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Marschick G, David M, Arigliani E, Opačak N, Schwarz B, Giparakis M, Delga A, Lagree M, Poletti T, Trinite V, Evirgen A, Gerard B, Ramer G, Maulini R, Butet J, Blaser S, Andrews AM, Strasser G, Hinkov B. High-responsivity operation of quantum cascade detectors at 9 µm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40188-40195. [PMID: 36298955 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) are devices operating at zero external bias with a low dark-current. They show linear detection and high saturation intensities, making them suitable candidates for heterodyne detection in long-wave infrared (LWIR) free space optical communication systems. We present an approach to mitigate the performance limitation at long wavelengths, by a comparison of similar single and multi-period QCDs for optimizing their responsivity and noise behaviour. Our InGaAs/InAlAs/InP ridge QCDs are designed for operation at λ = 9.124 µm. Optical waveguide simulations support the accurate optical characterization. A detailed device analysis reveals room-temperature responsivities of 111 mA/W for the 15-period and 411 mA/W for the single-period device.
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2
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A Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Multi-Gas Sensor for Ambient Air Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071850. [PMID: 32225096 PMCID: PMC7181263 DOI: 10.3390/s20071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A quantum cascade laser-based sensor for ambient air monitoring is presented and five gases, affecting the air quality, can be quantified. The light sources are selected to measure CO, NO, NO2, N2O and SO2. The footprint of the measurement setup is designed to fit in two standard 19” rack (48 cm × 65 cm) with 4 height units (18 cm) whereas one is holding the optical components and the other one contains the electronics and data processing unit. The concentrations of the individual analytes are measured using 2f-Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (2f-WMS) and a commercially available multipass gas cell defines the optical path. In addition, CO can also be measured with a dispersion-based technique, which allows one to cover a wider concentration range than 2f-WMS. The performance of this prototype has been evaluated in the lab and detection limits in the range of 1ppbv have been achieved. Finally, the applicability of this prototype for ambient air monitoring is shown in a five-week measurement campaign in cooperation with the Municipal Department for Environmental Protection (MA 22) of Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Li Y, Lv J, Gu Q, Hu S, Li Z, Jiang X, Ying Y, Si G. Metadevices with Potential Practical Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E2651. [PMID: 31336634 PMCID: PMC6680820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials are "new materials" with different superior physical properties, which have generated great interest and become popular in scientific research. Various designs and functional devices using metamaterials have formed a new academic world. The application concept of metamaterial is based on designing diverse physical structures that can break through the limitations of traditional optical materials and composites to achieve extraordinary material functions. Therefore, metadevices have been widely studied by the academic community recently. Using the properties of metamaterials, many functional metadevices have been well investigated and further optimized. In this article, different metamaterial structures with varying functions are reviewed, and their working mechanisms and applications are summarized, which are near-field energy transfer devices, metamaterial mirrors, metamaterial biosensors, and quantum-cascade detectors. The development of metamaterials indicates that new materials will become an important breakthrough point and building blocks for new research domains, and therefore they will trigger more practical and wide applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jiangtao Lv
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qiongchan Gu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yu Ying
- College of Information & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China.
| | - Guangyuan Si
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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4
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Cascade laser sensing concepts for advanced breath diagnostics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:1679-1686. [PMID: 30565171 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With more than a thousand constituents at trace level concentrations, exhaled breath analysis (EBA) allows for non-invasive point-of-care (POC) disease diagnostics and metabolic status monitoring in or close to real-time. A number of biomarkers in breath may be used to not only identify diseases and disease progression but also to monitor therapeutic interventions. Although the relationship of selected breath components/biomarkers with certain disease pathologies is well established, diagnosing the exhaled breath composition remains an analytical and practical challenge due to the concentration levels of molecules of interest, i.e., low parts-per-billion (ppb) regime and below. Besides the analytical assessment of breath components via conventional methods such as gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and related techniques, the application of cascade laser spectroscopy (CLS) is relatively new and exhibits several advantages when aiming for compact and user-friendly trace gas sensors with high molecular selectivity, the required sensitivity, and potentially reasonable instrumental costs. This trend article highlights the current status and potential of CLS in breath diagnostics with a focus on recent advancements in instrumentation and application along with future prospects and challenges. Graphical abstract Cascade laser technology in the mid-infrared spectral range enables sensitive and molecularly selective exhaled breath analysis with near real-time response, label-free detection, and point-of-care feasibility.
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5
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Tittl A, Leitis A, Liu M, Yesilkoy F, Choi DY, Neshev DN, Kivshar YS, Altug H. Imaging-based molecular barcoding with pixelated dielectric metasurfaces. Science 2018; 360:1105-1109. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide opportunities for wavefront control, flat optics, and subwavelength light focusing. We developed an imaging-based nanophotonic method for detecting mid-infrared molecular fingerprints and implemented it for the chemical identification and compositional analysis of surface-bound analytes. Our technique features a two-dimensional pixelated dielectric metasurface with a range of ultrasharp resonances, each tuned to a discrete frequency; this enables molecular absorption signatures to be read out at multiple spectral points, and the resulting information is then translated into a barcode-like spatial absorption map for imaging. The signatures of biological, polymer, and pesticide molecules can be detected with high sensitivity, covering applications such as biosensing and environmental monitoring. Our chemically specific technique can resolve absorption fingerprints without the need for spectrometry, frequency scanning, or moving mechanical parts, thereby paving the way toward sensitive and versatile miniaturized mid-infrared spectroscopy devices.
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Jin T, Zhou J, Wang Z, Gutierrez-Osuna R, Ahn C, Hwang W, Park K, Lin PT. Real-Time Gas Mixture Analysis Using Mid-Infrared Membrane Microcavities. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4348-4353. [PMID: 29509404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Real-time gas analysis on-a-chip was demonstrated using a mid-infrared (mid-IR) microcavity. Optical apertures for the microcavity were made of ultrathin silicate membranes embedded in a silicon chip using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the silicate membrane is transparent in the range of 2.5-6.0 μm, a region that overlaps with multiple characteristic gas absorption lines and therefore enables gas detection applications. A test station integrating a mid-IR tunable laser, a microgas delivery system, and a mid-IR camera was assembled to evaluate the gas detection performance. CH4, CO2, and N2O were selected as analytes due to their strong absorption bands at λ = 3.25-3.50, 4.20-4.35, and 4.40-4.65 μm, which correspond to C-H, C-O, and O-N stretching, respectively. A short subsecond response time and high gas identification accuracy were achieved. Therefore, our chip-scale mid-IR sensor provides a new platform for an in situ, remote, and embedded gas monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Charles Ahn
- Crucialtec Co., LTD , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13486 , South Korea
| | - Wonjun Hwang
- Crucialtec Co., LTD , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13486 , South Korea
| | - Ken Park
- Crucialtec Co., LTD , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 13486 , South Korea
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7
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Wrobel TP, Bhargava R. Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Advances as an Analytical Technology for Biomedical Sciences. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1444-1463. [PMID: 29281255 PMCID: PMC6421863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P. Wrobel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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8
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Wei S, Kulkarni P, Ashley K, Zheng L. Measurement of Crystalline Silica Aerosol Using Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Infrared Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13860. [PMID: 29066770 PMCID: PMC5654752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to airborne respirable crystalline silica (RCS) poses major health risks in many industrial environments. There is a need for new sensitive instruments and methods for in-field or near real-time measurement of crystalline silica aerosol. The objective of this study was to develop an approach, using quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based infrared spectroscopy (IR), to quantify airborne concentrations of RCS. Three sampling methods were investigated for their potential for effective coupling with QCL-based transmittance measurements: (i) conventional aerosol filter collection, (ii) focused spot sample collection directly from the aerosol phase, and (iii) dried spot obtained from deposition of liquid suspensions. Spectral analysis methods were developed to obtain IR spectra from the collected particulate samples in the range 750-1030 cm-1. The new instrument was calibrated and the results were compared with standardized methods based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Results show that significantly lower detection limits for RCS (≈330 ng), compared to conventional infrared methods, could be achieved with effective microconcentration and careful coupling of the particulate sample with the QCL beam. These results offer promise for further development of sensitive filter-based laboratory methods and portable sensors for near real-time measurement of crystalline silica aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wei
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, USA.,University of Cincinnati, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA
| | - Pramod Kulkarni
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, USA.
| | - Kevin Ashley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, USA
| | - Lina Zheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, USA
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9
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Schwarz B, Wang CA, Missaggia L, Mansuripur TS, Chevalier P, Connors MK, McNulty D, Cederberg J, Strasser G, Capasso F. Watt-Level Continuous-Wave Emission from a Bifunctional Quantum Cascade Laser/Detector. ACS PHOTONICS 2017; 4:1225-1231. [PMID: 28540324 PMCID: PMC5437807 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional active regions, capable of light generation and detection at the same wavelength, allow a straightforward realization of the integrated mid-infrared photonics for sensing applications. Here, we present a high performance bifunctional device for 8 μm capable of 1 W single facet continuous wave emission at 15 °C. Apart from the general performance benefits, this enables sensing techniques which rely on continuous wave operation, for example, heterodyne detection, to be realized within a monolithic platform and demonstrates that bifunctional operation can be realized at longer wavelength, where wavelength matching becomes increasingly difficult and that the price to be paid in terms of performance is negligible. In laser operation, the device has the same or higher efficiency compared to the best lattice-matched QCLs without same wavelength detection capability, which is only 30% below the record achieved with strained material at this wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine A. Wang
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Leo Missaggia
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Tobias S. Mansuripur
- Department of Physics and John A. Paulson School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Paul Chevalier
- Department of Physics and John A. Paulson School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael K. Connors
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Daniel McNulty
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Jeffrey Cederberg
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | | | - Federico Capasso
- Department of Physics and John A. Paulson School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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10
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Schwaighofer A, Brandstetter M, Lendl B. Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in biomedical spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5903-5924. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent applications of QCLs in mid-IR spectroscopy of clinically relevant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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11
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
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12
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Szedlak R, Harrer A, Holzbauer M, Schwarz B, Waclawek J, MacFarland D, Zederbauer T, Detz H, Andrews AM, Schrenk W, Lendl B, Strasser G. Remote Sensing with Commutable Monolithic Laser and Detector. ACS PHOTONICS 2016; 3:1794-1798. [PMID: 27785455 PMCID: PMC5073946 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous trend toward miniaturized sensing systems demands novel concepts for compact and versatile spectroscopic tools. Conventional optical sensing setups include a light source, an analyte interaction region, and a separate external detector. We present a compact sensor providing room-temperature operation of monolithic surface-active lasers and detectors integrated on the same chip. The differentiation between emitter and detector is eliminated, which enables mutual commutation. Proof-of-principle gas measurements with a limit of detection below 400 ppm are demonstrated. This concept enables a crucial miniaturization of sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Szedlak
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Harrer
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holzbauer
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes
Paul Waclawek
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt
9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Donald MacFarland
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Zederbauer
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Detz
- Austrian
Academy of Sciences, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aaron Maxwell Andrews
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Schrenk
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt
9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics & Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Moser H, Pölz W, Waclawek JP, Ofner J, Lendl B. Implementation of a quantum cascade laser-based gas sensor prototype for sub-ppmv H 2S measurements in a petrochemical process gas stream. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:729-739. [PMID: 27640208 PMCID: PMC5233737 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of a sensitive and selective as well as industrial fit gas sensor prototype based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection (2f-WMS) employing an 8-μm continuous-wave distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (CW-DFB-QCL) for monitoring hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at sub-ppm levels is reported. Regarding the applicability for analytical and industrial process purposes aimed at petrochemical environments, a synthetic methane (CH4) matrix of up to 1000 ppmv together with a varying H2S content was chosen as the model environment for the laboratory-based performance evaluation performed at TU Wien. A noise-equivalent absorption sensitivity (NEAS) for H2S targeting the absorption line at 1247.2 cm−1 was found to be 8.419 × 10−10 cm−1 Hz−1/2, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 150 ppbv H2S could be achieved. The sensor prototype was then deployed for on-site measurements at the petrochemical research hydrogenation platform of the industrial partner OMV AG. In order to meet the company’s on-site safety regulations, the H2S sensor platform was installed in an industry rack and equipped with the required safety infrastructure for protected operation in hazardous and explosive environments. The work reports the suitability of the sensor prototype for simultaneous monitoring of H2S and CH4 content in the process streams of a research hydrodesulfurization (HDS) unit. Concentration readings were obtained every 15 s and revealed process dynamics not observed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Moser
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Paul Waclawek
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Ofner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Moser H, Genner A, Ofner J, Schwarzer C, Strasser G, Lendl B. Application of a ring cavity surface emitting quantum cascade laser (RCSE-QCL) on the measurement of H 2S in a CH 4 matrix for process analytics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:6572-6585. [PMID: 27136847 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the first application of a ring-cavity-surface-emitting quantum-cascade laser (RCSE-QCL) for sensitive gas measurements. RCSE-QCLs are promising candidates for optical gas-sensing due to their single-mode, mode-hop-free and narrow-band emission characteristics along with their broad spectral coverage. The time resolved down-chirp of the RCSE-QCL in the 1227-1236 cm-1 (8.15-8.09 µm) spectral range was investigated using a step-scan FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker Vertex 80v) with 2 ns time and 0.1 cm-1 spectral resolution. The pulse repetition rate was set between 20 and 200 kHz and the laser device was cooled to 15-17°C. Employing 300 ns pulses a spectrum of ~1.5 cm-1 could be recorded. Under these laser operation conditions and a gas pressure of 1000 mbar a limit of detection (3σ) of 1.5 ppmv for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in nitrogen was achieved using a 100 m Herriott cell and a thermoelectric cooled MCT detector for absorption measurements. Using 3 µs long pulses enabled to further extend the spectral bandwidth to 8.5 cm-1. Based on this increased spectral coverage and employing reduced pressure conditions (50 mbar) multiple peaks of the target analyte H2S as well as methane (CH4) could be examined within one single pulse.
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15
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Tütüncü E, Kokoric V, Szedlak R, MacFarland D, Zederbauer T, Detz H, Andrews AM, Schrenk W, Strasser G, Mizaikoff B. Advanced gas sensors based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguides and dual-color ring quantum cascade lasers. Analyst 2016; 141:6202-6207. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first combination of a ring-shaped vertically emitting quantum cascade laser (riQCL) with a substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Tütüncü
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Germany
| | - Vjekoslav Kokoric
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Germany
| | - Rolf Szedlak
- Institute of Solid State Electronics
- TU Wien
- Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics
- TU Wien
- Austria
- Center for Micro- and Nanostructures
- TU Wien
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Germany
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