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Hossain MS, Yao A, Qiao X, Shi W, Xie T, Chen C, Zhang YQ. Gbb glutathionylation promotes its proteasome-mediated degradation to inhibit synapse growth. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202202068. [PMID: 37389657 PMCID: PMC10316630 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathionylation is a posttranslational modification involved in various molecular and cellular processes. However, it remains unknown whether and how glutathionylation regulates nervous system development. To identify critical regulators of synapse growth and development, we performed an RNAi screen and found that postsynaptic knockdown of glutathione transferase omega 1 (GstO1) caused significantly more synaptic boutons at the Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. Genetic and biochemical analysis revealed an increased level of glass boat bottom (Gbb), the Drosophila homolog of mammalian bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), in GstO1 mutants. Further experiments showed that GstO1 is a critical regulator of Gbb glutathionylation at cysteines 354 and 420, which promoted its degradation via the proteasome pathway. Moreover, the E3 ligase Ctrip negatively regulated the Gbb protein level by preferentially binding to glutathionylated Gbb. These results unveil a novel regulatory mechanism in which glutathionylation of Gbb facilitates its ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the crosstalk between glutathionylation and ubiquitination of Gbb in synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafayat Hossain
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Q. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Caserta S, Ghezzi P. Release of redox enzymes and micro-RNAs in extracellular vesicles, during infection and inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:248-257. [PMID: 33862160 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies reported that redox enzymes, particularly thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, can be released by cells and act as soluble mediators in immunity. Recently, it became clear that peroxiredoxins can be secreted via the exosome-release route, yet it remains unclear how this exactly happens and why. This review will first introduce briefly the possible redox states of protein cysteines and the role of redox enzymes in their regulation. We will then discuss the studies on the extracellular forms of some of these enzymes, their association with exosomes/extracellular vesicles and with exosome micro-RNAs (miRNAs)/mRNAs involved in oxidative processes, relevant in infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caserta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hardy Building, The University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN19RY, United Kingdom.
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3
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Held JM. Redox Systems Biology: Harnessing the Sentinels of the Cysteine Redoxome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:659-676. [PMID: 31368359 PMCID: PMC7047077 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cellular redox processes are highly interconnected, yet not in equilibrium, and governed by a wide range of biochemical parameters. Technological advances continue refining how specific redox processes are regulated, but broad understanding of the dynamic interconnectivity between cellular redox modules remains limited. Systems biology investigates multiple components in complex environments and can provide integrative insights into the multifaceted cellular redox state. This review describes the state of the art in redox systems biology as well as provides an updated perspective and practical guide for harnessing thousands of cysteine sensors in the redoxome for multiparameter characterization of cellular redox networks. Recent Advances: Redox systems biology has been applied to genome-scale models and large public datasets, challenged common conceptions, and provided new insights that complement reductionist approaches. Advances in public knowledge and user-friendly tools for proteome-wide annotation of cysteine sentinels can now leverage cysteine redox proteomics datasets to provide spatial, functional, and protein structural information. Critical Issues: Careful consideration of available analytical approaches is needed to broadly characterize the systems-level properties of redox signaling networks and be experimentally feasible. The cysteine redoxome is an informative focal point since it integrates many aspects of redox biology. The mechanisms and redox modules governing cysteine redox regulation, cysteine oxidation assays, proteome-wide annotation of the biophysical and biochemical properties of individual cysteines, and their clinical application are discussed. Future Directions: Investigating the cysteine redoxome at a systems level will uncover new insights into the mechanisms of selectivity and context dependence of redox signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Held
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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4
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Womersley JS, Townsend DM, Kalivas PW, Uys JD. Targeting redox regulation to treat substance use disorder using N‐acetylcysteine. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2538-2551. [PMID: 30144182 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by transitioning from acute drug reward to compulsive drug use. Despite the heavy personal and societal burden of SUDs, current treatments are limited and unsatisfactory. For this reason, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying addiction is required. Altered redox status, primarily due to drug-induced increases in dopamine metabolism, is a unifying feature of abused substances. In recent years, knowledge of the effects of oxidative stress in the nervous system has evolved from strictly neurotoxic to include a more nuanced role in redox-sensitive signaling. More specifically, S-glutathionylation, a redox-sensitive post-translational modification, has been suggested to influence the response to drugs of abuse. In this review we will examine the evidence for redox-mediating drugs as therapeutic tools focusing on N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for cocaine addiction. We will conclude by suggesting future research directions that may further advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 409 Drug Discovery Building, 70 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discover and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joachim D Uys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 409 Drug Discovery Building, 70 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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5
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Glutathionylation: a regulatory role of glutathione in physiological processes. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:1-24. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is an intracellular thiol molecule and a potent antioxidant that participates in the toxic metabolism phase II biotransformation of xenobiotics. It can bind to a variety of proteins in a process known as glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is now recognised as one of important posttranslational regulatory mechanisms in cell and tissue physiology. Direct and indirect regulatory roles in physiological processes include glutathionylation of major transcriptional factors, eicosanoids, cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO). This review looks into these regulatory mechanisms through examples of glutathione regulation in apoptosis, vascularisation, metabolic processes, mitochondrial integrity, immune system, and neural physiology. The focus is on the physiological roles of glutathione beyond biotransformational metabolism.
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6
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Zhang X, Liu P, Zhang C, Chiewchengchol D, Zhao F, Yu H, Li J, Kambara H, Luo KY, Venkataraman A, Zhou Z, Zhou W, Zhu H, Zhao L, Sakai J, Chen Y, Ho YS, Bajrami B, Xu B, Silberstein LE, Cheng T, Xu Y, Ke Y, Luo HR. Positive Regulation of Interleukin-1β Bioactivity by Physiological ROS-Mediated Cysteine S-Glutathionylation. Cell Rep 2018; 20:224-235. [PMID: 28683316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cysteine S-glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification (PTM) that controls a wide range of intracellular protein activities. However, whether physiological ROS can modulate the function of extracellular components via S-glutathionylation is unknown. Using a screening approach, we identified ROS-mediated cysteine S-glutathionylation on several extracellular cytokines. Glutathionylation of the highly conserved Cys-188 in IL-1β positively regulates its bioactivity by preventing its ROS-induced irreversible oxidation, including sulfinic acid and sulfonic acid formation. We show this mechanism protects IL-1β from deactivation by ROS in an in vivo system of irradiation-induced bone marrow (BM) injury. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme that catalyzes deglutathionylation, was present and active in the extracellular space in serum and the BM, physiologically regulating IL-1β glutathionylation and bioactivity. Collectively, we identify cysteine S-glutathionylation as a cytokine regulatory mechanism that could be a therapeutic target in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Christie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Hematopathology, Flow Cytometry, Hematology, and Blood Bank Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroto Kambara
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kate Y Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ziling Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiro Sakai
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye-Shih Ho
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Besnik Bajrami
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS015, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Leslie E Silberstein
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yuanfu Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Ghezzi P, Floridi L, Boraschi D, Cuadrado A, Manda G, Levic S, D'Acquisto F, Hamilton A, Athersuch TJ, Selley L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Environmental and Psychological Stressors: A Biomarker Perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:852-872. [PMID: 28494612 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The environment can elicit biological responses such as oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation as a consequence of chemical, physical, or psychological changes. As population studies are essential for establishing these environment-organism interactions, biomarkers of OS or inflammation are critical in formulating mechanistic hypotheses. Recent Advances: By using examples of stress induced by various mechanisms, we focus on the biomarkers that have been used to assess OS and inflammation in these conditions. We discuss the difference between biomarkers that are the result of a chemical reaction (such as lipid peroxides or oxidized proteins that are a result of the reaction of molecules with reactive oxygen species) and those that represent the biological response to stress, such as the transcription factor NRF2 or inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. CRITICAL ISSUES The high-throughput and holistic approaches to biomarker discovery used extensively in large-scale molecular epidemiological exposome are also discussed in the context of human exposure to environmental stressors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose to consider the role of biomarkers as signs and to distinguish between signs that are just indicators of biological processes and proxies that one can interact with and modify the disease process. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 852-872.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- 1 Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano Floridi
- 2 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Alan Turing Institute , London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Boraschi
- 4 Institute of Protein Biochemistry , National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC , Madrid, Spain .,6 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- 7 "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Snezana Levic
- 1 Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- 8 William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Hamilton
- 8 William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- 9 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Liza Selley
- 9 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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8
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Giustarini D, Colombo G, Garavaglia ML, Astori E, Portinaro NM, Reggiani F, Badalamenti S, Aloisi AM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Assessment of glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:360-375. [PMID: 28807817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol in humans and other mammals, which is present in millimolar concentrations within cells, but at much lower concentrations in the blood plasma. GSH and GSH-related enzymes act both to prevent oxidative damage and to detoxify electrophiles. Under oxidative stress, two GSH molecules become linked by a disulphide bridge to form glutathione disulphide (GSSG). Therefore, assessment of the GSH/GSSG ratio may provide an estimation of cellular redox metabolism. Current evidence resulting from studies in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells suggests that GSH also plays a prominent role in protein redox regulation via S -glutathionylation, i.e., the conjugation of GSH to reactive protein cysteine residues. A number of methodologies that enable quantitative analysis of GSH/GSSG ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), as well as identification and visualization of PSSG in tissue sections or cultured cells are currently available. Here, we have considered the main methodologies applied for GSH, GSSG and PSSG detection in biological samples. This review paper provides an up-to-date critical overview of the application of the most relevant analytical, morphological, and proteomics approaches to detect and analyse GSH, GSSG and PSSG in mammalian samples as well as discusses their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Redox Regulation of Inflammatory Processes Is Enzymatically Controlled. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8459402. [PMID: 29118897 PMCID: PMC5651112 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8459402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation depends on the enzymatically controlled production and decay of redox active molecules. NADPH oxidases, superoxide dismutases, nitric oxide synthases, and others produce the redox active molecules superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These react with target proteins inducing spatiotemporal modifications of cysteine residues within different signaling cascades. Thioredoxin family proteins are key regulators of the redox state of proteins. They regulate the formation and removal of oxidative modifications by specific thiol reduction and oxidation. All of these redox enzymes affect inflammatory processes and the innate and adaptive immune response. Interestingly, this regulation involves different mechanisms in different biological compartments and specialized cell types. The localization and activity of distinct proteins including, for instance, the transcription factor NFκB and the immune mediator HMGB1 are redox-regulated. The transmembrane protein ADAM17 releases proinflammatory mediators, such as TNFα, and is itself regulated by a thiol switch. Moreover, extracellular redox enzymes were shown to modulate the activity and migration behavior of various types of immune cells by acting as cytokines and/or chemokines. Within this review article, we will address the concept of redox signaling and the functions of both redox enzymes and redox active molecules in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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10
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Diotallevi M, Checconi P, Palamara AT, Celestino I, Coppo L, Holmgren A, Abbas K, Peyrot F, Mengozzi M, Ghezzi P. Glutathione Fine-Tunes the Innate Immune Response toward Antiviral Pathways in a Macrophage Cell Line Independently of Its Antioxidant Properties. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1239. [PMID: 29033950 PMCID: PMC5626850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a major cellular antioxidant, is considered an inhibitor of the inflammatory response involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, evidence is largely based on experiments with exogenously added antioxidants/reducing agents or pro-oxidants. We show that depleting macrophages of 99% of GSH does not exacerbate the inflammatory gene expression profile in the RAW264 macrophage cell line or increase expression of inflammatory cytokines in response to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS); only two small patterns of LPS-induced genes were sensitive to GSH depletion. One group, mapping to innate immunity and antiviral responses (Oas2, Oas3, Mx2, Irf7, Irf9, STAT1, il1b), required GSH for optimal induction. Consequently, GSH depletion prevented the LPS-induced activation of antiviral response and its inhibition of influenza virus infection. LPS induction of a second group of genes (Prdx1, Srxn1, Hmox1, GSH synthase, cysteine transporters), mapping to nrf2 and the oxidative stress response, was increased by GSH depletion. We conclude that the main function of endogenous GSH is not to limit inflammation but to fine-tune the innate immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Checconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS, San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Coppo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kahina Abbas
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS-Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS-Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,ESPE of Paris, Paris Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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11
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Eckstein M, Vaeth M, Fornai C, Vinu M, Bromage TG, Nurbaeva MK, Sorge JL, Coelho PG, Idaghdour Y, Feske S, Lacruz RS. Store-operated Ca 2+ entry controls ameloblast cell function and enamel development. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91166. [PMID: 28352661 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) impair the activation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), resulting in a disease syndrome called CRAC channelopathy that is characterized by severe dental enamel defects. The cause of these enamel defects has remained unclear given a lack of animal models. We generated Stim1/2K14cre mice to delete STIM1 and its homolog STIM2 in enamel cells. These mice showed impaired SOCE in enamel cells. Enamel in Stim1/2K14cre mice was hypomineralized with decreased Ca content, mechanically weak, and thinner. The morphology of SOCE-deficient ameloblasts was altered, showing loss of the typical ruffled border, resulting in mislocalized mitochondria. Global gene expression analysis of SOCE-deficient ameloblasts revealed strong dysregulation of several pathways. ER stress genes associated with the unfolded protein response were increased in Stim1/2-deficient cells, whereas the expression of components of the glutathione system were decreased. Consistent with increased oxidative stress, we found increased ROS production, decreased mitochondrial function, and abnormal mitochondrial morphology in ameloblasts of Stim1/2K14cre mice. Collectively, these data show that loss of SOCE in enamel cells has substantial detrimental effects on gene expression, cell function, and the mineralization of dental enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Eckstein
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cinzia Fornai
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manikandan Vinu
- Biology Program, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy G Bromage
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meerim K Nurbaeva
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica L Sorge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Youssef Idaghdour
- Biology Program, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Secreted proteins are important both as signaling molecules and potential biomarkers. Recent Advances: Protein can undergo different types of oxidation, both in physiological conditions or under oxidative stress. Several redox proteomics techniques have been successfully applied to the identification of glutathionylated proteins, an oxidative post-translational modification consisting in the formation of a mixed disulfide between a protein cysteine and glutathione. Redox proteomics has also been used to study other forms of protein oxidation. CRITICAL ISSUES Because of the highest proportion of free cysteines in the cytosol, redox proteomics of protein thiols has focused, so far, on intracellular proteins. However, plasma proteins, such as transthyretin and albumin, have been described as glutathionylated or cysteinylated. The present review discusses the redox state of protein cysteines in relation to their cellular distribution. We describe the various approaches used to detect secreted glutathionylated proteins, the only thiol modification studied so far in secreted proteins, and the specific problems presented in the study of the secretome. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review focusses on glutathionylated proteins secreted under inflammatory conditions and that may act as soluble mediators (cytokines). Future studies on the redox secretome (including other forms of oxidation) might identify new soluble mediators and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 299-312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- 1 Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Chan
- 2 PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen , Rouen, France
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13
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Short JD, Downs K, Tavakoli S, Asmis R. Protein Thiol Redox Signaling in Monocytes and Macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:816-835. [PMID: 27288099 PMCID: PMC5107717 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Monocyte and macrophage dysfunction plays a critical role in a wide range of inflammatory disease processes, including obesity, impaired wound healing diabetic complications, and atherosclerosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the earliest events in monocyte or macrophage dysregulation include elevated reactive oxygen species production, thiol modifications, and disruption of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current state of research in thiol redox signaling in monocytes and macrophages, including (i) the molecular mechanisms by which reversible protein-S-glutathionylation occurs, (ii) the identification of bona fide S-glutathionylated proteins that occur under physiological conditions, and (iii) how disruptions of thiol redox signaling affect monocyte and macrophage functions and contribute to atherosclerosis. Recent Advances: Recent advances in redox biochemistry and biology as well as redox proteomic techniques have led to the identification of many new thiol redox-regulated proteins and pathways. In addition, major advances have been made in expanding the list of S-glutathionylated proteins and assessing the role that protein-S-glutathionylation and S-glutathionylation-regulating enzymes play in monocyte and macrophage functions, including monocyte transmigration, macrophage polarization, foam cell formation, and macrophage cell death. CRITICAL ISSUES Protein-S-glutathionylation/deglutathionylation in monocytes and macrophages has emerged as a new and important signaling paradigm, which provides a molecular basis for the well-established relationship between metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of specific S-glutathionylated proteins as well as the mechanisms that control this post-translational protein modification in monocytes and macrophages will facilitate the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat atherosclerosis and other metabolic diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 816-835.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Short
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kevin Downs
- 2 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- 3 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Reto Asmis
- 4 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,5 Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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