adhesion between human neural stem cells (hNSC) and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel with varying modulus in the range equivalent to brain tissue. The cell de-adhesion force and energy were predominately generated via unbinding of complexes formed between RGD groups of the GelMA and cell surface integrin receptors and the de-adhesion force/energy were found to increase with decreasing modulus of the GelMA hydrogel. For the softer GelMA hydrogels (160 Pa and 450 Pa) it was proposed that a lower degree of cross-linking enables a greater number of polymer chains to bind and freely extend to increase the force and energy of the hNSC-GelMA de-adhesion. In this case, the multiple polymer chains are believed to act together in parallel like 'molecular tensors' to generate tensile forces on the bound receptors until the cell detaches. Counterintuitively for softer substrates, this type of interaction gave rise to higher force loading rates, including the appearance of high and low dynamic force regimes in de-adhesion rupture force versus loading rate analysis. For the stiffer GelMA hydrogel (900 Pa) it was observed that the extension and elastic restoring forces of the polymer chains contributed less to the cell de-adhesion. Due to the apparent lower extent of freely interacting chains on the stiffer GelMA hydrogel the intrinsic RGD groups are presumed to be "more fixed" to the substrate. Hence, the cell de-adhesion is suggested to be mainly governed by the discrete unbinding of integrin-RGD complexes as opposed to elastic restoring forces of polymer chains, leading to smaller piconewton rupture forces and only a single lower dynamic force regime. Intriguingly, when integrin antibodies were introduced for binding integrin α5β1, β1- and αv-subunits it was revealed that the cell modifies the de-adhesion force depending on the substrate stiffness. The antibody binding supressed the de-adhesion on the softer GelMA hydrogel while on the stiffer GelMA hydrogel caused an opposing reinforcement in the de-adhesion. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Conceptual models on cell mechanosensing have provided molecular-level insight to rationalize the effects of substrate stiffness. However most experimental studies evaluate the cell adhesion by analysing the bulk material properties. As such there is a discrepancy in the scale between the bulk properties versus the nano- and micro-scale cell interactions. Furthermore there is a paucity of experimental studies on directly measuring the molecular-level forces of cell-material interactions. Here we apply Single Cell Force Spectroscopy to directly measure the adhesion forces between human neural stem cells and gelatin-methacrylate hydrogel. We elucidate the mechanisms by which single cells bind and physically interact with hydrogels of varying stiffness. The study highlights the use of single cell analysis tools to probe molecular-level interactions at the cell-material interface which is of importance in designing material cues for regulating cell function.
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Ribeiro S, Puckert C, Ribeiro C, Gomes AC, Higgins MJ, Lanceros-Méndez S. Surface Charge-Mediated Cell-Surface Interaction on Piezoelectric Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:191-199. [PMID: 31825193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-material interactions play an essential role in the development of scaffold-based tissue engineering strategies. Cell therapies are still limited in treating injuries when severe damage causes irreversible loss of muscle cells. Electroactive biomaterials and, in particular, piezoelectric materials offer new opportunities for skeletal muscle tissue engineering since these materials have demonstrated suitable electroactive microenvironments for tissue development. In this study, the influence of the surface charge of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) on cell adhesion was investigated. The cytoskeletal organization of C2C12 myoblast cells grown on different PVDF samples was studied by immunofluorescence staining, and the interactions between single live cells and PVDF were analyzed using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique termed single-cell force spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that C2C12 myoblast cells seeded on samples with net surface charge present a more elongated morphology, this effect being dependent on the surface charge but independent of the poling direction (negative or positive surface charge). It was further shown that the cell deadhesion forces of individual C2C12 cells were higher on PVDF samples with an overall negative surface charge (8.92 ± 0.45 nN) compared to those on nonpoled substrates (zero overall surface charge) (4.06 ± 0.20 nN). These findings explicitly demonstrate that the polarization/surface charge is an important parameter to determine cell fate as it affects C2C12 cell adhesion, which in turn will influence cell behavior, namely, cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ribeiro
- Centro/Departamento de Física , Universidade do Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
| | - Christina Puckert
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Squires Way , Wollongong , NSW 2500 , Australia
| | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Centro/Departamento de Física , Universidade do Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
| | | | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Squires Way , Wollongong , NSW 2500 , Australia
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures , UPV/EHU Science Park , 48940 Leioa , Spain
- IKERBASQUE , Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
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8
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Wu JG, Chen JH, Liu KT, Luo SC. Engineering Antifouling Conducting Polymers for Modern Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21294-21307. [PMID: 31120722 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers are considered to be favorable electrode materials for implanted biosensors and bioelectronics, because their mechanical properties are similar to those of biological tissues such as nerve and brain tissues. However, one of the primary challenges for implanted devices is to prevent the unwanted protein adhesion or cell binding within biological fluids. The nonspecific adsorption generally causes the malfunction of implanted devices, which is problematic for long-term applications. When responding to the requirements of solving the problems caused by nonspecific adsorption, an increasing number of studies on antifouling conducting polymers has been recently published. In this review, synthetic strategies for preparing antifouling conducting polymers, including direct synthesis of functional monomers and post-functionalization, are introduced. The applications of antifouling conducting polymers in modern biomedical applications are particularly highlighted. This paper presents focuses on the features of antifouling conducting polymers and the challenges of modern biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Guang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Jie-Hao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Chyang Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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9
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Sadegh H, Sahay R, Soni S. Protein–polymer interaction: Transfer loading at interfacial region of PES‐based membrane and BSA. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Sadegh
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Institute of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environmental EngineeringWest Pomeranian University of Technology ul. Pułaskiego 10, Szczecin 70‐322 Poland
| | - Rahul Sahay
- Singapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State University Fullerton California 9283
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10
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Effect of monophasic pulsed stimulation on live single cell de-adhesion on conducting polymers with adsorbed fibronectin as revealed by single cell force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2019; 14:021003. [PMID: 30925841 DOI: 10.1116/1.5082204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The force required to detach a single fibroblast cell in contact with the conducting polymer, polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzene, was quantified using the Atomic Force Microscope-based technique, Single Cell Force Spectroscopy. The de-adhesion force for a single cell was 0.64 ± 0.03 nN and predominately due to unbinding of α5β1 integrin complexes with surface adsorbed fibronectin, as confirmed by blocking experiments using antibodies. Monophasic pulsed stimulation (50 μs pulse duration) superimposed on either an applied oxidation (+500) or reduction (-500 mV) constant voltage caused a significant decrease in the de-adhesion force by 30%-45% to values ranging from 0.34 to 0.43 nN (±0.02 nN). The electrical stimulation caused a reduction in the molecular-level jump and plateau interactions, while an opposing increase in nonspecific interactions was observed during the cell de-adhesion process. Due to the monophasic pulsed stimulation, there is an apparent change or weakening of the cell membrane properties, which is suggested to play a role in reducing the cell de-adhesion. Based on this study, pulsed stimulation with optimized threshold parameters represents a possible approach to tune cell interactions and adhesion on conducting polymers.
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Richardson SA, Rawlings TM, Muter J, Walker M, Brosens JJ, Cameron NR, Eissa AM. Covalent Attachment of Fibronectin onto Emulsion-Templated Porous Polymer Scaffolds Enhances Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Adhesion, Infiltration, and Function. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800351. [PMID: 30548765 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the surface functionalization of emulsion-templated highly porous (polyHIPE) materials as well as its application to in vitro 3D cell culture is presented. A heterobifunctional linker that consists of an amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and a photoactivatable nitrophenyl azide, N-sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate (sulfo-SANPAH), is utilized to functionalize polyHIPE surfaces. The ability to conjugate a range of compounds (6-aminofluorescein, heptafluorobutylamine, poly(ethylene glycol) bis-amine, and fibronectin) to the polyHIPE surface is demonstrated using fluorescence imaging, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Compared to other existing surface functionalization methods for polyHIPE materials, this approach is facile, efficient, versatile, and benign. It can also be used to attach biomolecules to polyHIPE surfaces including cell adhesion-promoting extracellular matrix proteins. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that the fibronectin-conjugated polyHIPE scaffolds improve the adhesion and function of primary human endometrial stromal cells. It is believed that this approach can be employed to produce the next generation of polyHIPE scaffolds with tailored surface functionality, enhancing their application in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering whilst broadening the scope of applications to a wider range of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richardson
- S. A. Richardson, Dr. A. M. Eissa, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Thomas M Rawlings
- T. M. Rawlings, Dr. J. Muter, Prof. J. J. Brosens, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Reproductive Health Unit, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Joanne Muter
- T. M. Rawlings, Dr. J. Muter, Prof. J. J. Brosens, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Reproductive Health Unit, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Marc Walker
- Dr. M. Walker, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jan J Brosens
- T. M. Rawlings, Dr. J. Muter, Prof. J. J. Brosens, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Reproductive Health Unit, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Neil R Cameron
- Prof. N. R. Cameron, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Dr. A. M. Eissa, Prof. N. R. Cameron, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ahmed M Eissa
- S. A. Richardson, Dr. A. M. Eissa, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Dr. A. M. Eissa, Prof. N. R. Cameron, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Dr. A. M. Eissa, Department of Polymers, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St. 33, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Seenivasan R, Warrick JW, Rodriguez CI, Mattison W, Beebe DJ, Setaluri V, Gunasekaran S. Integrating Electrochemical Immunosensing and Cell Adhesion Technologies for Cancer Cell Detection and Enumeration. Electrochim Acta 2018; 286:205-211. [PMID: 31130739 PMCID: PMC6530932 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully integrated techniques for controlling cell adhesion and performing electrochemical differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) through the use of digitally controlled microfluidics and patterned transparent indium tin oxide electrode arrays to enable rapid and sensitive enumeration of cancer cells in a scalable microscale format. This integrated approach leverages a dual-working electrode (WE) surface to improve the specificity of the detection system. Here, one of the WE surfaces is functionalized with anti-Melanocortin 1 Receptor antibodies specific to melanoma cancer cells, while the other WE acts as a control (i.e., without antibody), for detecting non-specific interactions between cells and the electrode. The method is described and shown to provide effective detection of melanoma cells at concentrations ranging between 25 to 300 cells per 20 μL sample volume after a 5 min incubation and 15 s of DPV measurements. The estimated limit of detection was ~17 cells. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were quantified using addition of large fractions of non-target cells and resulted in a detection reproducibility of ~97%. The proposed approach demonstrates a unique integration of electrochemical sensing and microfluidic cell adhesion technologies with multiple advantages such as label-free detection, short detection times, and low sample volumes. Next steps for this platform include testing with patient samples and use of other cell-surface biomarkers for detection and enumeration of circulating tumor cells in prostate, breast, and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Seenivasan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jay W. Warrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Carlos I. Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, UW School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - William Mattison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, UW School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sundaram Gunasekaran
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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Effect of electrochemical oxidation and reduction on cell de-adhesion at the conducting polymer–live cell interface as revealed by single cell force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2018; 13:041004. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5022713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Hao Y, Li Y, Zhang F, Cui H, Hu J, Meng J, Wang S. Electrochemical Responsive Superhydrophilic Surfaces of Polythiophene Derivatives towards Cell Capture and Release. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2046-2051. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Haijun Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun East Road 29 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun East Road 29 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun East Road 29 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
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15
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Lozano R, Gilmore KJ, Thompson BC, Stewart EM, Waters AM, Romero-Ortega M, Wallace GG. Electrical stimulation enhances the acetylcholine receptors available for neuromuscular junction formation. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:328-339. [PMID: 27554016 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) are specialized synapses that link motor neurons with muscle fibers. These sites are fundamental to human muscle activity, controlling swallowing and breathing amongst many other vital functions. Study of this synapse formation is an essential area in neuroscience; the understanding of how neurons interact and control their targets during development and regeneration are fundamental questions. Existing data reveals that during initial stages of development neurons target and form synapses driven by biophysical and biochemical cues, and during later stages they require electrical activity to develop their functional interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous electrical stimulation (ES) electrodes directly in contact with cells, on the number and size of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters available for NMJ formation. We used a novel in vitro model that utilizes a flexible electrical stimulation system and allows the systematic testing of several stimulation parameters simultaneously as well as the use of alternative electrode materials such as conductive polymers to deliver the stimulation. Functionality of NMJs under our co-culture conditions was demonstrated by monitoring changes in the responses of primary myoblasts to chemical stimulants that specifically target neuronal signaling. Our results suggest that biphasic electrical stimulation at 250Hz, 100μs pulse width and current density of 1mA/cm2 for 8h, applied via either gold-coated mylar or the conductive polymer PPy, significantly increased the number and size of AChRs clusters available for NMJ formation. This study supports the beneficial use of direct electrical stimulation as a strategic therapy for neuromuscular disorders. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The beneficial effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on human cells in vitro and in vivo have long been known. Although the effects of stimulation are clear and the therapeutic benefits are known, no uniform parameters exist with regard to the duration, frequency and amplitude of the ES. To this end, we are answering several important questions on the parameters for ES of nerve and muscle monocultures and co-cultures by probing the effects on the enhancement of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) clustering available for neuromuscular junction formation using a conductive platform. This work opens the possibility to combine electrical stimulus delivered via conductive polymer substrates, from which biomolecules could also be delivered, providing opportunities to further enhance the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lozano
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kerry J Gilmore
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Brianna C Thompson
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Elise M Stewart
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Aaron M Waters
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mario Romero-Ortega
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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16
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Knittel P, Zhang H, Kranz C, Wallace GG, Higgins MJ. Probing the PEDOT:PSS/cell interface with conductive colloidal probe AFM-SECM. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4475-4481. [PMID: 26853382 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07155k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Conductive colloidal probe Atomic Force-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (AFM-SECM) is a new approach, which employs electrically insulated AFM probes except for a gold-coated colloid located at the end of the cantilever. Hence, force measurements can be performed while biasing the conductive colloid under physiological conditions. Moreover, such colloids can be modified by electrochemical polymerization resulting, e.g. in conductive polymer-coated spheres, which in addition may be loaded with specific dopants. In contrast to other AFM-based single cell force spectroscopy measurements, these probes allow adhesion measurements at the cell-biomaterial interface on multiple cells in a rapid manner while the properties of the polymer can be changed by applying a bias. In addition, spatially resolved electrochemical information e.g., oxygen reduction can be obtained simultaneously. Conductive colloid AFM-SECM probes modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate ( PEDOT PSS) are used for single cell force measurements in mouse fibroblasts and single cell interactions are investigated as a function of the applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Knittel
- University of Ulm, Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - H Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
| | - C Kranz
- University of Ulm, Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - G G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
| | - M J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
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17
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Strakosas X, Wei B, Martin DC, Owens RM. Biofunctionalization of polydioxythiophene derivatives for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4952-4968. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00852f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that development of biomedical devices relies on engineering of the interface between the device and the biological component. Improved performance for these sensors and devices can be achieved through biofunctionalization. In this review we focus on highlighting the biofunctionalization of polydioxythiophene sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Wei
- Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- US
| | - David C. Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- US
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