1
|
Li M, Zuo WW, Ricciardulli AG, Yang YG, Liu YH, Wang Q, Wang KL, Li GX, Saliba M, Di Girolamo D, Abate A, Wang ZK. Embedded Nickel-Mesh Transparent Electrodes for Highly Efficient and Mechanically Stable Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics: Toward a Portable Mobile Energy Source. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003422. [PMID: 33480464 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of Internet of Things mobile terminals has accelerated the market's demand for portable mobile power supplies and flexible wearable devices. Here, an embedded metal-mesh transparent conductive electrode (TCE) is prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using a novel selective electrodeposition process combined with inverted film-processing methods. This embedded nickel (Ni)-mesh flexible TCE shows excellent photoelectric performance (sheet resistance of ≈0.2-0.5 Ω sq-1 at high transmittance of ≈85-87%) and mechanical durability. The PET/Ni-mesh/polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS PH1000) hybrid electrode is used as a transparent electrode for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which exhibit excellent electric properties and remarkable environmental and mechanical stability. A power conversion efficiency of 17.3% is obtained, which is the highest efficiency for a PSC based on flexible transparent metal electrodes to date. For perovskite crystals that require harsh growth conditions, their mechanical stability and environmental stability on flexible transparent embedded metal substrates are studied and improved. The resulting flexible device retains 76% of the original efficiency after 2000 bending cycles. The results of this work provide a step improvement in flexible PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zuo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Antonio Gaetano Ricciardulli
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Ying-Guo Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201204, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Kai-Li Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Michael Saliba
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group, lEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, Fuorigrotta, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, Fuorigrotta, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ullah H, Batisse N, Guerin K, Rogez G, Bonnet P. Synthesis of NiF 2 and NiF 2·4H 2O Nanoparticles by Microemulsion and Their Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8461-8475. [PMID: 32597188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Superstructures or self-assembled nanoparticles open the development of new materials with improved and/or novel properties. Here, we present nickel fluoride (NiF2) self-assemblies by successive preparatory methods. Originally, the self-assemblies were obtained by exploiting the water-in-oil microemulsion technique as a result of auto-organization of hydrated NiF2 (NiF2·4H2O) nanoparticles. The nanostructuration of NiF2·4H2O nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data. The size and shape of NiF2·4H2O nanoparticles and their subsequent self-assemblies varied slightly as a function of water-to-surfactant and water-to-oil ratios. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM characterizations revealed that the nanoparticles are organized into a succession of self-assemblies: from individual nanoparticles assembled into layers to truncated bipyramids, which further auto-organized themselves into almond-shaped superstructures. Anhydrous NiF2 was achieved by heating NiF2·4H2O self-assemblies under the dynamic flow of molecular fluorine (F2) at a moderate temperature (350 °C). Preservation of self-assemblies during the transformation from NiF2·4H2O to NiF2 is successfully achieved. The obtained materials have a specific surface area (SSA) of about 30 m2/g, more than 60% of that of bulk NiF2. The lithium-ion (Li+) storage capacities and the mechanism of the nanostructured samples were tested and compared with the bulk material by galvanostatic cycling and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The nanostructured samples show higher capacities (∼650 mAh/g) than the theoretical (554 mAh/g) first discharge capacity due to the concomitant redox conversion mechanism of NiF2 and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. The nanostructuration by self-assembly appears to positively influence the lithium diffusion in comparison to the bulk material. Finally, the magnetic properties of nanostructured NiF2·xH2O (x = 0 or 4) have been measured and appear to be very similar to those of the corresponding bulk materials, without any visible size reduction effect. The hydrated samples NiF2·4H2O show an antiferromagnetic ordering at TN = 3.8 K, whereas the dehydrated ones (NiF2) present a canted antiferromagnetic ordering at TN = 74 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Ullah
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6296, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Nicolas Batisse
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6296, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Katia Guerin
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6296, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Rogez
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6296, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jajcevic K, Sugihara K. Lipid Nanotubes as an Organic Template for an Electrically Conductive Gold Nanostructure Network. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5761-5769. [PMID: 32479085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach to fabricate a gold nanowire network that presents a macroscopic electrical conductivity based on a lipid nanotube (LNT) template with attached gold nanoparticles. The poor electrical conductivity that we have previously faced was overcome by centrifugation and resuspension of gold nanoparticle solution for removing stabilizing agents, which increased the density of gold nanoparticles on the LNTs. An additional electroless metal plating further enhanced their contacts at nanoscale. Thanks to these procedures, the sheet resistance was improved by 11 orders of magnitude. As a proof of principle, transparent conductive films were fabricated with these gold nanowires, which exhibited sheet resistance of maximum 70 Ω/□ and transmittance of 50-75% in visible light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jajcevic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Sugihara
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valasma R, Bozo E, Pitkänen O, Järvinen T, Dombovari A, Mohl M, Lorite GS, Kiss J, Konya Z, Kordas K. Grid-type transparent conductive thin films of carbon nanotubes as capacitive touch sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:305303. [PMID: 32235061 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
5
|
Li L, Fan Q, Xue H, Zhang S, Wu S, He Z, Wang J. Recrystallized ice-templated electroless plating for fabricating flexible transparent copper meshes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9894-9901. [PMID: 35498573 PMCID: PMC9052333 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductors as a replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) have been urgently pursued due to the inherent drawbacks of ITO films. Here, we report the fabrication of flexible transparent copper meshes with recrystallized ice-crystal templates. Completely different to conventional approaches, this novel method needs neither the fabrication of mesh patterns via micro/nanofabrication technologies nor the deposition of copper through evaporation or sputtering. The linewidth and mesh size of the prepared copper meshes can be regulated, as the ice recrystallization process is controllable. Therefore, the formed copper meshes have tailorable conductivity and transparency, which are critical for optoelectronic devices. Remarkably, the electrical performance of the copper meshes is maintained even after storing for 60 days in ambient conditions or bending for 1000 cycles. This strategy is modular and can also be employed to prepare other metal meshes, such as silver meshes, offering versatile substitutes for ITO in electronic devices. Herein, we report the fabrication of flexible copper meshes using recrystallized ice-crystal templates. The linewidth and mean size of the copper meshes can be tuned by adjusting the ice grains.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qingrui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Han Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Amorphous In−Zn−O thin films were deposited with various hydrogen flow rates using a magnetron sputtering system. With the addition of hydrogen, the mechanical stability of the films was dramatically improved without any degradation of electrical properties and optical transmittance. The average change in the resistance of the sample deposited at a hydrogen flow rate of 0.4% was approximately six times lower than that in the sample deposited without hydrogen. Both, the compressive residual stress and absorption coefficient of the sample, decreased with hydrogen flow, indicating similar trends with the average change in the resistance. The absorption coefficient near 3.1 eV indicated that subgap state defects also decreased with increasing hydrogen flow rates. It was confirmed that the improvement in mechanical stability was derived from the suppression of subgap defects due to the hydrogen impurity. Thus, we demonstrated that hydrogen is a promising candidate for stabilizing the mechanical properties of oxide thin films.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu W, Zhong L, Xu F, Song W, Wang J, Zhu J, Chou S. Ultraflexible Transparent Bio-Based Polymer Conductive Films Based on Ag Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805094. [PMID: 31012239 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The unstable mechanical properties of flexible transparent conductive films (TCFs) make it difficult for them to meet the requirements for displays or wearable devices. Here, the relationship between the mechanism behind the bending behavior and the electrical properties, which is important for improving the mechanical stability of flexible TCFs, is explored. Flexible TCFs are reported based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) and bio-based poly(ethylene-co-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)s (PECFs), with a low sheet resistance (23.8 Ω sq-1 at 84.6% transmittance) and superior mechanical properties. The electrical properties of the AgNW/PECFs composite film show almost no change after bending for 2000 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Lu Zhong
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Weijie Song
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Jinggang Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - ShuLei Chou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu BT, Li CD. Highly conductive and fine lines of silver nanowires fabricated by evaporative self-assembly. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Shen S, Chen SY, Zhang DY, Liu YH. High-performance composite Ag-Ni mesh based flexible transparent conductive film as multifunctional devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27545-27554. [PMID: 30469819 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional fabrication methods for realization of metal mesh (MM) based transparent conductive film (TCF) are not economic and environmentally friendly. By combination of the scrape and selective electroplating techniques, a vacuum sputtering/evaporation-free process is explored for fabrication of high-performance MM based TCF. The fabricated TCF exhibits ultra-low sheet electrical resistance (Rs = 0.07 Ω sq-1) at average transmittance of 83% in visible region. The sample cannot only exhibit high heating temperatures (140 °C) at low input voltage (1.5 V) with fast and stable thermal response but provide high electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) more than 43 dB in X-band. The processing chain provides a robust, powerful and scalable platform, which may open up a new avenue for realizing multifunctional TCF in diverse applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang L, Zhang X, Ding Y, Liu H, Liu M, Jiang L. Ionogel/Copper Grid Composites for High-Performance, Ultra-Stable Flexible Transparent Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29010-29018. [PMID: 30080390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of high-performance and stable low-cost copper (Cu)-based flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) is urgently needed for the development of new-generation flexible optoelectronic devices, but it still remains challenging. Herein, we developed a facile approach to fabricate high-performance, ultra-stable Cu grid (CuG)-based FTEs by UV lithography-assisted electroless deposition of patterned Cu on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is then encapsulated by a thin poly(1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) (P[VEIM][NTf2]) ionogel layer to improve the mechanical flexibility and stability. The as-prepared composite FTE (ionogel/CuG@PET) exhibits a sheet resistance of 10.9 Ω sq-1 and optical transmittance of 90% at 550 nm. Introduction of the thin uniform P[VEIM][NTf2] ionogel nanofilm by virtue of the superwettability of the Cu layer endows the electrode with excellent mechanical flexibility and stability. This new high-performance Cu-based FTE should be an attractive alternative to indium tin oxide for practical optoelectrical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Xiqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic Solid, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu H, Ren X, Ouyang D, Choy WCH. Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703140. [PMID: 29356408 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging novel metal electrodes not only serve as the collector of free charge carriers, but also function as light trapping designs in photovoltaics. As a potential alternative to commercial indium tin oxide, transparent electrodes composed of metal nanowire, metal mesh, and ultrathin metal film are intensively investigated and developed for achieving high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, light trapping designs via patterning of the back thick metal electrode into different nanostructures, which can deliver a considerable efficiency improvement of photovoltaic devices, contribute by the plasmon-enhanced light-mattering interactions. Therefore, here the recent works of metal-based transparent electrodes and patterned back electrodes in photovoltaics are reviewed, which may push the future development of this exciting field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Ren
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dan Ouyang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pyrlin SV, Hine NDM, Kleij AW, Ramos MMD. Self-assembly of bis-salphen compounds: from semiflexible chains to webs of nanorings. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1181-1194. [PMID: 29349462 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The recently-observed self-assembly of certain salphen-based compounds into neuron-like networks of microrings interconnected with nano-thin strings may suggest a new highly-potent tool for nanoscale patterning. However, the mechanism behind such phenomena needs to be clarified before they can be applied in materials design. Here we show that, in contrast with what was initially presumed, the emergence of a "rings-and-rods" pattern is unlikely to be explained by merging, collapse and piercing of vesicles as in previously reported cases of nanorings self-assembly via non-bonding interactions. We propose an alternative explanation: the compounds under study form a 1D coordination polymer, the fibres of which are elastic enough to fold into toroidal globules upon solvent evaporation, while being able to link separate chains into extended networks. This becomes possible because the structure of the compound's scaffold is found to adopt a very different conformation from that inferred in the original work. Based on ab initio and molecular dynamics calculations we propose a step-by-step description of self-assembly process of a supramolecular structure which explains all the observed phenomena in a simple and clear way. The individual roles of the compound' s scaffold structure, coordination centres, functional groups and solvent effects are also explained, opening a route to control the morphology of self-assembled networks and to synthesize new compounds exhibiting similar behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Pyrlin
- Department of Physics and Center of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang D, Zhang Y, Lu X, Ma Z, Xie C, Zheng Z. Chemical formation of soft metal electrodes for flexible and wearable electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4611-4641. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient chemical approaches to fabricating soft metal electrodes aiming at wearable electronics are summarized and reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Xi Lu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo M, Liu Y, Huang W, Qiao W, Zhou Y, Ye Y, Chen LS. Towards Flexible Transparent Electrodes Based on Carbon and Metallic Materials. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190372 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with high stability and scalability are in high demand for the extremely widespread applications in flexible optoelectronic devices. Traditionally, thin films of indium thin oxide (ITO) served the role of FTEs, but film brittleness and scarcity of materials limit its further application. This review provides a summary of recent advances in emerging transparent electrodes and related flexible devices (e.g., touch panels, organic light-emitting diodes, sensors, supercapacitors, and solar cells). Mainly focusing on the FTEs based on carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene) and metal materials (e.g., metal grid and metal nanowires), we discuss the fabrication techniques, the performance improvement, and the representative applications of these highly transparent and flexible electrodes. Finally, the challenges and prospects of flexible transparent electrodes will be summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Luo
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (L.-S.C.); Tel.: +86-512-6787-3745 (Y.L.); +86-512-6286-8882 (L.-S.C.)
| | - Wenbin Huang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wen Qiao
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yan Ye
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lin-Sen Chen
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (M.L.); (W.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (L.-S.C.); Tel.: +86-512-6787-3745 (Y.L.); +86-512-6286-8882 (L.-S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jin WY, Ginting RT, Ko KJ, Kang JW. Ultra-Smooth, Fully Solution-Processed Large-Area Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Organic Devices. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36475. [PMID: 27808221 PMCID: PMC5093558 DOI: 10.1038/srep36475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel approach for the fabrication of ultra-smooth and highly bendable substrates consisting of metal grid-conducting polymers that are fully embedded into transparent substrates (ME-TCEs) was successfully demonstrated. The fully printed ME-TCEs exhibited ultra-smooth surfaces (surface roughness ~1.0 nm), were highly transparent (~90% transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm), highly conductive (sheet resistance ~4 Ω ◻-1), and relatively stable under ambient air (retaining ~96% initial resistance up to 30 days). The ME-TCE substrates were used to fabricate flexible organic solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes exhibiting devices efficiencies comparable to devices fabricated on ITO/glass substrates. Additionally, the flexibility of the organic devices did not degrade their performance even after being bent to a bending radius of ~1 mm. Our findings suggest that ME-TCEs are a promising alternative to indium tin oxide and show potential for application toward large-area optoelectronic devices via fully printing processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Yong Jin
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Riski Titian Ginting
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Jin Ko
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Kang
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in thin-film-transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensors, photorefractive devices, and many others. The technological promises include low cost of these materials and the possibility of their room-temperature deposition from solution on large-area and/or flexible substrates. The article reviews the current understanding of the physical mechanisms that determine the (opto)electronic properties of high-performance organic materials. The focus of the review is on photoinduced processes and on electronic properties important for optoelectronic applications relying on charge carrier photogeneration. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of various experimental techniques for characterization of these materials, summarizes top-of-the-line device performance, and outlines recent trends in the further development of the field. The properties of materials based both on small molecules and on conjugated polymers are considered, and their applications in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and photorefractive devices are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim DJ, Shin HI, Ko EH, Kim KH, Kim TW, Kim HK. Roll-to-roll slot-die coating of 400 mm wide, flexible, transparent Ag nanowire films for flexible touch screen panels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34322. [PMID: 27677410 PMCID: PMC5039627 DOI: 10.1038/srep34322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report fabrication of large area Ag nanowire (NW) film coated using a continuous roll-to-roll (RTR) slot die coater as a viable alternative to conventional ITO electrodes for cost-effective and large-area flexible touch screen panels (TSPs). By controlling the flow rate of shear-thinning Ag NW ink in the slot die, we fabricated Ag NW percolating network films with different sheet resistances (30–70 Ohm/square), optical transmittance values (89–90%), and haze (0.5–1%) percentages. Outer/inner bending, twisting, and rolling tests as well as dynamic fatigue tests demonstrated that the mechanical flexibility of the slot-die coated Ag NW films was superior to that of conventional ITO films. Using diamond-shape patterned Ag NW layer electrodes (50 Ohm/square, 90% optical transmittance), we fabricated 12-inch flexible film-film type and rigid glass-film-film type TSPs. Successful operation of flexible TSPs with Ag NW electrodes indicates that slot-die-coated large-area Ag NW films are promising low cost, high performance, and flexible transparent electrodes for cost-effective large-area flexible TSPs and can be substituted for ITO films, which have high sheet resistance and are brittle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Kim
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, 1 Seocheon, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.,Dynamic Korea Technology, R&D Center, 116-60, Sanho-daero, Gumi City, Gyeong-Buk, 39377, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-In Shin
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, 1 Seocheon, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Ko
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, 1 Seocheon, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Samsung Display, OLED R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woong Kim
- Samsung Display, OLED R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, 1 Seocheon, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The formulation of new composite materials compatible with additive fabrication techniques is driving a revolution in the field of applied materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Physical Sciences
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tai YL, Yang ZG. Flexible, Transparent, Thickness-Controllable SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Films Based on Coffee-Ring Lithography for Functional Noncontact Sensing Device. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13257-64. [PMID: 26551217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flexible transparent conductive films (FTCFs) as the essential components of the next generation of functional circuits and devices are presently attracting more attention. Here, a new strategy has been demonstrated to fabricate thickness-controllable FTCFs through coffee ring lithography (CRL) of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate ( PEDOT PSS) hybrid ink. The influence of ink concentration and volume on the thickness and size of hybrid film has been investigated systematically. Results show that the final FTCFs present a high performance, including a homogeneous thickness of 60-65 nm, a sheet resistance of 1.8 kohm/sq, a visible/infrared-range transmittance (79%, PET = 90%), and a dynamic mechanical property (>1000 cycle, much better than ITO film), respectively, when SWCNT concentration is 0.2 mg/mL, ink volume is 0.4 μL, drying at room temperature. Moreover, the benefits of these kinds of FTCFs have been verified through a full transparent, flexible noncontact sensing panel (3 × 4 sensing pixels) and a flexible battery-free wireless sensor based on a humidity sensing mechanism, showing excellent human/machine interaction with high sensitivity, good stability, and fast response/recovery ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Long Tai
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhen-Guo Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Silver nanowires decorated with silver nanoparticles for low-haze flexible transparent conductive films. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16371. [PMID: 26575970 PMCID: PMC4648094 DOI: 10.1038/srep16371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanowires have attracted much attention for use in flexible transparent conductive films (TCFs) due to their low sheet resistance and flexibility. However, the haze was too high for replacing indium-tin-oxide in high-quality display devices. Herein, we report flexible TCFs, which were prepared using a scalable bar-coating method, with a low sheet resistance (24.1 Ω/sq at 96.4% transmittance) and a haze (1.04%) that is comparable to that of indium-tin-oxide TCFs. To decrease the haze and maintain a low sheet resistance, small diameter silver nanowires (~20 nm) were functionalized with low-temperature surface-sintering silver nanoparticles (~5 nm) using bifunctional cysteamine. The silver nanowire-nanoparticle ink stability was excellent. The sheet resistance of the TCFs was decreased by 29.5% (from 34.2 to 24.1 Ω/sq) due to the functionalization at a low curing temperature of 85 °C. The TCFs were highly flexible and maintained their stability for more than 2 months and 10,000 bending cycles after coating with a protective layer.
Collapse
|