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De Falco F, Perillo A, Del Piero F, Del Prete C, Zizzo N, Marcus I, Roperto S. ERAS Is Constitutively Expressed in the Tissues of Adult Horses and May Be a Key Player in Basal Autophagy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:818294. [PMID: 35685342 PMCID: PMC9171053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.818294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ERas is a new gene of the Ras family found in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. Its human ortholog is not expressed in human ES cells. So far ERas gene has only been found to be expressed in the tissues of adult cynomolgus monkeys and cattle; however, information about ERAS expression or its potential functions in equine tissues is lacking. This study was performed to investigate whether Eras is an equine functional gene and whether ERAS is expressed in the tissues of adult horses and determine its potential physiological role. Expression of the ERas gene was detected in all examined adult tissues, and the RT-PCR assay revealed ERAS transcripts. Protein expression was also detected by Western blot analysis. Quantitative real time RT-qPCR analysis revealed that different expression levels of ERAS transcripts were most highly expressed in the testis. Immunohistochemically, ERAS was found to be localized prevalently in the plasmatic membrane as well as cytoplasm of the cells. ERAS was a physical partner of activated PDGFβR leading to the AKT signaling. ERAS was found to interact with a network of proteins (BAG3, CHIP, Hsc70/Hsp70, HspB8, Synpo2, and p62) known to play a role in the chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA), which is also known as BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy, an adaptive mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, ERAS was found to interact with parkin. PINK1, BNIP3, laforin. All these proteins are known to play a role in parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy. This is the first study demonstrating that Eras is a functional gene, and that ERAS is constitutively expressed in the tissues of adult horses. ERAS appears to play a physiological role in cellular proteostasis maintenance, thus mitigating the proteotoxicity of accumulated misfolded proteins and contributing to protection against disease. Finally, it is conceivable that activation of AKT pathway by PDGFRs promotes actin reorganization, directed cell movements, stimulation of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Perillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory-LADDL, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Chiara Del Prete
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioan Marcus
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sante Roperto ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-5519
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Kovalski JR, Bhaduri A, Zehnder AM, Neela PH, Che Y, Wozniak GG, Khavari PA. The Functional Proximal Proteome of Oncogenic Ras Includes mTORC2. Mol Cell 2019; 73:830-844.e12. [PMID: 30639242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proximity-dependent biotin labeling (BioID) may identify new targets for cancers driven by difficult-to-drug oncogenes such as Ras. Therefore, BioID was used with wild-type (WT) and oncogenic mutant (MT) H-, K-, and N-Ras, identifying known interactors, including Raf and PI3K, as well as a common set of 130 novel proteins proximal to all Ras isoforms. A CRISPR screen of these proteins for Ras dependence identified mTOR, which was also found proximal to MT Ras in human tumors. Oncogenic Ras directly bound two mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) components, mTOR and MAPKAP1, to promote mTORC2 kinase activity at the plasma membrane. mTORC2 enabled the Ras pro-proliferative cell cycle transcriptional program, and perturbing the Ras-mTORC2 interaction impaired Ras-dependent neoplasia in vivo. Combining proximity-dependent proteomics with CRISPR screening identified a new set of functional Ras-associated proteins, defined mTORC2 as a new direct Ras effector, and offers a strategy for finding new proteins that cooperate with dominant oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Kovalski
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Ashley M Zehnder
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Poornima H Neela
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yonglu Che
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Glenn G Wozniak
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Abstract
The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position and type of substitution vary between different cancers. As RAS genes are among the earliest, if not the first, genes mutated in a variety of cancers, understanding how these mutation patterns arise could inform on not only how cancer begins but also the factors influencing this event, which has implications for cancer prevention. To this end, we suggest that there is a narrow window or 'sweet spot' by which oncogenic RAS signalling can promote tumour initiation in normal cells. As a consequence, RAS mutation patterns in each normal cell are a product of the specific RAS isoform mutated, as well as the position of the mutation and type of substitution to achieve an ideal level of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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KRAS mutant allele-specific expression knockdown in pancreatic cancer model with systemically delivered bi-shRNA KRAS lipoplex. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193644. [PMID: 29851957 PMCID: PMC5979018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS oncogene, present in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, is most frequently the result of one of three gain-of-function substitution mutations of codon 12 glycine. Thus far, RAS mutations have been clinically refractory to both direct and selective inhibition by systemic therapeutics. This report presents the results of pre-clinical assessment of a lipoplex comprising a plasmid-encoded, modular bi-functional shRNA (bi-shRNA), which executes selective and multi-mutant allelic KRASG12mut gene silencing, encased within a fusogenic liposome systemic delivery vehicle. Using both a dual luciferase reporter system and a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay, selective discrimination of KRASG12mut from KRASwt was confirmed in vitro in PANC1 cells. Subsequently, systemic administration of the bi-shRNAKRAS fusogenic lipoplex into female athymic Nu/Nu mice bearing PANC1 xenografts demonstrated intratumoral plasmid delivery, KRASG12mut knockdown, and inhibition of tumor growth, without adverse effect. Clinical trials with the bi-shRNA lipoplex have been implemented.
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Martin TD, Cook DR, Choi MY, Li MZ, Haigis KM, Elledge SJ. A Role for Mitochondrial Translation in Promotion of Viability in K-Ras Mutant Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 20:427-438. [PMID: 28700943 PMCID: PMC5553568 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene are highly prevalent in tumors, especially those of the colon, lung, and pancreas. To better understand the genetic dependencies that K-Ras mutant cells rely upon for their growth, we employed whole-genome CRISPR loss-of-function screens in two isogenic pairs of cell lines. Since loss of essential genes is uniformly toxic in CRISPR-based screens, we also developed a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) library targeting essential genes. These approaches uncovered a large set of proteins whose loss results in the selective reduction of K-Ras mutant cell growth. Pathway analysis revealed that many of these genes function in the mitochondria. For validation, we generated isogenic pairs of cell lines using CRISPR-based genome engineering, which confirmed the dependency of K-Ras mutant cells on these mitochondrial pathways. Finally, we found that mitochondrial inhibitors reduce the growth of K-Ras mutant tumors in vivo, aiding in the advancement of strategies to target K-Ras-driven malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Martin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle R Cook
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mei Yuk Choi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mamie Z Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Goud B, Louvard D. [Cell complexity should be placed at the heart of cancer research]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:63-71. [PMID: 29384098 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20183401015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and most likely epigenetic alterations occurring during tumor progression and metastatic process lead to a broad deregulation of major cellular functions. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. To understand them, the cell, the basic unit of life, remains more than ever the essential level to integrate the functional impact of genetics and epigenetics processes in the light of the global economy of the normal and cancerous cell, and of its interactions with its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, université de recherche Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), CNRS, UMR 144, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel Louvard
- Institut Curie, université de recherche Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), CNRS, UMR 144, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Wan X, Liu R, Li Z. The Prognostic Value of HRAS mRNA Expression in Cutaneous Melanoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5356737. [PMID: 29349077 PMCID: PMC5733767 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5356737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of HRAS mRNA expression in cutaneous melanoma. Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer with an increasing incidence. Few studies have focused on the transcriptional level of RAS isoforms (KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS) in cutaneous melanoma. To gain further insight into RAS isoforms at transcriptional level, we obtained the cutaneous melanoma data from cBioPortal and investigated the RAS mRNA expression levels in different stages of melanoma and evaluated their correlation with clinical characteristics and patients' survival. Furthermore, we retrieved and analyzed the coexpression data and performed pathway enrichment analysis. Totally, 452 cutaneous melanoma cases were included in this study. We found that lower HRAS expression level was associated with longer patient survival. 206 genes that negatively correlated with HRAS expression were positively correlated with KRAS and NRAS expression. In contrast, no gene that positively correlated with HRAS expression was positively correlated with KRAS and NRAS expression. In conclusion, our data showed that transcriptional regulation was different for the three RAS isoforms in cutaneous melanoma. This study highlighted the prognostic value of HRAS mRNA expression and revealed that HRAS greatly differs from KRAS and NRAS at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ruping Liu
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Roperto S, Russo V, Urraro C, Restucci B, Corrado F, De Falco F, Roperto F. ERas is constitutively expressed in full term placenta of pregnant cows. Theriogenology 2017; 103:162-168. [PMID: 28787666 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ERas is a new gene recently found in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and localized on the X chromosome. It plays a role in mouse ES cell survival and is constitutively active without any mutations. It was also found to be responsible for the maintenance of quiescence of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells, the activation of which results in liver fibrosis. This gene was not present in human ES cells. ERas was found to be activated in a significant population of human gastric cancer, where ERAS may play a crucial role in gastric cancer cell survival and metastases to liver via down-regulation of E-cadherin. ERas gene has been found to be expressed both in ES cells and adult tissues of cynomolgus monkey. Cynomolgus ERAS did not promote cell proliferation or induce tumor formation. ERAS was also detected in normal and neoplastic urothelium of the urinary bladder in cattle, where bovine ERAS formed a constitutive complex with platelet derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) resulting in the activation of AKT signaling. Here, molecular and morphological findings of ERAS in the full term placenta of pregnant cows have been investigated for the first time. ERAS was studied by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Alignment of the sequence detects a 100% identity with all transcript variant bovine ERas mRNAs, present in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Furthermore, ERAS was detected by Western blot and investigated by real time PCR that revealed an amount of ERAS more than ERAS found in normal bovine urothelium but less than ERAS present in the liver. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of ERAS protein both at the level of plasma membrane and in cytoplasm of epithelial cells lining caruncular crypts and in trophoblasts of villi. An evident ERAS immunoreactivity was also seen throughout the chorionic and uterine gland epithelium. Although this is not a functional study and further investigations will be warranted, it is conceivable that ERAS may have pleiotropic effects in the placenta, some of which, like normal urothelial cells, might lead to activation of AKT pathway. We speculate that ERAS may play a key role in cellular processes such as cell differentiation and movement. Accordingly, we believe it may be an important factor involved in trophoblast invasiveness via AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, ERas gene is a functional gene which contributes to homeostasis of bovine placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Urraro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Christodoulou EG, Yang H, Lademann F, Pilarsky C, Beyer A, Schroeder M. Detection of COPB2 as a KRAS synthetic lethal partner through integration of functional genomics screens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:34283-34297. [PMID: 28415695 PMCID: PMC5470967 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutated KRAS plays an important role in many cancers. Although targeting KRAS directly is difficult, indirect inactivation via synthetic lethal partners (SLPs) is promising. Yet to date, there are no SLPs from high-throughput RNAi screening, which are supported by multiple screens. Here, we address this problem by aggregating and ranking data over three independent high-throughput screens. We integrate rankings by minimizing the displacement and by considering established methods such as RIGER and RSA.Our meta analysis reveals COPB2 as a potential SLP of KRAS with good support from all three screens. COPB2 is a coatomer subunit and its knock down has already been linked to disabled autophagy and reduced tumor growth. We confirm COPB2 as SLP in knock down experiments on pancreas and colorectal cancer cell lines.Overall, consistent integration of high throughput data can generate candidate synthetic lethal partners, which individual screens do not uncover. Concretely, we reveal and confirm that COPB2 is a synthetic lethal partner of KRAS and hence a promising cancer target. Ligands inhibiting COPB2 may, therefore, be promising new cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni G. Christodoulou
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hai Yang
- Chirurgische Klinik, Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Pilarsky
- Chirurgische Klinik, Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Makowski SL, Tran TT, Field SJ. Emerging themes of regulation at the Golgi. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:17-23. [PMID: 28213314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi is generally recognized for its central role in the secretory pathway to orchestrate protein post-translational modification and trafficking of proteins and lipids to their final destination. Despite the common view of the Golgi as an inert sorting organelle, emerging data demonstrate that important signaling events occur at the Golgi, including those that regulate the trafficking function of the Golgi. The phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate/GOLPH3/MYO18A/F-actin complex serves as a hub for signals that regulate Golgi trafficking function. Furthermore, the Golgi is increasingly appreciated for its important role in cell growth and in driving oncogenic transformation, as illuminated by the discovery that GOLPH3 and MYO18A are cancer drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Makowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0707, USA
| | - Thuy Tt Tran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0707, USA
| | - Seth J Field
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0707, USA.
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