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Sun C, Hu B, Li Y, Wu Z, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Zhao X. Efficient stereoselective hydroxylation of deoxycholic acid by the robust whole-cell cytochrome P450 CYP107D1 biocatalyst. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:741-748. [PMID: 38107826 PMCID: PMC10722395 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA) has been authorized by the Federal Drug Agency for cosmetic reduction of redundant submental fat. The hydroxylated product (6β-OH DCA) was developed to improve the solubility and pharmaceutic properties of DCA for further applications. Herein, a combinatorial catalytic strategy was applied to construct a powerful Cytochrome P450 biocatalyst (CYP107D1, OleP) to convert DCA to 6β-OH DCA. Firstly, the weak expression of OleP was significantly improved using pRSFDuet-1 plasmid in the E. coli C41 (DE3) strain. Next, the supply of heme was enhanced by the moderate overexpression of crucial genes in the heme biosynthetic pathway. In addition, a new biosensor was developed to select the appropriate redox partner. Furthermore, a cost-effective whole-cell catalytic system was constructed, resulting in the highest reported conversion rate of 6β-OH DCA (from 4.8% to 99.1%). The combinatorial catalytic strategies applied in this study provide an efficient method to synthesize high-value-added hydroxylated compounds by P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chixiang Sun
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Baodong Hu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Ye RY, Song J, Zhang ZJ, Yu HL. Prokaryotic expression and characterization of artificial self-sufficient CYP120A monooxygenases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5727-5737. [PMID: 37477695 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CYP120As are the unique non-membrane P450s, which are extensively involved in retinoid biodegradation. As the O-functionalized 1,3,3-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene moiety exists in many bioactive compounds which could only be catalyzed by Class II P450s, exploration of the catalytic repertoire of CYP120As is therefore highly attractive. However, up to date, only one bacteriogenic candidate (CYP120A1) was demonstrated for the hydroxylation of C16 and C17 of retinoic acid, by utilizing the integral membrane protein cytochrome P450 reductase redox partner for the electron transfer. Herein, we provided an efficient prokaryotic functional expression system of CYP120As in E. coli by expression of the CYP120A1 coupled with several reductase partners. Fusion redox partners to the C-terminal of the heme-domain are also working on other CYP120A members. Among them, the fusion protein of CYP120A29 and FAD/FMN reductase from Bacillus megaterium P450BM3 (CYP101A2) showed the highest expression level. Based on the available translational fusion systems, the regioselectivity and the substrate scope of the CYP120As have also been explored. This work represents a good starting point for further expanding the catalytic potential of CYP120 family. KEY POINTS: • Characterization of CYP120As in E. coli is firstly achieved by constructing fusion proteins. • The feasibility of three P450 reductase domains to CYP120As was evaluated. • Hydroxylated products of retinoic acid by six CYP120As were sorted and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, College of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Mitra S, Dhar R, Sen R. Designer bacterial cell factories for improved production of commercially valuable non-ribosomal peptides. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108023. [PMID: 35872292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptides have gained significant attention as secondary metabolites of high commercial importance. This group houses a diverse range of bioactive compounds, ranging from biosurfactants to antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. However, low yield of synthesis by bacteria and excessive losses during purification hinders the industrial-scale production of non-ribosomal peptides, and subsequently limits their widespread applicability. While isolation of efficient producer strains and optimization of bioprocesses have been extensively used to enhance yield, further improvement can be made by optimization of the microbial strain using the tools and techniques of metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, systems biology, and adaptive laboratory evolution. These techniques, which directly target the genome of producer strains, aim to redirect carbon and nitrogen fluxes of the metabolic network towards the desired product, bypass the feedback inhibition and repression mechanisms that limit the maximum productivity of the strain, and even extend the substrate range of the cell for synthesis of the target product. The present review takes a comprehensive look into the biosynthesis of bacterial NRPs, how the same is regulated by the cell, and dives deep into the strategies that have been undertaken for enhancing the yield of NRPs, while also providing a perspective on other potential strategies that can allow for further yield improvement. Furthermore, this review provides the reader with a holistic perspective on the design of cellular factories of NRP production, starting from general techniques performed in the laboratory to the computational techniques that help a biochemical engineer model and subsequently strategize the architectural plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Riddhiman Dhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Pandey RP, Dhakal D, Thapa SB, Bashyal P, Kim TS, Sohng JK. UPLC-PDA coupled HR-TOF ESI/MS 2 -based identification of derivatives produced by whole-cell biotransformation of epothilone A using Nocardia sp. CS692 and a cytochrome P450 overexpressing strain. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1723-1732. [PMID: 34415071 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epothilone A, a microtubule-stabilizing agent used as therapeutics for the treatment of cancers, was biotransformed into three metabolites using Nocardia sp. CS692 and recombinant Nocardia overexpressing a cytochrome P450 from Streptomyces venezuelae (PikC). Among three metabolites produced in the biotransformation reaction mixtures, ESI/MS2 analysis predicted two metabolites (M1 and M2) as novel hydroxylated derivatives (M1 is hydroxylated at the C-8 position and M2 is hydroxylated at C-10 position), each with an opened-epoxide ring in their structure. Interestingly, metabolite M3 lacks an epoxide ring and is known as deoxyepothilone A, which is also called epothilone C. Metabolite M1 was produced only in PikC overexpressing strain. The endogenous enzymes of Nocardia sp. catalyzed hydroxylation of epothilone A to produce metabolite M2 and removed epoxide ring to produce metabolite M3. All the metabolites were identified based on UV-vis analysis and rigorous ESI/MS2 fragmentation based on epothilone A standard. The newly produced metabolites are anticipated to display novel cytotoxic effects and could be subjects of further pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Samir Bahadur Thapa
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Puspalata Bashyal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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5
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Bhagat DS, Chawla PA, Gurnule WB, Shejul SK, Bumbrah GS. An Insight into Synthesis and Anticancer Potential of Thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone Containing Motifs. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825999210101234704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the branch of oncology has reached a mature stage, and substantial
development and advancement have been achieved in this dimension of medical science. The
synthesis and isolation of numerous novel anticancer agents of natural and synthetic origins
have been reported. Thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone containing heterocyclic compounds, having
a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical activities, represent a significant class of medicinal
chemistry. Thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone are five-membered unique heterocyclic motifs containing
S and N atoms as an essential core scaffold and have commendable medicinal significance.
Thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones containing heterocyclic compounds are used as building
blocks for the next generation of pharmaceuticals. Thiazole precursors have been frequently
used due to their capabilities to bind to numerous cancer-specific protein targets.
Suitably, thiazole motifs have a biological suit via inhibition of different signaling pathways involved in cancer
causes. The scientific community has always tried to synthesize novel thiazole-based heterocycles by carrying out
different replacements of functional groups or skeleton around thiazole moiety. Herein, we report the current trend of
research and development in anticancer activities of thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones containing scaffolds. In the current
study, we have also highlighted some other significant biological properties of thiazole, novel protocols of synthesis
for the synthesis of the new candidates, along with a significant broad spectrum of the anticancer activities of
thiazole containing scaffolds. This study facilitates the development of novel thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone containing
candidates with potent, efficient anticancer activity and less cytotoxic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devidas S. Bhagat
- Department of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad 431 004, (MS), India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Wasudeo B. Gurnule
- Department of Chemistry, Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur-440024, (MS), India
| | - Sampada K. Shejul
- Department of Life Science, Vivekanand Arts, Sardar Dalipsingh Commerce and Science College, Aurangabad 431 001, (MS), India
| | - Gurvinder S. Bumbrah
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, 122413, Haryana, India
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Liang J, Wang H, Bian X, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Ding X. Heterologous redox partners supporting the efficient catalysis of epothilone B biosynthesis by EpoK in Schlegelella brevitalea. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:180. [PMID: 32933531 PMCID: PMC7493146 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epothilone B is a natural product that stabilizes microtubules, similar to paclitaxel (Taxol); therefore, epothilone B and several derivatives have shown obvious antitumour activities. Some of these products are in clinical trials, and one (ixabepilone, BMS) is already on the market, having been approved by the FDA in 2007. The terminal step in epothilone B biosynthesis is catalysed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme EpoK (CYP167A1), which catalyses the epoxidation of the C12-C13 double bond (in epothilone C and D) to form epothilone A and B, respectively. Although redox partners from different sources support the catalytic activity of EpoK in vitro, the conversion rates are low, and these redox partners are not applied to produce epothilone B in heterologous hosts. RESULTS Schlegelella brevitalea DSM 7029 contains electron transport partners that efficiently support the catalytic activity of EpoK. We screened and identified one ferredoxin, Fdx_0135, by overexpressing putative ferredoxin genes in vivo and identified two ferredoxin reductases, FdR_0130 and FdR_7100, by whole-cell biotransformation of epothilone C to effectively support the catalytic activity of EpoK. In addition, we obtained strain H7029-3, with a high epothilone B yield and found that the proportion of epothilone A + B produced by this strain was 90.93%. Moreover, the whole-cell bioconversion strain 7029-10 was obtained; this strain exhibited an epothilone C conversion rate of 100% in 12 h. Further RT-qPCR experiments were performed to analyse the overexpression levels of the target genes. Gene knock-out experiments showed that the selected ferredoxin (Fdx_0135) and its reductases (FdR_0130 and FdR_7100) might participate in critical physiological processes in DSM 7029. CONCLUSION Gene overexpression and whole-cell biotransformation were effective methods for identifying the electron transport partners of the P450 enzyme EpoK. In addition, we obtained an epothilone B high-yield strain and developed a robust whole-cell biotransformation system. This strain and system hold promise for the industrial production of epothilone B and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junheng Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Redox Partners: Function Modulators of Bacterial P450 Enzymes. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:445-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Natural Compounds as Pharmaceuticals: The Key Role of Cytochromes P450 Reactivity. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:511-525. [PMID: 32413326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of drugs from natural products is a re-emerging area due to the need for bioactive compounds. The exploitation of natural products and their derivatives obtained by biocatalysis is in line with the higher attention given today to new sustainable technologies that better preserve the environment (green chemistry). The research field of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) is continuously providing new enzymes and mutants that produce metabolites suitable for late-stage functionalization for new potential drugs. This review provides an overview of the exploitation of CYPs as biocatalysts in drug synthesis. Additionally, recent progress in protein and metabolic engineering is provided to show how these enzymes offer a toolbox that can be combined with other biocatalytic or chemical processes to build new platforms for the green production of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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9
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Li Z, Jiang Y, Guengerich FP, Ma L, Li S, Zhang W. Engineering cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for biomedical and biotechnological applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:833-849. [PMID: 31811088 PMCID: PMC6970918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are broadly distributed among living organisms and play crucial roles in natural product biosynthesis, degradation of xenobiotics, steroid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism. P450s are considered as the most versatile biocatalysts in nature because of the vast variety of substrate structures and the types of reactions they catalyze. In particular, P450s can catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of nonactivated C-H bonds in complex organic molecules under mild conditions, making P450s useful biocatalysts in the production of commodity pharmaceuticals, fine or bulk chemicals, bioremediation agents, flavors, and fragrances. Major efforts have been made in engineering improved P450 systems that overcome the inherent limitations of the native enzymes. In this review, we focus on recent progress of different strategies, including protein engineering, redox-partner engineering, substrate engineering, electron source engineering, and P450-mediated metabolic engineering, in efforts to more efficiently produce pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. We also discuss future opportunities for engineering and applications of the P450 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
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10
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11
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Lau ICK, Feyereisen R, Nelson DR, Bell SG. Analysis and preliminary characterisation of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from Frankia sp. EuI1c (Frankia inefficax sp.). Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 669:11-21. [PMID: 31082352 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Frankia bacteria are nitrogen fixing species from the Actinobacterium phylum which live on the root nodules of plants. They have been hypothesised to have significant potential for natural product biosynthesis. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase complement of Frankia sp. EuI1c (Frankia inefficax sp.), which comprises 68 members, was analysed. Several members belonged to previously uncharacterised bacterial P450 families. There was an unusually high number of CYP189 family members (21) suggesting that this family has undergone gene duplication events which are classified as "blooms". The likely electron transfer partners for the P450 enzymes were also identified and analysed. These consisted of predominantly [3Fe-4S] cluster containing ferredoxins (eight), a single [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin and a couple of ferredoxin reductases. Three of these CYP family members were produced and purified, using Escherichia coli as a host, and their substrate range was characterised. CYP1027H1 and CYP150A20 bound a broad range of norisoprenoids and terpenoids. CYP1074A2 was highly specific for certain steroids including testosterone, progesterone, stanolone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. It is likely that steroids are the physiological substrates of CYP1074A2. These results also give an indication that terpenoids are the likely substrates of CYP1027H1 and CYP150A2. The large number of P450s belonging to distinct families as well as the associated electron transfer partners found in different Frankia strains highlights the importance of this family of enzymes has in the secondary metabolism of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C K Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David R Nelson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, 858 Madison Ave. Suite G01, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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12
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Zhang W, Du L, Li F, Zhang X, Qu Z, Han L, Li Z, Sun J, Qi F, Yao Q, Sun Y, Geng C, Li S. Mechanistic Insights into Interactions between Bacterial Class I P450 Enzymes and Redox Partners. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Lei Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Fengwei Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Zepeng Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingran Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Fengxia Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Qiuping Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Ce Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Structural insights into oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids and flavanone by myxobacterial cytochrome P450 CYP267B1. Biochem J 2018; 475:2801-2817. [PMID: 30045877 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are of high interest for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. CYP267B1 is a P450 enzyme from myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 displaying a broad substrate scope. In this work, a search for new substrates was performed, combined with product characterization and a structural analysis of substrate-bound complexes using X-ray crystallography and computational docking. The results demonstrate the ability of CYP267B1 to perform in-chain hydroxylations of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid) and a regioselective hydroxylation of flavanone. The fatty acids are mono-hydroxylated at different in-chain positions, with decanoic acid displaying the highest regioselectivity towards ω-3 hydroxylation. Flavanone is preferably oxidized to 3-hydroxyflavanone. High-resolution crystal structures of CYP267B1 revealed a very spacious active site pocket, similarly to other P450s capable of converting macrocyclic compounds. The pocket becomes more constricted near to the heme and is closed off from solvent by residues of the F and G helices and the B-C loop. The crystal structure of the tetradecanoic acid-bound complex displays the fatty acid bound near to the heme, but in a nonproductive conformation. Molecular docking allowed modeling of the productive binding modes for the four investigated fatty acids and flavanone, as well as of two substrates identified in a previous study (diclofenac and ibuprofen), explaining the observed product profiles. The obtained structures of CYP267B1 thus serve as a valuable prediction tool for substrate hydroxylations by this highly versatile enzyme and will encourage future selectivity changes by rational protein engineering.
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14
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Wei Y, Ang EL, Zhao H. Recent developments in the application of P450 based biocatalysts. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 43:1-7. [PMID: 29100098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) catalyze regioselective and stereoselective oxidative modifications of a wide variety of substrates, and are involved in the biosynthesis of many natural products. Despite the complex requirements of the P450 reaction system and its intransigence to recombinant expression, the promise of harnessing P450 reactivity for the industrial-scale production of specialty chemicals has led to much effort invested in P450 engineering. Here we review recent developments (between 2015 and 2017) in the application of P450s and their engineered variants as biocatalysts. We describe strategies for the reconstitution of P450 activity in heterologous microbial hosts, and the expanding repertoire of non-natural reactions catalyzed by engineered P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wei
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory, Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Ee Lui Ang
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory, Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory, Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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15
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Harris KL, Thomson RES, Strohmaier SJ, Gumulya Y, Gillam EMJ. Determinants of thermostability in the cytochrome P450 fold. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:97-115. [PMID: 28822812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are found throughout the biosphere in a wide range of environments, serving a multitude of physiological functions. The ubiquity of the P450 fold suggests that it has been co-opted by evolution many times, and likely presents a useful compromise between structural stability and conformational flexibility. The diversity of substrates metabolized and reactions catalyzed by P450s makes them attractive starting materials for use as biocatalysts of commercially useful reactions. However, process conditions impose different requirements on enzymes to those in which they have evolved naturally. Most natural environments are relatively mild, and therefore most P450s have not been selected in Nature for the ability to withstand temperatures above ~40°C, yet industrial processes frequently require extended incubations at much higher temperatures. Thus, there has been considerable interest and effort invested in finding or engineering thermostable P450 systems. Numerous P450s have now been identified in thermophilic organisms and analysis of their structures provides information as to mechanisms by which the P450 fold can be stabilized. In addition, protein engineering, particularly by directed or artificial evolution, has revealed mutations that serve to stabilize particular mesophilic enzymes of interest. Here we review the current understanding of thermostability as it applies to the P450 fold, gleaned from the analysis of P450s characterized from thermophilic organisms and the parallel engineering of mesophilic forms for greater thermostability. We then present a perspective on how this information might be used to design stable P450 enzymes for industrial application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Harris
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Yosephine Gumulya
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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16
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Khatri Y, Schifrin A, Bernhardt R. Investigating the effect of available redox protein ratios for the conversion of a steroid by a myxobacterial CYP260A1. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1126-1140. [PMID: 28281299 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since cytochromes P450 are external monooxygenases, available surrogate redox partners have been used to reconstitute the P450 activity. However, the effect of various ratios of P450s and the redox proteins have not been extensively studied so far, although different combinations of the redox partners have shown variations in substrate conversion. To address this issue, CYP260A1 was reconstituted with various ratios of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase to convert 11-deoxycorticosterone, and the products were characterized by NMR. We show the effect of the available redox protein ratios not only on the P450 catalytic activity but also on the product pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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17
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Brixius-Anderko S, Hannemann F, Ringle M, Khatri Y, Bernhardt R. An indole-deficient Escherichia coli strain improves screening of cytochromes P450 for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:315-326. [PMID: 26913738 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has developed into an attractive organism for heterologous cytochrome P450 production, but, in some cases, was restricted as a host in view of a screening of orphan cytochromes P450 or mutant libraries in the context of molecular evolution due to the formation of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor indole by the enzyme tryptophanase (TnaA). To overcome this effect, we disrupted the tnaA gene locus of E. coli C43(DE3) and evaluated the new strain for whole-cell substrate conversions with three indole-sensitive cytochromes P450, myxobacterial CYP264A1, and CYP109D1 as well as bovine steroidogenic CYP21A2. For purified CYP264A1 and CYP21A2, the half maximal inhibitory indole concentration was determined to be 140 and 500 μM, which is within the physiological concentration range occurring during cultivation of E. coli in complex medium. Biotransformations with C43(DE3)_∆tnaA achieved a 30% higher product formation in the case of CYP21A2 and an even fourfold increase with CYP264A1 compared with C43(DE3) cells. In whole-cell conversion based on CYP109D1, which converts indole to indigo, we could successfully avoid this reaction. Results in microplate format indicate that our newly designed strain is a suitable host for a fast and efficient screening of indole-influenced cytochromes P450 in complex medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Lonza AG, Visp, Switzerland
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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18
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Li YL, Sun J, Hu X, Pan YN, Yan W, Li QY, Wang F, Lin NM, Zhang C. Epothilone B induces apoptosis and enhances apoptotic effects of ABT-737 on human cancer cells via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2281-9. [PMID: 27591861 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epothilone B and its derivatives are tested in multiple clinical trials. Epothilone B induces neurotoxic effect in clinical trials; however, low-dose epothilone B regimen can promote neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Thus, the study of new combination chemotherapy regimen incorporating low-dose epothilone B with other chemotherapeutic agents might help to develop epothilone B-based approaches to cancer treatment and avoid the neurotoxicity of epothilone B. METHODS Cell proliferation was assessed by SRB cell viability assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was evaluated using JC-1 staining. The expression of proteins was detected by western blotting. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of ABT-737 and low-dose epothilone B showed synergistic anti-proliferation effects on human cancer cells. In addition, epothilone B + ABT-737 synergy was through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, combination treatment markedly induced the activation of caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP. The activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is associated with resistance to epothilone B. Our data showed that epothilone B plus ABT-737 resulted in a blockade of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ABT-737 may be a pertinent sensitizer to epothilone B, and the strategy of combining epothilone B with ABT-737 appears to be an attractive option for overcoming the resistance and neurotoxicity of epothilone B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu Hu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Ni Pan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Yu Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Neng-Ming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China. .,Hangzhou Translational Medicine Research Center, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.
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19
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Schifrin A, Khatri Y, Kirsch P, Thiel V, Schulz S, Bernhardt R. A single terpene synthase is responsible for a wide variety of sesquiterpenes in Sorangium cellulosum Soce56. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3385-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 is a prolific producer of volatile sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schifrin
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Philine Kirsch
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Verena Thiel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Institut für Biochemie
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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