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Jang S, Matsuura Y, Ishigami K, Mergaert P, Kikuchi Y. Symbiont coordinates stem cell proliferation, apoptosis, and morphogenesis of gut symbiotic organ in the stinkbug- Caballeronia symbiosis. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1071987. [PMID: 36685208 PMCID: PMC9846216 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1071987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bean bug Riptortus pedestris obtains a specific bacterial symbiont, Caballeronia insecticola (Burkholderia insecticola), from the environmental soil and harbors it in the posterior midgut region that is composed of hundreds of crypts. While newly hatched aposymbiotic insects possess primordial midgut crypts with little or no lumen, colonization of C. insecticola triggers swift development of the symbiotic organ, forming enlarged and opened crypts, and the symbiont subsequently fills the luminal cavities of those mature crypts. The cellular processes of crypt development triggered by C. insecticola colonization are poorly understood. Here we identified a fundamental mechanism of the symbiont-mediated midgut development by investigating cell cycles of intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal stem cells of the bean bug are located and proliferate at the crypt base. Differentiated enterocytes migrate upward along the epithelial cell layer of the crypt as the midgut develops, induction of apoptosis in enterocytes primarily occurred on the tip side of the crypts, and apoptotic cells then eventually were shed from the crypts into the hemolymph. The proliferation rate of the stem cells at the base of the crypts was low while a high apoptotic rate was observed at the crypt tip in aposymbiotic insects, resulting in undeveloped short crypts. On the contrary, the gut-colonizing C. insecticola promoted the proliferation of the stem cells at the base of crypts and simultaneously inhibited apoptosis at the tip of crypts, resulting in a net growth of the crypts and the generation of a crypt lumen that becomes colonized by the bacterial symbiont. These results demonstrated that the Caballeronia symbiont colonization induces the development of the midgut crypts via finely regulating the enterocyte cell cycles, enabling it to stably and abundantly colonize the generated spacious crypts of the bean bug host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghan Jang
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, Japan,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea,*Correspondence: Seonghan Jang, ; Yoshitomo Kikuchi,
| | - Yu Matsuura
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kota Ishigami
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, Japan,Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, Japan,Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,*Correspondence: Seonghan Jang, ; Yoshitomo Kikuchi,
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2
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Huang W, Tang R, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen R, Gong L, Wei X, Tang Y, Liu Q, Geng L, Pan G, Beerntsen BT, Ling E. Involvement of Epidermis Cell Proliferation in Defense Against Beauveria bassiana Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741797. [PMID: 34603328 PMCID: PMC8481689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana can infect many species of insects and is used as a biological pesticide world-wide. Before reaching the hemocoel, B. bassiana has to penetrate the integument which is composed of a thick chitin layer and epidermal cells. Some chitinase, protease and lipase secreted by B. bassiana are probably involved in the fungal penetration of the integument. While microscopic proof is needed, it is difficult to locate the precise infection sites following the traditional method of immersion infection. Consequently, we developed a new method to inoculate conidia solution into a single fixed-site on the back of one segment. This fixed-site infection method is pathogenic but it is also dose dependent. Using the fixed-site infection protocol, it is also very convenient to track hyphae inside the cuticle layer by light and transmission electron microscopy. The fact that few hyphae were detected inside the chitin layer after fixed-site infection with mutant ΔBPS8, a protease secreted during fungi germination, indicates that this method is suitable for screening genes involved in penetrating the integument in large scale. We also found that melanization occurs before new hyphae penetrate the chitin layer. Most importantly, we discovered that fungal infection can induce epidermal cell proliferation through DNA duplication and cell division, which is essential for the host to defend against fungal infection. Taken together the fixed-site infection method may be helpful to determine the mechanism of fungal and host interaction in the integument so as to effectively exert fungal biological virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shirong Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Qiuning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Lei Geng
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Lab of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Brenda T Beerntsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Chen Q, Liang X, Wu C, Gao J, Chen Q, Zhang Z. Density threshold-based acaricide application for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on cassava: from laboratory to the field. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2634-2641. [PMID: 30706630 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD The red spider mite Tetranychus urticae is known as a worldwide pest in cassava production which can caused serious economic losses. Because no threshold levels are established for T. urticae in cassava cropping, many growers in China are applying excessive chemical applications per cassava cropping period. This is not only expensive, but also results in lower yields because of severe leaf damage and development of resistance. This study aims to develop an immediate threshold level for T. urticae control which could be determined in the laboratory and fit the field application requirements. RESULTS The mite density of 25 mites/leaf was the threshold which caused significant decrease of photosynthetic pigment contents and protective enzyme activities in cassava leaves in the laboratory. Moreover, 25 mites/leaf was also the threshold density which resulted in significantly lower leaf damage and higher yield levels compared with a higher level of mites/leaf where calendar sprays were used. CONCLUSION The mite density threshold that brought about significant physiological and biochemical changes in the laboratory basically coincided with the threshold that resulted in significant yield loss in the field. It is therefore concluded that the optimum threshold acaricide spray for T. urticae on cassava is 25 mites/leaf. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Chunling Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jintao Gao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, Hainan, China
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4
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Bishehsari F, Zhang L, Voigt RM, Maltby N, Semsarieh B, Zorub E, Shaikh M, Wilber S, Armstrong AR, Mirbagheri SS, Preite NZ, Song P, Stornetta A, Balbo S, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol Effects on Colon Epithelium are Time-Dependent. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1898-1908. [PMID: 31237690 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intake increases the risk of developing colon cancer. Circadian disruption promotes alcohol's effect on colon carcinogenesis through unknown mechanisms. Alcohol's metabolites induce DNA damage, an early step in carcinogenesis. We assessed the effect of time of alcohol consumption on markers of tissue damage in the colonic epithelium. METHODS Mice were treated by alcohol or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), at 4-hour intervals for 3 days, and their colons were analyzed for (i) proliferation (Ki67) and antiapoptosis (Bcl-2) markers, (ii) DNA damage (γ-H2AX), and (iii) the major acetaldehyde (AcH)-DNA adduct, N2 -ethylidene-dG. To model circadian disruption, mice were shifted once weekly for 12 h and then were sacrificed at 4-hour intervals. Samples of mice with a dysfunctional molecular clock were analyzed. The dynamics of DNA damage repair from AcH treatment as well as role of xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA) in their repair were studied in vitro. RESULTS Proliferation and survival of colonic epithelium have daily rhythmicity. Alcohol induced colonic epithelium proliferation in a time-dependent manner, with a stronger effect during the light/rest period. Alcohol-associated DNA damage also occurred more when alcohol was given at light. Levels of DNA adduct did not vary by time, suggesting rather lower repair efficiency during the light versus dark. XPA gene expression, a key excision repair gene, was time-dependent, peaking at the beginning of the dark. XPA knockout colon epithelial cells were inefficient in repair of the DNA damage induced by alcohol's metabolite. CONCLUSIONS Time of day of alcohol intake may be an important determinant of colon tissue damage and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Bishehsari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Natalie Maltby
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bita Semsarieh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eyas Zorub
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sherry Wilber
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew R Armstrong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seyed Sina Mirbagheri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nailliw Z Preite
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alessia Stornetta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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5
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Cime-Castillo J, Arts RJW, Vargas-Ponce de León V, Moreno-Torres R, Hernández-Martínez S, Recio-Totoro B, Claudio-Piedras F, Netea MG, Lanz-Mendoza H. DNA Synthesis Is Activated in Mosquitoes and Human Monocytes During the Induction of Innate Immune Memory. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2834. [PMID: 30555493 PMCID: PMC6284063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoreplication is a cell cycle program in which cells replicate their genomes without undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis. For the normal development of many organisms (from fungi to humans) and the formation of their organs, endoreplication is indispensable. The aim of the present study was to explore whether endoreplication and DNA synthesis are relevant processes during the induction of trained innate immunity in human monocytes and in the Anopheles albimanus mosquito cell line. During the induction of trained immunity in both models, endoreplication markers were overexpressed and we observed an increase in DNA synthesis with an augmented copy number of genes essential for trained immunity. Blocking DNA synthesis prevented trained immunity from being established. Overall, these findings suggest that DNA synthesis and endoreplication are important mechanisms involved in inducing innate immune memory. They have probably been conserved throughout evolution from invertebrates to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rob J W Arts
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Valeria Vargas-Ponce de León
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ramon Moreno-Torres
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Benito Recio-Totoro
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Claudio-Piedras
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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6
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Serrato-Salas J, Hernández-Martínez S, Martínez-Barnetche J, Condé R, Alvarado-Delgado A, Zumaya-Estrada F, Lanz-Mendoza H. De Novo DNA Synthesis in Aedes aegypti Midgut Cells as a Complementary Strategy to Limit Dengue Viral Replication. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:801. [PMID: 29755433 PMCID: PMC5932203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue Virus, carrying the virus during the whole mosquito life post-infection. Few mosquito fitness costs have been associated to the virus infection, thereby allowing for a swift dissemination. In order to diminish the mosquito population, public health agency use persistent chemicals with environmental impact for disease control. Most countries barely use biological controls, if at all. With the purpose of developing novel Dengue control strategies, a detailed understanding of the unexplored virus-vector interactions is urgently needed. Damage induced (through tissue injury or bacterial invasion) DNA duplication (endoreplication) has been described in insects during epithelial cells renewal. Here, we delved into the mosquito midgut tissue ability to synthesize DNA de novo; postulating that Dengue virus infection could trigger a protective endoreplication mechanism in some mosquito cells. We hypothesized that the Aedes aegypti orthologue of the Drosophila melanogaster hindsight gene (not previously annotated in Aedes aegypti transcriptome/genome) is part of the Delta-Notch pathway. The activation of this transcriptional cascade leads to genomic DNA endoreplication. The amplification of the genomic copies of specific genes ultimately limits the viral spreading during infection. Conversely, inhibiting DNA synthesis capacity, hence endoreplication, leads to a higher viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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7
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Guan J, Zhang J, Yuan S, Yang B, Clark KD, Ling E, Huang W. Analysis of the functions of the signal peptidase complex in the midgut of Tribolium castaneum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21441. [PMID: 29265467 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Signal peptidase complexes (SPCs) are conserved from bacteria to human beings, and are typically composed of four to five subunits. There are four genes encoding SPC proteins in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. To understand their importance to insect development, double-stranded RNA for each SPC gene was injected into red flour beetles at the early larval and adult stages. Knockdown of all four signal peptidase genes was lethal to larvae. Moreover, larvae had difficulty with old cuticle ecdysis. Knockdown of TcSPC12 alone did not affect pupal or adult development. When TcSPC12, TcSPC18, and TcSPC25 were knocked down in larvae, the melanization of hemocytes and midguts was observed. When knocked down in larvae and adults, TcSPC18 induced severe cell apoptosis in midguts, and the adult midgut lost the ability to maintain crypts after knockdown of TcSPC18, indicating its importance to midgut cell proliferation and differentiation. Knockdown of TcSPC22 or TcSPC25 also resulted in many apoptotic cells in the midguts. However, TcSPC12 appeared to be unimportant for midgut development. We conclude that TcSPC18 is essential for maintaining the adult midgut crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglei Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin D Clark
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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8
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Han F, Lu A, Yuan Y, Huang W, Beerntsen BT, Huang J, Ling E. Characterization of an entomopathogenic fungi target integument protein, Bombyx mori single domain von Willebrand factor type C, in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:308-316. [PMID: 28168773 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The insect cuticle works as the first line of defence to protect insects from pathogenic infections and water evaporation. However, the old cuticle must be shed in order to enter the next developmental stage. During each ecdysis, moulting fluids are produced and secreted into the area among the old and new cuticles. In a previous study, the protein Bombyx mori single domain von Willebrand factor type C (BmSVWC; BGIBMGA011399) was identified in the moulting fluids of Bo. mori and demonstrated to regulate ecdysis. In this study we show that in Bo. mori larvae, BmSVWC primarily locates to the integument (epidermal cells and cuticle), wing discs and head. During the moulting stage, BmSVWC is released into the moulting fluids, and is then produced again by epidermal cells after ecdysis. Fungal infection was shown to decrease the amount of BmSVWC in the cuticle, which indicates that BmSVWC is a target protein of entomopathogenic fungi. Thus, BmSVWC is mainly involved in maintaining the integrity of the integument structure, which serves to protect insects from physical damage and pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Han
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - A Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - W Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - B T Beerntsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - J Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - E Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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9
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Zhi Y, Ji H, Pan J, He P, Zhou X, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Chen Z. Downregulated XPA promotes carcinogenesis of bladder cancer via impairment of DNA repair. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317691679. [PMID: 28222669 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317691679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of urinary system, largely resulting from failure of repair of DNA damage to the environmental insults. The function of XPA in nucleotide excision repair pathway has been well documented. However, participation of XPA in the repair of DNA double-strand break remains unknown. Here, we reported that bladder cancer expressed low XPA levels compared to adjacent non-tumor bladder tissue, and this phenotype was closely associated with chromosomal aberrations. Moreover, downregulated XPA appeared to increase incidence of chromosome aberration. XPA reduction increased cell viability of a bladder cancer cell line RT4, while XPA re-expression decreased the cell viability of RT4 cells. Since high mutation frequency is the basis of mutations of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, and may be the essence of bladder cancer susceptibility, our study suggests that downregulated XPA may promote carcinogenesis of bladder cancer via impairment of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhi
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huixiang Ji
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhong Pan
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng He
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaozhou Zhou
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhansong Zhou
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Urology Institute of People Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wu K, Yang B, Huang W, Dobens L, Song H, Ling E. Gut immunity in Lepidopteran insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:65-74. [PMID: 26872544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects constitute one of the largest fractions of animals on earth, but are considered pests in their relationship with man. Key to the success of this order of insects is its ability to digest food and absorb nutrition, which takes place in the midgut. Because environmental microorganisms can easily enter Lepidopteran guts during feeding, the innate immune response guards against pathogenic bacteria, virus and microsporidia that can be devoured with food. Gut immune responses are complicated by both resident gut microbiota and the surrounding peritrophic membrane and are distinct from immune responses in the body cavity, which depend on the function of the fat body and hemocytes. Due to their relevance to agricultural production, studies of Lepidopteran insect midgut and immunity are receiving more attention, and here we summarize gut structures and functions, and discuss how these confer immunity against different microorganisms. It is expected that increased knowledge of Lepidopteran gut immunity may be utilized for pest biological control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Leonard Dobens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hongsheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Castagnola A, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Intestinal regeneration as an insect resistance mechanism to entomopathogenic bacteria. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 15:104-10. [PMID: 27436739 PMCID: PMC4957658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium of insects is exposed to xenobiotics and entomopathogens during the feeding developmental stages. In these conditions, an effective enterocyte turnover mechanism is highly desirable to maintain integrity of the gut epithelial wall. As in other insects, the gut of lepidopteran larvae have stem cells that are capable of proliferation, which occurs during molting and pathogenic episodes. While much is known on the regulation of gut stem cell division during molting, there is a current knowledge gap on the molecular regulation of gut healing processes after entomopathogen exposure. Relevant information on this subject is emerging from studies of the response to exposure to insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as model intoxicants. In this work we discuss currently available data on the molecular cues involved in gut stem cell proliferation, insect gut healing, and the implications of enhanced healing as a potential mechanism of resistance against Bt toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Castagnola
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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