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Conte C, Ingrassia A, Breve J, Bol JJ, Timmermans-Huisman E, van Dam AM, Beccari T, van de Berg WDJ. Toll-like Receptor 4 Is Upregulated in Parkinson's Disease Patients and Co-Localizes with pSer129αSyn: A Possible Link with the Pathology. Cells 2023; 12:1368. [PMID: 37408202 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a crucial role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Neuroinflammation is linked to the accumulation and aggregation of a-synuclein (αSyn), the primary pathological hallmark of PD. Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) can have implications in the development and progression of the pathology. In this study, we analyzed the expression of TLR4 in the substantia nigra (SN) and medial temporal gyrus (GTM) of well-characterized PD patients and age-matched controls. We also assessed the co-localization of TLR4 with pSer129 αSyn. Using qPCR, we observed an upregulation of TLR4 expression in the SN and GTM in PD patients compared to controls, which was accompanied by a reduction in αSyn expression likely due to the depletion of dopaminergic (DA) cells. Additionally, using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we observed TLR4-positive staining and co-localization with pSer129-αSyn in Lewy bodies of DA neurons in the SN, as well as in pyramidal neurons in the GTM of PD donors. Furthermore, we observed a co-localization of TLR4 and Iba-1 in glial cells of both SN and GTM. Our findings provide evidence for the increased expression of TLR4 in the PD brain and suggest that the interaction between TLR4 and pSer129-αSyn could play a role in mediating the neuroinflammatory response in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Ingrassia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Breve
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Timmermans-Huisman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim S, Sharma C, Jung UJ, Kim SR. Pathophysiological Role of Microglial Activation Induced by Blood-Borne Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051383. [PMID: 37239054 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts entry of neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and pathogens into the brain, leading to proper neuronal functioning. BBB impairment leads to blood-borne protein infiltration such as prothrombin, thrombin, prothrombin kringle-2, fibrinogen, fibrin, and other harmful substances. Thus, microglial activation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators commence, resulting in neuronal damage and leading to impaired cognition via neuroinflammatory responses, which are important features observed in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moreover, these blood-borne proteins cluster with the amyloid beta plaque in the brain, exacerbating microglial activation, neuroinflammation, tau phosphorylation, and oxidative stress. These mechanisms work in concert and reinforce each other, contributing to the typical pathological changes in AD in the brain. Therefore, the identification of blood-borne proteins and the mechanisms involved in microglial activation and neuroinflammatory damage can be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD prevention. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation caused by the influx of blood-borne proteins into the brain via BBB disruption. Subsequently, the mechanisms of drugs that inhibit blood-borne proteins, as a potential therapeutic approach for AD, along with the limitations and potential challenges of these approaches, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim S, Sharma C, Shin M, Kim HJ, Kim J, Kim SR. pKr-2 induces neurodegeneration via upregulation of microglial TLR4 in the hippocampus of AD brain. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100593. [PMID: 36798617 PMCID: PMC9926212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2) derived from blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption could induce hippocampal neurodegeneration and object recognition impairment through neurotoxic inflammatory responses in the five familial Alzheimer's disease mutation (5XFAD) mice. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether pKr-2 induces microglial activation by stimulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) upregulation and examine whether this response contributes to pKr-2-induced neuroinflammatory damage in the hippocampi of mice models. We observed that inflammatory responses induced by pKr-2 administration in the hippocampi of wild-type mice were significantly abrogated in TLR4-deficient mice (TLR4-/-), and caffeine supply or rivaroxaban treatment that inhibits the overexpression of hippocampal pKr-2 reduced TLR4 upregulation in 5XFAD mice, resulting in the inhibition of neuroinflammatory responses. Similar to the expression patterns of pKr-2, TLR4, and the TLR4 transcription factors, PU.1 and p-c-Jun, seen in the postmortem hippocampal tissues of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, our results additionally showed the influence of transcriptional regulation on TLR4 expression following pKr-2 expression in triggering the production of neurotoxic inflammatory mediators. Therefore, we conclude that pKr-2 may play a role in initiating upregulation of microglial TLR4, consequently inducing hippocampal neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the control of pKr-2-induced microglial TLR4 could be a useful therapeutic strategy against hippocampal neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Corresponding author. School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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5
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Qadirifard MS, Kosari M, Naghsh N, Asgari taei A, Klegeris A, Dehghani M, Bahrami A, Taheri H, Mohamadkhani A, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei Tavirani M, Sayehmiri F. Pre-clinical Studies Identifying Molecular Pathways of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:855776. [PMID: 35912090 PMCID: PMC9327618 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.855776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by neuroinflammation, formation of Lewy bodies, and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. In this review, we summarize evidence obtained by animal studies demonstrating neuroinflammation as one of the central pathogenetic mechanisms of PD. We also focus on the protein factors that initiate the development of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Our targeted literature search identified 40 pre-clinical in vivo and in vitro studies written in English. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway is demonstrated as a common mechanism engaged by neurotoxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), as well as the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The α-synuclein protein, which plays a prominent role in PD neuropathology, may also contribute to neuroinflammation by activating mast cells. Meanwhile, 6-OHDA models of PD identify microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) as one of the contributors to neuroinflammatory processes in this model. Immune responses are used by the central nervous system to fight and remove pathogens; however, hyperactivated and prolonged immune responses can lead to a harmful neuroinflammatory state, which is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Qadirifard
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Kosari
- The First Clinical College, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Department of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Dehghani
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bahrami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Taheri
- Dental School, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
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6
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Heidari A, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:135. [PMID: 35668422 PMCID: PMC9172200 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly affecting patients' life. Pathologically, PD is associated with the extensive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the substantia nigra. This neuronal loss is accompanied by the aggregation of misfolded protein, named α-synuclein. MAIN TEXT Recent studies detected several clues of neuroinflammation in PD samples using postmortem human PD brains and various PD animal models. Some evidence of neuroinflammation in PD patients included higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), presence of activated microglia in various brain regions such as substantia nigra, infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells in affected brain regions, and altered function of cellular immunity like monocytes phagocytosis defects. On the other side, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors primarily located on microglia, as well as other immune and non-immune cells, expressing pivotal roles in recognizing exogenous and endogenous stimuli and triggering inflammatory responses. Most studies indicated an increased expression of TLRs in the brain and peripheral blood cells of PD samples. Besides, this upregulation was associated with excessive neuroinflammation followed by neurodegeneration in affected regions. Therefore, evidence proposed that TLR-mediated neuroinflammation might lead to a dopaminergic neural loss in PD patients. In this regard, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 have the most prominent roles. CONCLUSION Although the presence of inflammation in acute phases of PD might have protective effects concerning the clearance of α-synuclein and delaying the disease advancement, the chronic activation of TLRs and neuroinflammation might lead to neurodegeneration, resulting in the disease progression. Therefore, this study aimed to review additional evidence of the contribution of TLRs and neuroinflammation to PD pathogenesis, with the hope that TLRs could serve as novel disease-modifying therapeutic targets in PD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Heidari
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Song WS, Sung CY, Ke CH, Yang FY. Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation on Parkinson's Disease. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:265-274. [PMID: 34740497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation tool for deep brain stimulation. Here, we investigated the impact of LIPUS, including neuroprotective effects, on the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) in an animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at two sites in the right striatum. LIPUS (1 MHz, 5% duty cycle, 1-Hz pulse repetition frequency, 15 min/d) stimulation was then applied to some of the rats (the 6-OHDA + LIPUS group) beginning 2 wk after the 6-OHDA administration, while the remaining rats (the 6-OHDA group) received no LIPUS stimulation. The 6-OHDA-induced inflammatory responses and expressions of neurotrophic factors were quantified with immunofluorescence activity. The safety of LIPUS was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining. LIPUS treatment significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-induced glial activation and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB p65 in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Further study revealed that LIPUS effectively preserved the levels of neurotrophic factors, dopamine transporter and tight junction proteins of the blood-brain barrier in the 6-OHDA + LIPUS group compared with the 6-OHDA group. These results indicate that LIPUS acts via multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in the PD rat model and suggest that LIPUS can be viewed as a potential treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shin Song
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Sung
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Ke
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Gao J, Zhang W, Chai X, Tan X, Yang Z. Asparagine endopeptidase deletion ameliorates cognitive impairments by inhibiting proinflammatory microglial activation in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:120-130. [PMID: 34838642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to motor dysfunction, cognitive impairments have been reported to occur in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we examined a PD mouse model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). This treatment led to the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in mice, a phenomenon that is consistent with previous studies. Besides, spatial memory and object recognition of MPTP-treated mice were impaired, as denoted by the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, respectively. Moreover, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation and depotentiation) and the levels of synaptic proteins in hippocampus were decreased after MPTP treatment. We also found that MPTP resulted in the microglial activation and an inflammatory response in the striatum and hippocampus. Mammalian asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a cysteine lysosomal protease, is involved in the cleavage and activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The deletion of AEP can inhibit TLR4 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and TLR4 is upregulated in PD, inducing microglial activation and inflammation. We found that AEP deletion provided greater resistance to the toxic effects of MPTP. AEP knockout ameliorated the cognition and the synaptic plasticity defects in the hippocampus. Furthermore, AEP deletion decreased the expression of TLR4 and reduced microglial activation and the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, we suggest that AEP plays a role in the inflammation induced by MPTP, and TLR4 might also involve in this process. AEP deletion could be a possible treatment strategy for the cognitive deficits of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xueqing Chai
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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9
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Dysregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in microglia: shaping chronic neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:276. [PMID: 34838047 PMCID: PMC8627624 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are integral mediators of innate immunity within the mammalian central nervous system. Typical microglial responses are transient, intending to restore homeostasis by orchestrating the removal of pathogens and debris and the regeneration of damaged neurons. However, prolonged and persistent microglial activation can drive chronic neuroinflammation and is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Recent evidence has revealed that abnormalities in microglial signaling pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) may contribute to altered microglial activity and exacerbated neuroimmune responses. In this scoping review, the known and suspected roles of PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia, both during health and pathological states, will be examined, and the key microglial receptors that induce PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia will be described. Since aberrant signaling is correlated with neurodegenerative disease onset, the relationship between maladapted PI3K-AKT signaling and the development of neurodegenerative disease will also be explored. Finally, studies in which microglial PI3K-AKT signaling has been modulated will be highlighted, as this may prove to be a promising therapeutic approach for the future treatment of a range of neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia.
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Kim S, Moon GJ, Kim HJ, Kim DG, Kim J, Nam Y, Sharma C, Leem E, Lee S, Kim KS, Ha CM, McLean C, Jin BK, Shin WH, Kim DW, Oh YS, Hong CW, Kim SR. Control of hippocampal prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2) expression reduces neurotoxic symptoms in five familial Alzheimer's disease mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:998-1016. [PMID: 34524687 PMCID: PMC9298060 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose There is a scarcity of information regarding the role of prothrombin kringle‐2 (pKr‐2), which can be generated by active thrombin, in hippocampal neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Experimental Approach To assess the role of pKr‐2 in association with the neurotoxic symptoms of AD, we determined pKr‐2 protein levels in post‐mortem hippocampal tissues of patients with AD and the hippocampi of five familial AD (5XFAD) mice compared with those of age‐matched controls and wild‐type (WT) mice, respectively. In addition, we investigated whether the hippocampal neurodegeneration and object memory impairments shown in 5XFAD mice were mediated by changes to pKr‐2 up‐regulation. Key Results Our results demonstrated that pKr‐2 was up‐regulated in the hippocampi of patients with AD and 5XFAD mice, but was not associated with amyloid‐β aggregation in 5XFAD mice. The up‐regulation of pKr‐2 expression was inhibited by preservation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) via addition of caffeine to their water supply or by treatment with rivaroxaban, an inhibitor of factor Xa that is associated with thrombin production. Moreover, the prevention of up‐regulation of pKr‐2 expression reduced neurotoxic symptoms, such as hippocampal neurodegeneration and object recognition decline due to neurotoxic inflammatory responses in 5XFAD mice. Conclusion and Implications We identified a novel pathological mechanism of AD mediated by abnormal accumulation of pKr‐2, which functions as an important pathogenic factor in the adult brain via blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Thus, pKr‐2 represents a novel target for AD therapeutic strategies and those for related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Center for Cell Therapy, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunju Leem
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- Brain Research Core Facilities, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Catriona McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank Network, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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11
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Conte C. Possible Link between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7135. [PMID: 34281186 PMCID: PMC8269350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain, depletion of dopamine (DA), and impaired nigrostriatal pathway. The pathological hallmark of PD includes the aggregation and accumulation α-synuclein (α-SYN). Although the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD are still unknown, the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly TLR4 and subsequent neuroinflammatory immune response, seem to play a significant role. Mounting evidence suggests that viral infection can concur with the precipitation of PD or parkinsonism. The recently identified coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), responsible for 160 million cases that led to the death of more than three million individuals worldwide. Studies have reported that many patients with COVID-19 display several neurological manifestations, including acute cerebrovascular diseases, conscious disturbance, and typical motor and non-motor symptoms accompanying PD. In this review, the neurotropic potential of SARS-CoV-2 and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of PD are discussed. Specifically, the involvement of the TLR4 signaling pathway in mediating the virus entry, as well as the massive immune and inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients is explored. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein to TLR4 and the possible interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and α-SYN as contributing factors to neuronal death are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via Fabretti, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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12
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Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jeong JY, Wi R, Chung YC, Jin BK. Interleukin-13 Propagates Prothrombin Kringle-2-Induced Neurotoxicity in Hippocampi In Vivo via Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073486. [PMID: 33801783 PMCID: PMC8036367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated expression of endogenous interleukin-13 (IL-13) and its possible function in the hippocampus of prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2)-lesioned rats. Here we report that intrahippocampal injection of pKr-2 revealed a significant loss of NeuN-immunopositive (NeuN+) and Nissl+ cells in the hippocampus at 7 days after pKr-2. In parallel, pKr-2 increased IL-13 levels, which reached a peak at 3 days post pKr-2 and sustained up to 7 days post pKr-2. IL-13 immunoreactivity was seen exclusively in activated microglia/macrophages and neutrophils, but not in neurons or astrocytes. In experiments designed to explore the involvement of IL-13 in neurodegeneration, IL-13 neutralizing antibody (IL-13Nab) significantly increased survival of NeuN+ and Nissl+ cells. Accompanying neuroprotection, immunohistochemical analysis indicated that IL-13Nab inhibited pKr-2-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and myeloperoxidase within activated microglia/macrophages and neutrophils, possibly resulting in attenuation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative damage of DNA and protein. The current findings suggest that the endogenous IL-13 expressed in pKr-2 activated microglia/macrophages and neutrophils might be harmful to hippocampal neurons via oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Rayul Wi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Young Cheul Chung
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.C.C.); (B.K.J.)
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.C.C.); (B.K.J.)
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14
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Kouli A, Camacho M, Allinson K, Williams-Gray CH. Neuroinflammation and protein pathology in Parkinson's disease dementia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:211. [PMID: 33272323 PMCID: PMC7713145 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease dementia is neuropathologically characterized by aggregates of α-synuclein (Lewy bodies) in limbic and neocortical areas of the brain with additional involvement of Alzheimer’s disease-type pathology. Whilst immune activation is well-described in Parkinson’s disease (PD), how it links to protein aggregation and its role in PD dementia has not been explored. We hypothesized that neuroinflammatory processes are a critical contributor to the pathology of PDD. To address this hypothesis, we examined 7 brain regions at postmortem from 17 PD patients with no dementia (PDND), 11 patients with PD dementia (PDD), and 14 age and sex-matched neurologically healthy controls. Digital quantification after immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in the severity of α-synuclein pathology in the hippocampus, entorhinal and occipitotemporal cortex of PDD compared to PDND cases. In contrast, there was no difference in either tau or amyloid-β pathology between the groups in any of the examined regions. Importantly, we found an increase in activated microglia in the amygdala of demented PD brains compared to controls which correlated significantly with the extent of α-synuclein pathology in this region. Significant infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes into the brain parenchyma was commonly observed in PDND and PDD cases compared to controls, in both the substantia nigra and the amygdala. Amongst PDND/PDD cases, CD4+ T cell counts in the amygdala correlated with activated microglia, α-synuclein and tau pathology. Upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β was also evident in the substantia nigra as well as the frontal cortex in PDND/PDD versus controls with a concomitant upregulation in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in these regions, as well as the amygdala. The evidence presented in this study show an increased immune response in limbic and cortical brain regions, including increased microglial activation, infiltration of T lymphocytes, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TLR gene expression, which has not been previously reported in the postmortem PDD brain.
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15
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Haddadi R, Shahidi Z, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S. Silymarin and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and basic molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153320. [PMID: 32920285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are primarily characterized by selective neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer's disease as the most common NDDs and the most prevalent cause of dementia is characterized by Amyloid-beta deposition, which leads to cognitive and memory impairment. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dramatic death of dopaminergic neuronal cells, especially in the SNc and caused alpha-synuclein accumulation in the neurons. Silymarin, an extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, administered mostly for liver disorders and also had anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. PURPOSE The present comprehensive review summarizes the beneficial effects of Silymarin in-vivo and in-vitro and even in animal models for these NDDs. METHODS A diagram model for systematic review is utilized for this search. The research is conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Based on the inclusion criteria, 83 studies were selected and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Lastly, we review the latest experimental evidences supporting the potential effects of Silymarin, as a neuroprotective agent in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal plant and natural products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shahidi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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16
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Chung YC, Jeong JY, Jin BK. Interleukin-4-Mediated Oxidative Stress Is Harmful to Hippocampal Neurons of Prothrombin Kringle-2-Lesioned Rat In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111068. [PMID: 33143310 PMCID: PMC7692580 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of reactive microglia/macrophages-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) on hippocampal neurons in prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2)-lesioned rats. pKr-2 was unilaterally injected into hippocampus in the absence or presence of IL-4 neutralizing antibody (IL-4Nab). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant loss of Nissl+ and NeuN+ cells and activation of microglia/macrophages (increase in reactive OX-42+ and OX-6+ cells) in the hippocampus at 7 days after pKr-2 injection. The levels of IL-4 expression were upregulated in the reactive OX-42+ microglia/macrophages as early as 1 day, maximal at 3 days and maintained up to 7 days after pKr-2 injection. Treatment with IL-4Nab significantly increased neuronal survival in pKr-2-treated CA1 layer of hippocampus in vivo. Accompanying neuroprotection, IL-4 neutralization inhibited activation of microglia/macrophages, reactive oxygen species-derived oxidative damages, production of myeloperoxidase- and inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived reactive nitrogen species and nitrosative damages as analyzed by immunohistochemistry and hydroethidine histochemistry. These results suggest that endogenous IL-4 expressed on reactive microglia/macrophages mediates oxidative/nitrosative stress and play a critical role on neurodegeneration of hippocampal CA1 layer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Cheul Chung
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9288; Fax: +82-2-969-4570
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17
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Kim TY, Leem E, Lee JM, Kim SR. Control of Reactive Oxygen Species for the Prevention of Parkinson's Disease: The Possible Application of Flavonoids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070583. [PMID: 32635299 PMCID: PMC7402123 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems, and it can be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson's disease (PD). The application of antioxidants, which can defend against oxidative stress, is able to detoxify the reactive intermediates and prevent neurodegeneration resulting from excessive ROS production. There are many reports showing that numerous flavonoids, a large group of natural phenolic compounds, can act as antioxidants and the application of flavonoids has beneficial effects in the adult brain. For instance, it is well known that the long-term consumption of the green tea-derived flavonoids catechin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can attenuate the onset of PD. Also, flavonoids such as ampelopsin and pinocembrin can inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death through the regulation of gene expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Additionally, it is well established that many flavonoids exhibit anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects through cellular signaling pathways, such as those involving (ERK), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and (Akt), resulting in neuroprotection. In this review article, we have described the oxidative stress involved in PD and explained the therapeutic potential of flavonoids to protect the nigrostriatal DA system, which may be useful to prevent PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (E.L.)
| | - Eunju Leem
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (E.L.)
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-7362
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18
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Expression of high mobility group B1 and toll-like receptor-nuclear factor κB signaling pathway in chronic subdural hematomas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233643. [PMID: 32479555 PMCID: PMC7263617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is an angiogenic and inflammatory disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) transduce intracellular signals, resulting in the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) functions as a mediator of inflammatory responses through TLRs. In this study, we examined the expression of HMGB1 and components of the Toll-like receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways in the outer membrane of CSDH. Eight patients whose outer membrane was successfully obtained during trepanation surgery were included in this study. The expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (Tak1), interferon regulatory factors 3 (IRF3), IκB kinase β (IKKβ), IKKγ, IκBε, IκBα, NF-κB/p65 and β-actin was examined by Western blot analysis. The expression of TLR4, NF-κB/p65 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was also examined by immunohistochemistry. The concentrations of HMGB1 and IL-6 in CSDH fluids were measured using ELISA kits. Above-mentioned molecules were detected in all cases. In addition, TLR4, NF-κB/p65 and IL-6 were localized in the endothelial cells of vessels within CSDH outer membranes. The concentrations of HMGB1 and IL-6 in CSDH fluids were significantly higher than that in the CSF and serum. There existed a correlation between the concentrations of HMGB1 and IL-6 in CSDH fluids. Our data suggest that HMGB1 in CSDH fluids produces the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in endothelial cells through the Toll-like receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways. Anti-HMGB1 therapy might be a useful method to treat the growth of CSDH.
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Jeon MT, Moon GJ, Kim S, Choi M, Oh YS, Kim DW, Kim HJ, Lee KJ, Choe Y, Ha CM, Jang IS, Nakamura M, McLean C, Chung WS, Shin WH, Lee SG, Kim SR. Neurotrophic interactions between neurons and astrocytes following AAV1-Rheb(S16H) transduction in the hippocampus in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:668-686. [PMID: 31658360 PMCID: PMC7012949 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose We recently reported that AAV1‐Rheb(S16H) transduction could protect hippocampal neurons through the induction of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the rat hippocampus in vivo. It is still unclear how neuronal BDNF produced by AAV1‐Rheb(S16H) transduction induces neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus and whether its up‐regulation contributes to the enhance of a neuroprotective system in the adult brain. Experimental Approach To determine the presence of a neuroprotective system in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examined the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, BDNF and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and their receptors, tropomyocin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and CNTF receptor α(CNTFRα), in the hippocampus of AD patients. We also determined whether AAV1‐Rheb(S16H) transduction stimulates astroglial activation and whether reactive astrocytes contribute to neuroprotection in models of hippocampal neurotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. Key Results AD patients may have a potential neuroprotective system, demonstrated by increased levels of full‐length TrkB and CNTFRα in the hippocampus. Further AAV1‐Rheb(S16H) transduction induced sustained increases in the levels of full‐length TrkB and CNTFRα in reactive astrocytes and hippocampal neurons. Moreover, neuronal BDNF produced by Rheb(S16H) transduction of hippocampal neurons induced reactive astrocytes, resulting in CNTF production through the activation of astrocytic TrkB and the up‐regulation of neuronal BDNF and astrocytic CNTF which had synergistic effects on the survival of hippocampal neurons in vivo. Conclusions and Implications The results demonstrated that Rheb(S16H) transduction of hippocampal neurons could strengthen the neuroprotective system and this intensified system may have a therapeutic value against neurodegeneration in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kea Joo Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Michiko Nakamura
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Catriona McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank Network, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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20
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Toll-like receptors and their therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease and α-synucleinopathies. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:41-51. [PMID: 31271873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors which mediate an inflammatory response upon the detection of specific molecular patterns found on foreign organisms and on endogenous damage-related molecules. These receptors play a major role in the activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, and are also expressed in peripheral tissues, including blood mononuclear cells and the gut. It is well established that immune activation, in both the brain and periphery, is a feature of Parkinson's disease as well as other α-synucleinopathies. Aggregated forms of α-synuclein can act as ligands for TLRs (particularly TLR2 and TLR4), and hence these receptors may play a critical role in mediating a detrimental immune response to this protein, as well as other inflammatory signals in Parkinson's and related α-synucleinopathies. In this review, the potential role of TLRs in contributing to the progression of these disorders is discussed. Existing evidence comes predominantly from studies in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as analyses of postmortem human brain tissue and pre-clinical studies of TLR inhibitors. This evidence is evaluated in detail, and the potential for therapeutic intervention in α-synucleinopathies through TLR inhibition is discussed.
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Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 Exacerbate Neurotoxicity of Prothrombin Kringle-2 in Cortex In Vivo via Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081927. [PMID: 31010119 PMCID: PMC6515094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of activated microglia-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 on neurodegeneration in prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2)-treated rat cortex. pKr-2 was unilaterally injected into the Sprague–Dawley rat cerebral cortex and IL-4 and IL-13 neutralizing antibody was used to block the function of IL-4 and IL-13. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant loss of NeuN+ and Nissl+ cells and an increase of OX-42+ cells in the cortex at seven days post pKr-2. The levels of IL-4 and IL-13 expression were upregulated in the activated microglia as early as 12 hours post pKr-2 and sustained up to seven days post pKr-2. Neutralization by IL-4 or IL-13 antibodies (NA) significantly increased neuronal survival in pKr-2-treated rat cortex in vivo by suppressing microglial activation and the production of reactive oxygen species, as analyzed by immunohisotochemistry and hydroethidine histochemistry. These results suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 that were endogenously expressed from reactive microglia may play a critical role on neuronal death by regulating oxidative stress during the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
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22
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Tapias V, McCoy JL, Greenamyre JT. Phenothiazine normalizes the NADH/NAD + ratio, maintains mitochondrial integrity and protects the nigrostriatal dopamine system in a chronic rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101164. [PMID: 30925294 PMCID: PMC6440170 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function has been associated with the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sustained inhibition of complex I produces mitochondrial dysfunction, which is related to oxidative injury and nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurodegeneration. This study aimed to identify disease-modifying treatments for PD. Unsubstituted phenothiazine (PTZ) is a small and uncharged aromatic imine that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. PTZ lacks significant DA receptor-binding activity and, in the nanomolar range, exhibits protective effects via its potent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities. Given that DAergic neurons are highly vulnerable to oxidative damage and inflammation, we hypothesized that administration of PTZ might confer neuroprotection in different experimental models of PD. Our findings showed that PTZ rescues rotenone (ROT) toxicity in primary ventral midbrain neuronal cultures by preserving neuronal integrity and reducing protein thiol oxidation. Long-term treatment with PTZ improved animal weight, survival rate, and behavioral deficits in ROT-lesioned rats. PTZ protected DA content and fiber density in the striatum and DA neurons in the SN against the deleterious effects of ROT. Mitochondrial dysfunction, axonal impairment, oxidative insult, and inflammatory response were attenuated with PTZ therapy. Furthermore, we have provided a new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of PTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tapias
- Department of Neurology, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Jennifer L McCoy
- Department of Neurology, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Department of Neurology, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Kim KI, Baek JY, Jeong JY, Nam JH, Park ES, Bok E, Shin WH, Chung YC, Jin BK. Delayed Treatment of Capsaicin Produces Partial Motor Recovery by Enhancing Dopamine Function in MPP +-lesioned Rats via Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:289-299. [PMID: 31138996 PMCID: PMC6526113 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) on astrocytes prevents ongoing degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in MPP+-lesioned rats via ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). The present study determined whether such a beneficial effect of astrocytic TRPV1 could be achieved after completion of injury of DA neurons, rather than ongoing injury, which seems more relevant to therapeutics. To test this, the MPP+-lesioned rat model utilized here exhibited approximately 70~80% degeneration of nigrostriatal DA neurons that was completed at 2 weeks post medial forebrain bundle injection of MPP+. TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin (CAP), was intraperitoneally administered. CNTF receptor alpha neutralizing antibody (CNTFRαNAb) was nigral injected to evaluate the role of CNTF endogenously produced by astrocyte through TRPV1 activation on DA neurons. Delayed treatment of CAP produced a significant reduction in amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry. Accompanying this behavioral recovery, CAP treatment increased CNTF levels and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and levels of DA and its metabolites in the striatum compared to controls. Interestingly, behavioral recovery and increases in biochemical indices were not reflected in trophic changes of the DA system. Instead, behavioral recovery was temporal and dependent on the continuous presence of CAP treatment. The results suggest that delayed treatment of CAP increases nigral TH enzyme activity and striatal levels of DA and its metabolites by CNTF endogenously derived from CAP-activated astrocytes through TRPV1, leading to functional recovery. Consequently, these findings may be useful in the treatment of DA imbalances associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung In Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeob Baek
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jin Han Nam
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun Su Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eugene Bok
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Young Cheul Chung
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Mou H, Wu S, Zhao G, Wang J. Changes of Th17/Treg ratio in the transition of chronic hepatitis B to liver cirrhosis and correlations with liver function and inflammation. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2963-2968. [PMID: 30936966 PMCID: PMC6434237 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in ratio of T helper 17 cells (Th17) to Treg cells in the transition of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to liver cirrhosis, and the correlations with liver function and inflammation were investigated. A total of 20 normal subjects (control group), 35 CHB patients (CHB group) and 40 post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis patients (liver cirrhosis group) were enrolled into this study. Liver function was measured through the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartic transaminase (AST), and the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method was used to detect the histopathological features. mRNA expression of inflammation-associated factors was detected using RT-PCR. The protein expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was measured in liver tissues using the immunofluorescent method and western blot assay. In the CHB and liver cirrhosis groups, the increases in Th17 cells were more evident than those in Treg cells. Moreover, an evident increase in levels of ALT and AST was identified in the two groups. Structures of liver tissues in the CHB and liver cirrhosis groups were destroyed with damage to the cell nuclei. The expression of inflammation-associated factors were significantly elevated compared to those in the control group. NF-κB expressed in the CHB and liver cirrhosis groups was significantly higher than that in control group. The results of analysis of variance indicated that differences in the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and NF-κB in the three groups had statistical significance (P<0.01). In conclusion, transition from CHB to liver cirrhosis comes with significant changes in Th17/Treg ratio, which is correlated with a decrease in liver function, and also closely associated with the development and progression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Mou
- Department of Public Health, Yantai Infectious Disease Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Yantai Infectious Disease Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai Infectious Disease Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264006, P.R. China
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25
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Leem E, Oh YS, Shin WH, Jin BK, Jeong JY, Shin M, Kim DW, Jang JH, Kim HJ, Ha CM, Jung UJ, Moon GJ, Kim SR. Effects of Silibinin Against Prothrombin Kringle-2-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System In Vivo. J Med Food 2019; 22:277-285. [PMID: 30632945 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease exhibit common features of neurodegenerative diseases and can be caused by numerous factors. A common feature of these diseases is neurotoxic inflammation by activated microglia, indicating that regulation of microglial activation is a potential mechanism for preserving neurons in the adult brain. Recently, we reported that upregulation of prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2), one of the domains that make up prothrombin and which is cleaved and generated by active thrombin, induces nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death through neurotoxic microglial activation in the adult brain. In this study, we show that silibinin, a flavonoid found in milk thistle, can suppress the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neurotoxic inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, after pKr-2 treatment by downregulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in the mouse substantia nigra. Moreover, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining, measurements of the dopamine and metabolite levels, and open-field behavioral tests, silibinin treatment protected the nigrostriatal DA system resulting from the occurrence of pKr-2-triggered neurotoxic inflammation in vivo. Thus, we conclude that silibinin may be beneficial as a natural compound with anti-inflammatory effects against pKr-2-triggered neurotoxicity to protect the nigrostriatal DA pathway and its properties, and thus, may be applicable for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- 4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- 5 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- 6 Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Jang
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- 8 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,9 Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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26
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Chinnaraj M, Planer W, Pozzi N. Structure of Coagulation Factor II: Molecular Mechanism of Thrombin Generation and Development of Next-Generation Anticoagulants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:281. [PMID: 30333979 PMCID: PMC6176116 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor II, or prothrombin, is a multi-domain glycoprotein that is essential for life and a key target of anticoagulant therapy. In plasma, prothrombin circulates in two forms at equilibrium, “closed” (~80%) and “open” (~20%), brokered by the flexibility of the linker regions. Its structure remained elusive until recently when our laboratory solved the first X-ray crystal structure of the zymogen locked in the predominant closed form. Because of this technical breakthrough, fascinating aspects of the biology of prothrombin have started to become apparent, and with this, novel and important questions arise. Here, we examine the significance of the “closed”/“open” equilibrium in the context of the mechanism of thrombin generation. Further, we discuss the potential translational opportunities for the development of next-generation anticoagulants that arise from this discovery. By providing a structural overview of each alternative conformation, this minireview also offers a relevant example of modern structural biology and establishes a practical workflow to elucidate the structural features of analogous clotting and complement factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivanan Chinnaraj
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William Planer
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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27
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Sheng R, Li M, Wang Y, Han R, Han F, Chen Z, Qin ZH. Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Inhibits MPTP-Induced Neuroinflammation and Neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 2018; 391:140-153. [PMID: 30195055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) has been demonstrated to have potent neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. In the present research, we investigated if NADPH could offer neuroprotection by inhibiting glia-mediated neuroinflammation induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a mechanism contributing to PD pathogenesis. The current data demonstrated that MPTP/MPP+ increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activated glial cells, and inflammasome proteins in the substantia nigra (SNpc), in addition to inducing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. These responses were inhibited by supplementation of exogenous NADPH. Moreover, NADPH effectively decreased MPP+-induced excessive production of ROS, p38 phosphorylation and inflammatory protein of Cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) in cultured microglial BV-2 cells in vitro studies. Similarly, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 suppressed the upregulation of MPP+-induced p38 phosphorylation and COX2 protein levels. Co-culture of neuronal cells with MPP+-primed BV-2 cells increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and induced cell death of neuronal cells. These effects were diminished by TNF-α neutralizing antibody and NADPH. NADPH reduced motor dysfunction and the loss of dopaminergic (DA) cells induced by MPTP. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that NADPH protects DA neurons by inhibiting oxidative stress and glia-mediated neuroinflammation both in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting a potential of clinical application for PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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28
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Sun Z, Zhao T, Lv S, Gao Y, Masters J, Weng H. Dexmedetomidine attenuates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury through both anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis mechanisms in rabbits. J Transl Med 2018; 16:209. [PMID: 30031397 PMCID: PMC6054716 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dexmedetomidine (Dex) can improve neuronal viability and protect the spinal cord from ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inflammatory system and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis induced by spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury. Methods Twenty-four rabbits were divided into three groups: I/R, Dex (10 µg/kg/h prior to ischemia until reperfusion), and Sham. Abdominal aortic occlusion was carried out for 30 min in the I/R and Dex groups. Hindlimb motor function was assessed using the Tarlov scoring system for gait evaluation. Motor neuron survival and apoptosis in the ventral grey matter were assessed by haematoxylin–eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labelling staining. The expression and localisation of ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, TLR4, NF-κB and caspase-3 were assessed by immunoreactivity analysis. The levels of interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor α were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Perioperative treatment with dexmedetomidine was associated with a significant preservation of locomotor function following spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury with increased neuronal survival in the spinal cord compared to control. In addition, dexmedetomidine suppressed microglial activation, inhibited the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling pathway, and inhibited the caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine confers neuroprotection against spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury through suppression of spinal cord inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. A reduction in microglial activation and inhibition of both the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling pathway and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Joe Masters
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Southern Medical University, Fengxian District, Shanghai Nanfeng Road on the 6600th, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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29
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O'Sullivan KM, Ford SL, Longano A, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. Intrarenal Toll-like receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 2 expression correlates with injury in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1283-F1294. [PMID: 29923769 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be engaged by infection-associated patterns and by endogenous danger signals, linking infection and innate inflammation with this autoimmune disease. This study examined intrarenal TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression and renal injury in AAV, testing the hypothesis that increased TLR expression correlates with renal injury. Patients with AAV exhibited both glomerular and tubulointerstitial expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, with TLR4 being the most prominent in both compartments. Glomerular TLR4 expression correlated with glomerular segmental necrosis and cellular crescents, with TLR2 expression correlating with glomerular segmental necrosis. The extent and intensity of glomerular and tubulointerstitial TLR4 expression and the intensity of glomerular TLR2 expression inversely correlated with the presenting estimated glomerular filtration rate. Although myeloid cells within the kidney expressed TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, TLR2 and TLR4 colocalized with endothelial cells and podocytes, whereas TLR9 was expressed predominantly by podocytes. The functional relevance of intrarenal TLR expression was further supported by the colocalization of TLRs with their endogenous ligands high-mobility group box 1 and fibrinogen. Therefore, in AAV, the extent of intrarenal TLR4 and TLR2 expression and their correlation with renal injury indicates that TLR4, and to a lesser degree TLR2, may be potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M O'Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Sharon L Ford
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Anthony Longano
- Department of Pathology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia
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30
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Leem E, Kim HJ, Choi M, Kim S, Oh YS, Lee KJ, Choe YS, Um JY, Shin WH, Jeong JY, Jin BK, Kim DW, McLean C, Fisher PB, Kholodilov N, Ahn KS, Lee JM, Jung UJ, Lee SG, Kim SR. Upregulation of neuronal astrocyte elevated gene-1 protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:449. [PMID: 29670079 PMCID: PMC5906475 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) in nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons has not been studied. Here we report that the expression of AEG-1 was significantly lower in DA neurons in the postmortem substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to age-matched controls. Similarly, decreased AEG-1 levels were found in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of PD. An adeno-associated virus-induced increase in the expression of AEG-1 attenuated the 6-OHDA-triggered apoptotic death of nigral DA neurons. Moreover, the neuroprotection conferred by the AEG-1 upregulation significantly intensified the neurorestorative effects of the constitutively active ras homolog enriched in the brain [Rheb(S16H)]. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the sustained level of AEG-1 as an important anti-apoptotic factor in nigral DA neurons might potentiate the therapeutic effects of treatments, such as Rheb(S16H) administration, on the degeneration of the DA pathway that characterizes PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kea Joo Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Shik Choe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemisry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemisry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Catriona McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank Network, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | | | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Protection of nigral dopaminergic neurons by AAV1 transduction with Rheb(S16H) against neurotoxic inflammation in vivo. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e440. [PMID: 29422542 PMCID: PMC5903818 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) transduction of murine nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons with constitutively active ras homolog enriched in brain with a mutation of serine to histidine at position 16 [Rheb(S16H)] induced the production of neurotrophic factors, resulting in neuroprotective effects on the nigrostriatal DA system in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). To further investigate whether AAV1-Rheb(S16H) transduction has neuroprotective potential against neurotoxic inflammation, which is known to be a potential event related to PD pathogenesis, we examined the effects of Rheb(S16H) expression in nigral DA neurons under a neurotoxic inflammatory environment induced by the endogenous microglial activator prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2). Our observations showed that Rheb(S16H) transduction played a role in the neuroprotection of the nigrostriatal DA system against pKr-2-induced neurotoxic inflammation, even though there were similar levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), in the AAV1-Rheb(S16H)-treated substantia nigra (SN) compared to the SN treated with pKr-2 alone; the neuroprotective effects may be mediated by the activation of neurotrophic signaling pathways following Rheb(S16H) transduction of nigral DA neurons. We conclude that AAV1-Rheb(S16H) transduction of neuronal populations to activate the production of neurotrophic factors and intracellular neurotrophic signaling pathways may offer promise for protecting adult neurons from extracellular neurotoxic inflammation.
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32
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Xu H, Wang Y, Song N, Wang J, Jiang H, Xie J. New Progress on the Role of Glia in Iron Metabolism and Iron-Induced Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 10:455. [PMID: 29403352 PMCID: PMC5780449 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now increasingly appreciated that glial cells play a critical role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Impairment of these properties might lead to dysfunction of iron metabolism and neurodegeneration of neurons. We have previously shown that dysfunction of glia could cause iron deposit and enhance iron-induced degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). There also has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the iron metabolism of glia and their effects on iron accumulation and degeneration of DA neurons in PD in recent years. Here, we attempt to describe the role of iron metabolism of glia and the effect of glia on iron accumulation and degeneration of DA neurons in the substantia nigra of PD. This could provide evidence to reveal the mechanisms underlying nigral iron accumulation of DA neurons in PD and provide the basis for discovering new potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youcui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Montelukast treatment protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against microglial activation in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 2018; 28:242-249. [PMID: 28178069 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the main cause of degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projection in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still controversial, many reports suggest that excessive inflammatory responses mediated by activated microglia can induce neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal DA system in vivo. Montelukast, which plays an anti-inflammatory role, is used to treat patients with asthma. In addition, recent studies have reported that its administration could reduce neuroinflammatory activities, showing beneficial effects against various neuropathological conditions. These results suggest that montelukast may be a useful drug to alleviate inflammatory responses in PD, even though there are no reports showing its beneficial effects against neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal DA system. In the present study, our results showed that treatment with montelukast could protect DA neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity and its administration significantly attenuated the production of neurotoxic cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from activated microglia in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum following 6-OHDA treatment. Therefore, we suggest that montelukast can be used as a potential inhibitor of microglial activation to protect DA neurons in the adult brain against PD.
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Rocha Sobrinho HMD, Silva DJD, Gomides LF, Dorta ML, Oliveira MAPD, Ribeiro-Dias F. TLR4 and TLR2 activation is differentially associated with age during Parkinson’s disease. Immunol Invest 2017; 47:71-88. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1379024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Delson José da Silva
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás and Instituto Integrado de Neurociências, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fonseca Gomides
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Baek H, Shin HJ, Kim JJ, Shin N, Kim S, Yi MH, Zhang E, Hong J, Kang JW, Kim Y, Kim CS, Kim DW. Primary cilia modulate TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in hippocampal neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:189. [PMID: 28927423 PMCID: PMC5606072 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary cilium is an organelle that can act as a master regulator of cellular signaling. Despite the presence of primary cilia in hippocampal neurons, their function is not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that the primary cilium influences interleukin (IL)-1β-induced NF-κB signaling, ultimately mediating the inflammatory response. We, therefore, investigated ciliary function and NF-κB signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in conjunction with ciliary length analysis. Methods Since TLR4/NF-κB signaling is a well-known inflammatory pathway, we measured ciliary length and inflammatory mediators in wild type (WT) and TLR4−/− mice injected with LPS. Next, to exclude the effects of microglial TLR4, we examined the ciliary length, ciliary components, inflammatory cytokine, and mediators in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Results Primary ciliary length decreased in hippocampal pyramidal neurons after intracerebroventricular injection of LPS in WT mice, whereas it increased in TLR4−/− mice. LPS treatment decreased primary ciliary length, activated NF-κB signaling, and increased Cox2 and iNOS levels in HT22 hippocampal neurons. In contrast, silencing Kif3a, a key protein component of cilia, increased ARL13B ciliary protein levels and suppressed NF-κB signaling and expression of inflammatory mediators. Conclusions These data suggest that LPS-induced NF-κB signaling and inflammatory mediator expression are modulated by cilia and that the blockade of primary cilium formation by Kif3a siRNA regulates TLR4-induced NF-κB signaling. We propose that primary cilia are critical for regulating NF-κB signaling events in neuroinflammation and in the innate immune response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0958-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,LES Corporation Inc., Gung-Dong 465-16, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-335, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sena Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Enji Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesia Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian, 133000, China
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Won Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Pathogenic Upregulation of Glial Lipocalin-2 in the Parkinsonian Dopaminergic System. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5608-22. [PMID: 27194339 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4261-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of the highly heterogeneous secretory protein family of lipocalins and increases in its levels can contribute to neurodegeneration in the adult brain. However, there are no reports on the role of LCN2 in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we report for the first time that LCN2 expression is increased in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD. In mouse brains, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment for a neurotoxin model of PD significantly upregulated LCN2 expression, mainly in reactive astrocytes in both the SN and striatum. The increased LCN2 levels contributed to neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation, resulting in disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projection and abnormal locomotor behaviors, which were ameliorated in LCN2-deficient mice. Similar to the effects of MPTP treatment, LCN2-induced neurotoxicity was also observed in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated animal model of PD. Moreover, treatment with the iron donor ferric citrate (FC) and the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) increased and decreased, respectively, the LCN2-induced neurotoxicity in vivo In addition to the in vivo results, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neurotoxicity in cocultures of mesencephalic neurons and astrocytes was reduced by LCN2 gene deficiency in the astrocytes and conditioned media derived from MPP(+)-treated SH-SY5Y neuronal enhanced glial expression of LCN2 in vitro Therefore, our results demonstrate that astrocytic LCN2 upregulation in the lesioned DA system may play a role as a potential pathogenic factor in PD and suggest that inhibition of LCN2 expression or activity may be useful in protecting the nigrostriatal DA system in the adult brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a member of the highly heterogeneous secretory protein family of lipocalins, may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in the brain. However, LCN2 expression and its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely unknown. Here, we report that LCN2 is upregulated in the substantia nigra of patients with PD and neurotoxin-treated animal models of PD. Our results suggest that LCN2 upregulation might be a potential pathogenic mechanism of PD, which would result in disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system through neurotoxic iron accumulation and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of LCN2 expression or activity may be useful in protecting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection in PD.
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Kata D, Földesi I, Feher LZ, Hackler L, Puskas LG, Gulya K. A novel pleiotropic effect of aspirin: Beneficial regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in microglial cells. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:61-74. [PMID: 28528204 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin, one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, has extensively studied effects on the cardiovascular system. To reveal further pleiotropic, beneficial effects of aspirin on a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial mechanisms, we performed morphometric and functional studies relating to phagocytosis, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-10, respectively) and analyzed the expression of a number of inflammation-related genes, including those related to the above functions, in pure microglial cells. We examined the effects of aspirin (0.1mM and 1mM) in unchallenged (control) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged secondary microglial cultures. Aspirin affected microglial morphology and functions in a dose-dependent manner as it inhibited LPS-elicited microglial activation by promoting ramification and the inhibition of phagocytosis in both concentrations. Remarkably, aspirin strongly reduced the pro-inflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α production, while it increased the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level in LPS-challenged cells. Moreover, aspirin differentially regulated the expression of a number of inflammation-related genes as it downregulated such pro-inflammatory genes as Nos2, Kng1, IL1β, Ptgs2 or Ccr1, while it upregulated some anti-inflammatory genes such as IL10, Csf2, Cxcl1, Ccl5 or Tgfb1. Thus, the use of aspirin could be beneficial for the prophylaxis of certain neurodegenerative disorders as it effectively ameliorates inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kata
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | - Karoly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Kim SR. Naringin as a beneficial natural product against degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection in the adult brain. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1375-1376. [PMID: 28966655 PMCID: PMC5607835 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences; BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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39
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Leem E, Jeong KH, Won SY, Shin WH, Kim SR. Prothrombin Kringle-2: A Potential Inflammatory Pathogen in the Parkinsonian Dopaminergic System. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:147-55. [PMID: 27574481 PMCID: PMC4999420 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.4.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence suggests that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation may be crucial for the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), and that the control of neuroinflammation may be a useful strategy for preventing the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) projections in the adult brain, it is still unclear what kinds of endogenous biomolecules initiate microglial activation, consequently resulting in neurodegeneration. Recently, we reported that the increase in the levels of prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2), which is a domain of prothrombin that is generated by active thrombin, can lead to disruption of the nigrostriatal DA projection. This disruption is mediated by neurotoxic inflammatory events via the induction of microglial Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in vivo , thereby resulting in less neurotoxicity in TLR4-deficient mice. Moreover, inhibition of microglial activation following minocycline treatment, which has anti-inflammatory activity, protects DA neurons from pKr-2-induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra (SN) in vivo. We also found that the levels of pKr-2 and microglial TLR4 were significantly increased in the SN of PD patients compared to those of age-matched controls. These observations suggest that there may be a correlation between pKr-2 and microglial TLR4 in the initiation and progression of PD, and that inhibition of pKr-2-induced microglial activation may be protective against the degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA system in vivo. To describe the significance of pKr-2 overexpression, which may have a role in the pathogenesis of PD, we have reviewed the mechanisms of pKr-2-induced microglial activation, which results in neurodegeneration in the SN of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.; BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.; BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Predictive Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.; BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.; Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Yao H, Hu C, Yin L, Tao X, Xu L, Qi Y, Han X, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Wang C, Peng J. Dioscin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory liver injury via regulating TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lee KM, Lee Y, Chun HJ, Kim AH, Kim JY, Lee JY, Ishigami A, Lee J. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of morin in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:865-78. [PMID: 27265894 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although the causes of PD are not understood, evidence suggests that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation are associated with its pathogenesis. Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol found in wine and many herbs and fruits. Previous studies have suggested that morin prevents oxidative damage and inflammation and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study describes the neuroprotective effects of morin in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD, and we report the results of our investigation into its neuroprotective mechanism in primary neurons and astrocytes. In the mouse model, morin pretreatment ameliorated motor dysfunction, protected against dopaminergic neuronal losses in SN and striatum, and alleviated MPTP-induced astrocyte activation. In vitro studies revealed that morin protected primary cultured neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP(+) )-mediated reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption. In addition, morin effectively reduced MPP(+) -induced astroglial activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB in primary cultured astrocytes. These results indicate that morin acts via multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in our mouse model and suggest that morin be viewed as a potential treatment and preventative for PD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Moon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Chun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Kim HD, Jeong KH, Jung UJ, Kim SR. Myricitrin Ameliorates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in the Substantia Nigra of Mouse Brain. J Med Food 2016; 19:374-82. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heung Deok Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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