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Tomatis C, León A, López Ortiz AO, Oneto P, Fuentes F, Ferrer MF, Carrera Silva EA, Scorticati C, Gómez RM. Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Replicates in Primary Neuron Cultures and Impairs Spine Density Formation. Neuroscience 2023; 529:162-171. [PMID: 37598833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined infection with the highly neurovirulent GDVII, the less neurovirulent DA strains, and with a mutant DA, which lacks the L* protein (L*-1) involved in viral persistence and demyelinating disease, to analyze the direct effects of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) replication using primary cultures of mouse brain hippocampal neurons. All viruses replicate in cultured neurons, with GDVII having the highest titers and L*-1 the lowest. Accordingly, all were positive for viral antigen staining 3 days postinfection (dpi), and DA and L*-1 were also positive after 12 dpi. NeuN + immunostaining showed an early and almost complete absence of positive cells in cultures infected with GDVII, an approximately 50% reduction in cultures infected with DA, and fewer changes in L*-1 strains at 3 dpi. Accordingly, staining with chloromethyltetramethylrosamine orange (Mitotracker OrangeTM) as a parameter for cell viability showed similar results. Moreover, at 1 dpi, the strain DA induced higher transcript levels of neuroprotective genes such as IFN-Iβ, IRF7, and IRF8. At 3 dpi, strains GDVII and DA, but not the L*-1 mutant, showed lower PKR expression. In addition, confocal analysis showed that L*-1-infected neurons exhibited a decrease in spine density. Treatment with poly (I:C), which is structurally related to dsRNA and is known to trigger IFN type I synthesis, reduced spine density even more. These results confirmed the use of mouse hippocampal neuron cultures as a model to study neuronal responses after TMEV infection, particularly in the formation of spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tomatis
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, CABA, Argentina
| | - Antonella León
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Aída O López Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Paula Oneto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, CABA, Argentina
| | - María F Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eugenio A Carrera Silva
- Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, CABA, Argentina
| | - Camila Scorticati
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo M Gómez
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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Gong LK, Yang X, Yang J, Wu S, Chen Y, Zhang JT, Wang ZH, Chen LH, Xing C, Liu T. Low-dose ganciclovir ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through inhibiting macrophage STING activation in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1020670. [PMID: 36467059 PMCID: PMC9714675 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganciclovir (GCV) is a prodrug nucleoside analogue and is clinically used as antiviral drug for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other infections. Based on the potential anti-inflammatory activity of GCV, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ganciclovir on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC), which may involve cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways. Our results demonstrated that incubation of GCV (50 μM) inhibited cGAS-STING pathway in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Then, it was found that intestinal cGAS-STING pathways were upregulated in UC patients, Crohn's disease colitis (CD) patients, and DSS-induced colitis mice. Intraperitoneal injection of low-dose GCV (10 mg/kg/day) attenuated DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain in mice. GCV treatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of cGAS-STING pathway in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, DSS-induced colitis and gut dysbiosis was markedly attenuated in STING deficient mice compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. Finally, there was lacking therapeutic effect of GCV on DSS-induced colitis in STING deficient mice. Together, our results indicated that low-dose GCV ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice, possibly through inhibiting STING signaling in colonic macrophages, indicating that GCV may be useful for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Kong Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Zhang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yanan University, Yanan, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Medicine and Equipment, Suzhou, China
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Ganciclovir attenuates the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting infiltration of Th17 and inflammatory cells into the retina. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114917. [PMID: 35041813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Noninfectious (autoimmune and immune-mediated) uveitis is one of the primary diseases leading to blindness in the world. Due to the limitation of current first-line drugs for clinical uveitis, novel drugs and targets against uveitis are urgently needed. Ganciclovir (GCV), an FDA-approved antiviral drug, is often used to treat cytomegalovirus-induced retinitis in clinical patients. Recently, GCV was found to suppress neuroinflammation via targeting STING signaling because the STING pathway plays a pivotal role in autoimmune diseases. However, until now, the effect of GCV on non-infectious uveitis has never been explored. In this work, using the rat experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model, we first found STING to be highly expressed in infiltrating cells (CD68+, CD45+, and CD4+) and retinal glial cells (Iba1+ and GFAP+) of the immunized retina. More importantly, GCV treatment can significantly suppress the initiation and progression of EAU by inhibiting infiltration of Th17 and inflammatory cells into the retina. Mechanistically, we found that GCV could reverse the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (such as IL-1β) and chemokine-related factors (such as Cxcr3), possibly via targeting the STING pathway. The present results suggest that GCV may be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy against human uveitis.
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Chhatbar C, Detje CN, Grabski E, Borst K, Spanier J, Ghita L, Elliott DA, Jordão MJC, Mueller N, Sutton J, Prajeeth CK, Gudi V, Klein MA, Prinz M, Bradke F, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling of Neurons and Astrocytes Regulates Microglia Activation during Viral Encephalitis. Cell Rep 2020; 25:118-129.e4. [PMID: 30282022 PMCID: PMC7103936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In sterile neuroinflammation, a pathological role is proposed for microglia, whereas in viral encephalitis, their function is not entirely clear. Many viruses exploit the odorant system and enter the CNS via the olfactory bulb (OB). Upon intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus instillation, we show an accumulation of activated microglia and monocytes in the OB. Depletion of microglia during encephalitis results in enhanced virus spread and increased lethality. Activation, proliferation, and accumulation of microglia are regulated by type I IFN receptor signaling of neurons and astrocytes, but not of microglia. Morphological analysis of myeloid cells shows that type I IFN receptor signaling of neurons has a stronger impact on the activation of myeloid cells than of astrocytes. Thus, in the infected CNS, the cross talk among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia is critical for full microglia activation and protection from lethal encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David A Elliott
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marta Joana Costa Jordão
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora Mueller
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - James Sutton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael A Klein
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Allnoch L, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Impact of Astrocyte Depletion upon Inflammation and Demyelination in a Murine Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163922. [PMID: 31409036 PMCID: PMC6719128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), although many of their functions remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of astrocyte depletion upon de- and remyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and virus distribution in Theiler`s murine encephalomyelitis (TME). Groups of two to six glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-thymidine-kinase transgenic SJL mice and SJL wildtype mice were infected with TME virus (TMEV) or mock (vehicle only). Astrocyte depletion was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of ganciclovir during the early and late phase of TME. The animals were clinically investigated while using a scoring system and a rotarod performance test. Necropsies were performed at 46 and 77 days post infection. Cervical and thoracic spinal cord segments were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), luxol fast blue-cresyl violet (LFB), immunohistochemistry targeting Amigo2, aquaporin 4, CD3, CD34, GFAP, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), myelin basic protein (MBP), non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (np-NF), periaxin, S100A10, TMEV, and immunoelectron microscopy. The astrocyte depleted mice showed a deterioration of clinical signs, a downregulation and disorganization of aquaporin 4 in perivascular astrocytes accompanied by vascular leakage. Furthermore, astrocyte depleted mice showed reduced inflammation and lower numbers of TMEV positive cells in the spinal cord. The present study indicates that astrocyte depletion in virus triggered CNS diseases contributes to a deterioration of clinical signs that are mediated by a dysfunction of perivascular astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Activation of the STING-Dependent Type I Interferon Response Reduces Microglial Reactivity and Neuroinflammation. Neuron 2019; 96:1290-1302.e6. [PMID: 29268096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging and neurodegeneration are associated with prominent microglial reactivity and activation of innate immune response pathways, commonly referred to as neuroinflammation. One such pathway, the type I interferon response, recognizes viral or mitochondrial DNA in the cytoplasm via activation of the recently discovered cyclic dinucleotide synthetase cGAS and the cyclic dinucleotide receptor STING. Here we show that the FDA-approved antiviral drug ganciclovir (GCV) induces a type I interferon response independent of its canonical thymidine kinase target. Inhibition of components of the STING pathway, including STING, IRF3, Tbk1, extracellular IFNβ, and the Jak-Stat pathway resulted in reduced activity of GCV and its derivatives. Importantly, functional STING was necessary for GCV to inhibit inflammation in cultured myeloid cells and in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Collectively, our findings uncover an unexpected new activity of GCV and identify the STING pathway as a regulator of microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation.
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of aging and neurodegeneration. In this issue of Neuron, Mathur et al. (2017) report that the antiviral drug Ganciclovir induces an interferon type I response in microglia through activation of the STING pathway, inhibiting inflammation and leading to protection in a model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Tejera
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Macrophage depletion by liposome-encapsulated clodronate suppresses seizures but not hippocampal damage after acute viral encephalitis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:192-205. [PMID: 29208406 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major risk factor for the development of seizures and epilepsy, but the underlying mechanisms are only poorly understood. Mouse models such as viral encephalitis induced by intracerebral infection with Theiler's virus in C57BL/6 (B6) mice allow advancing our understanding of the immunological and virological aspects of infection-induced seizures and their treatment. Previous studies using the Theiler's virus model in B6 mice have indicated that brain-infiltrating inflammatory macrophages and the cytokines released by these cells are key to the development of acute seizures and hippocampal damage in this model. However, approaches used to prevent or reduce macrophage infiltration were not specific, so contribution of other mechanisms could not be excluded. In the present study, we used a more selective and widely used approach for macrophage depletion, i.e., systemic administration of clodronate liposomes, to study the contribution of macrophage infiltration to development of seizures and hippocampal damage. By this approach, almost complete depletion of monocytic cells was achieved in spleen and blood of Theiler's virus infected B6 mice, which was associated with a 70% decrease in the number of brain infiltrating macrophages as assessed by flow cytometry. Significantly less clodronate liposome-treated mice exhibited seizures than liposome controls (P<0.01), but the development of hippocampal damage was not prevented or reduced. Clodronate liposome treatment did not reduce the increased Iba1 and Mac3 labeling in the hippocampus of infected mice, indicating that activated microglia may contribute to hippocampal damage. The unexpected mismatch between occurrence of seizures and hippocampal damage is thought-provoking and suggests that the mechanisms involved in degeneration of specific populations of hippocampal neurons in encephalitis-induced epilepsy are more complex than previously thought.
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Gudi V, Gai L, Herder V, Tejedor LS, Kipp M, Amor S, Sühs KW, Hansmann F, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Synaptophysin Is a Reliable Marker for Axonal Damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:109-125. [PMID: 28177496 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is an abundant membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of identifying synaptophysin accumulations (spheroids/ovoids/bulbs) in CNS white matter as an immunohistochemical marker of axonal damage in demyelinating and neuroinflammatory conditions. We studied the cuprizone toxicity and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection models of demyelination and analyzed CNS tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Synaptophysin colocalized with the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a well-known marker of axonal damage. In the cuprizone model, numerous pathological synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids were identified in the corpus callosum at the onset of demyelination; the extent of synaptophysin/APP-positive vesicle aggregates correlated with identified reactive microglia; during late and chronic demyelination, the majority of synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids resolved but a few remained, indicating persistent axonal damage; in the remyelination phase, scattered large synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs persisted. In the TMEV model, only a few large- to medium-sized synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs were found in demyelinated areas. In MS patient tissue samples, the bulbs appeared exclusively at the inflammatory edges of lesions. In conclusion, our data suggest that synaptophysin as a reliable marker of axonal damage in the CNS in inflammatory/demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lijie Gai
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Wostradowski T, Prajeeth CK, Gudi V, Kronenberg J, Witte S, Brieskorn M, Stangel M. In vitro evaluation of physiologically relevant concentrations of teriflunomide on activation and proliferation of primary rodent microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:250. [PMID: 27658519 PMCID: PMC5034581 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teriflunomide, an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, is thought to ameliorate multiple sclerosis by reducing activation-induced proliferation of lymphocytes, which is highly dependent on de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Nevertheless, its immunomodulatory effects on resident glial cells in the central nervous system are only poorly understood. Methods In this study, we employed physiologically relevant concentrations of teriflunomide and investigated its effects on survival, proliferation, activation, and function of primary rat microglia in vitro. Results We demonstrate that teriflunomide had no cytotoxic effect on microglia and had only a minor impact on microglial activation. In a concentration- and time-dependent manner, teriflunomide significantly downregulated surface expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. Furthermore, in the highest concentration applied (5 μM), it slightly increased the expression of interleukin-10 in microglia in response to lipopolysaccharide. Treatment with low concentrations of teriflunomide (0.25–1 μM) did not have any impact on the activation or proliferation of microglia. At 5 μM concentration of teriflunomide, we observed a reduction of approximately 30 % in proliferation of microglia in mixed glial cell cultures. Conclusions Taken together, our in vitro findings suggest that at higher concentrations, teriflunomide potentially exerts its effects by reducing microglial proliferation and not by modulating the M1-/M2-like cell differentiation of primary rat microglia. Thus, teriflunomide has no major impact on the plasticity of microglia; however, the anti-proliferative and minimal anti-inflammatory effects might be clinically relevant for immune modulation in the treatment of neuroinflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0715-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wostradowski
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sina Witte
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Brieskorn
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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