1
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Ryu JY, Cerecedo-Lopez C, Yang H, Ryu I, Du R. Brain-targeted intranasal delivery of protein-based gene therapy for treatment of ischemic stroke. Theranostics 2024; 14:4773-4786. [PMID: 39239521 PMCID: PMC11373627 DOI: 10.7150/thno.98088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy using a protein-based CRISPR system in the brain has practical limitations due to current delivery systems, especially in the presence of arterial occlusion. To overcome these obstacles and improve stability, we designed a system for intranasal administration of gene therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Methods: Nanoparticles containing the protein-based CRISPR/dCas9 system targeting Sirt1 were delivered intranasally to the brain in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. The CRISPR/dCas9 system was encapsulated with calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles to prevent them from being degraded. They were then conjugated with β-hydroxybutyrates (bHb) to target monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) in nasal epithelial cells to facilitate their transfer into the brain. Results: Human nasal epithelial cells were shown to uptake and transfer nanoparticles to human brain endothelial cells with high efficiency in vitro. The intranasal administration of the dCas9/CaP/PEI-PEG-bHb nanoparticles in mice effectively upregulated the target gene, Sirt1, in the brain, decreased cerebral edema and increased survival after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Additionally, we observed no significant in vivo toxicity associated with intranasal administration of the nanoparticles, highlighting the safety of this approach. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the proposed protein-based CRISPR-dCas9 system targeting neuroprotective genes in general, and SIRT1 in particular, can be a potential novel therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yeon Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christian Cerecedo-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Valley Baptist Medical Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX 78550, United States
| | - Hongkuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ilhwan Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
- Cooperative Center for Research Facilities, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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2
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Romanowska A, Rachubik P, Piwkowska A, Wysocka M. Polymers of functionalized diaminopropionic acid are efficient mediators of active exogenous enzyme delivery into cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13185. [PMID: 38851838 PMCID: PMC11162485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivery of active protein especially enzyme is one of the major therapeutic challenge. Replacing or substituted invalid/improper acting protein offer fast and effective treatment of disease. Herein, we describe the synthesis and properties of biotinylated peptidomimetics consisting of oxoacid-modified 2,3, L-diaminopropionic acid residues with guanidine groups on its side chains. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the obtained compounds interact with FITC-labeled streptavidin or a streptavidin-β-galactosidase hybrid in an efficient manner. Complexes formed by the abovementioned molecules are able to cross the cell membranes of cancer or healthy cells and show promising compatibility with live cells. Analysis of β-galactosidase activity inside the cells revealed surprisingly high levels of active enzyme in complex-treated cells compared to controls. This observation was confirmed by immunochemical studies in which the presence of β-galactosidase was detected in the membrane and vesicles of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Romanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-309, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - P Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Gdansk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Gdansk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-309, Gdańsk, Poland.
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3
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Bąchor U, Lizak A, Bąchor R, Mączyński M. 5-Amino-3-methyl-Isoxazole-4-carboxylic Acid as a Novel Unnatural Amino Acid in the Solid Phase Synthesis of α/β-Mixed Peptides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175612. [PMID: 36080386 PMCID: PMC9457529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hybrid peptides consisting of α and β-amino acids show great promise as peptidomimetics that can be used as therapeutic agents. Therefore, the development of new unnatural amino acids and the methods of their incorporation into the peptide chain is an important task. Here, we described our investigation of the possibility of 5-amino-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (AMIA) application in the solid phase peptide synthesis. This new unnatural β-amino acid, presenting various biological activities, was successfully coupled to a resin-bound peptide using different reaction conditions, including classical and ultrasonic agitated solid-phase synthesis. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. The obtained results present the possibility of the application of this β-amino acid in the synthesis of a new class of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Bąchor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (U.B.); (R.B.); Tel.: +48-78-406-34 (U.B.); +48-71-375-7218 (R.B.); Fax: +48-71-328-2348 (R.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Lizak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Bąchor
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (U.B.); (R.B.); Tel.: +48-78-406-34 (U.B.); +48-71-375-7218 (R.B.); Fax: +48-71-328-2348 (R.B.)
| | - Marcin Mączyński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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4
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Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Rhimi S, Soussou S, Mkaouar H, Mariaule V, Gruba N, Gargouri A, Maguin E, Lesner A, Rhimi M. SP-1, a Serine Protease from the Gut Microbiota, Influences Colitis and Drives Intestinal Dysbiosis in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:2658. [PMID: 34685638 PMCID: PMC8534766 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protease activity has been linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. While most studies have been focusing on host proteases in gut inflammation, it remains unclear how to address the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. In the present study, we report a functional characterization of a newly identified serine protease, SP-1, from the human gut microbiota. The serine protease repertoire of gut Clostridium was first explored, and the specificity of SP-1 was analyzed using a combinatorial chemistry method. Combining in vitro analyses and a mouse model of colitis, we show that oral administration of recombinant bacteria secreting SP-1 (i) compromises the epithelial barrier, (ii) alters the microbial community, and (ii) exacerbates colitis. These findings suggest that gut microbial protease activity may constitute a valuable contributor to IBD and could, therefore, represent a promising target for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Soufien Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Souha Soussou
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Natalia Gruba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (N.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax Bp ‘1177’ 3018, Tunisia;
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (N.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
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5
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Novel Cell Permeable Polymers of N-Substituted L-2,3-Diaminopropionic Acid (DAPEGs) and Cellular Consequences of Their Interactions with Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052571. [PMID: 33806461 PMCID: PMC7961587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesize novel polycationic polymers composed of N-substituted L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid residues (DAPEGs) and investigate their cell permeability, cytotoxicity, and DNA-binding ability. The most efficient cell membrane-penetrating compounds (O2Oc-Dap(GO2)n-O2Oc-NH2, where n = 4, 6, and 8) showed dsDNA binding with a binding constant in the micromolar range (0.3, 3.4, and 0.19 µM, respectively) and were not cytotoxic to HB2 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Selected compounds used in the transfection of a GFP plasmid showed high transfection efficacy and minimal cytotoxicity. Their interaction with plasmid DNA and the increasing length of the main chain of tested compounds strongly influenced the organization and shape of the flower-like nanostructures formed, which were unique for 5/6-FAM-O2Oc-[Dap(GO2)]8-O2Oc-NH2 and typical for large proteins.
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6
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Fuller AA, Moreno JL, Nguyen MT. Using Fluorescence to Enable Innovative Functions of Foldamers. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University 500 El Camino Real Santa Clara CA 95053 USA
| | - Jose L. Moreno
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University 500 El Camino Real Santa Clara CA 95053 USA
| | - Michelle T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University 500 El Camino Real Santa Clara CA 95053 USA
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7
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Wysocka M, Romanowska A, Gruba N, Michalska M, Giełdoń A, Lesner A. A Peptidomimetic Fluorescent Probe to Detect the Trypsin β2 Subunit of the Human 20S Proteasome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072396. [PMID: 32244300 PMCID: PMC7177456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the chemical synthesis, combinatorial selection, and enzymatic evaluation of peptidomimetic fluorescent substrates specific for the trypsin-like (β2) subunit of the 20S human proteasome. After deconvolution of a library comprising nearly 6000 compounds composed of peg substituted diaminopropionic acid DAPEG building blocks, the sequence ABZ–Dap(O2(Cbz))–Dap(GO1)–Dap(O2(Cbz))–Arg–ANB–NH2, where ABZ is 2-aminobenzoic acid, and ANB- 5 amino 2- nitro benzoic acid was selected. Its cleavage followed sigmoidal kinetics, characteristic for allosteric enzymes, with Km = 3.22 ± 0.02 μM, kcat = 245 s−1, and kcat/Km = 7.61 × 107 M−1 s−1. This process was practically halted when a selective inhibitor of the β2 subunit of the 20S human proteasome was supplemented to the reaction system. Titration of the substrate resulting in decreased amounts of proteasome 20S produced a linear signal up to 10−11 M. Using this substrate, we detected human proteasome 20S in human urine samples taken from the bladders of cancer patients. This observation could be useful for the noninvasive diagnosis of this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Lesner
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-585-235-095; Fax: +48-585-235-472
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8
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AhYoung AP, Lin SJ, Gerhardy S, van Lookeren Campagne M, Kirchhofer D. An ancient mechanism of arginine-specific substrate cleavage: What's 'up' with NSP4? Biochimie 2019; 166:19-26. [PMID: 30946946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4) is the fourth member of the NSP family, which includes the well-studied neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G. Like the other three NSP members, NSP4 is synthesized by myeloid precursors in the bone marrow and, after cleavage of the two-amino acid activation peptide, is stored as an active protease in azurophil granules of neutrophils. Based on its primary amino acid sequence, NSP4 is predicted to have a shallow S1 specificity pocket with elastase-like substrate specificity. However, NSP4 was found to preferentially cleave after an arginine residue. Structural studies resolved this paradox by revealing an unprecedented mechanism of P1-arginine recognition. In contrast to the canonical mechanism in which the P1-arginine residue points down into a deep S1 pocket, the arginine side chain adopts a surface-exposed 'up' conformation in the NSP4 active site. This conformation is stabilized by the Phe190 residue, which serves as a hydrophobic platform for the aliphatic portion of the arginine side chain, and a network of hydrogen bonds between the arginine guanidium group and the NSP4 residues Ser192 and Ser216. This unique configuration allows NSP4 to cleave even after naturally modified arginine residues, such as citrulline and methylarginine. This non-canonical mechanism, characterized by the hallmark 'triad' Phe190-Ser192-Ser216, is largely preserved throughout evolution starting with bony fish, which appeared about 400 million years ago. Although the substrates and physiological role of NSP4 remain to be determined, its remarkable evolutionary conservation, restricted tissue expression and homology to other neutrophil serine proteases anticipate a function in immune-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P AhYoung
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - S Jack Lin
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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9
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Greening DW, Kapp EA, Simpson RJ. The Peptidome Comes of Age: Mass Spectrometry-Based Characterization of the Circulating Cancer Peptidome. Enzymes 2017; 42:27-64. [PMID: 29054270 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptides play a seminal role in most physiological processes acting as neurotransmitters, hormones, antibiotics, and immune regulation. In the context of tumor biology, it is hypothesized that endogenous peptides, hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and aberrant degradation of select protein networks (e.g., enzymatic activities, protein shedding, and extracellular matrix remodeling) are fundamental in mediating cancer progression. Analysis of peptides in biological fluids by mass spectrometry holds promise of providing sensitive and specific diagnostic and prognostic information for cancer and other diseases. The identification of circulating peptides in the context of disease constitutes a hitherto source of new clinical biomarkers. The field of peptidomics can be defined as the identification and comprehensive analysis of physiological and pathological peptides. Like proteomics, peptidomics has been advanced by the development of new separation strategies, analytical detection methods such as mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic technologies. Unlike proteomics, peptidomics is targeted toward identifying endogenous protein and peptide fragments, defining proteolytic enzyme substrate specificity, as well as protease cleavage recognition (degradome). Peptidomics employs "top-down proteomics" strategies where mass spectrometry is applied at the proteoform level to analyze intact proteins and large endogenous peptide fragments. With recent advances in prefractionation workflows for separating peptides, mass spectrometry instrumentation, and informatics, peptidomics is an important field that promises to impact on translational medicine. This review covers the current advances in peptidomics, including top-down and imaging mass spectrometry, comprehensive quantitative peptidome analyses (developments in reproducibility and coverage), peptide prefractionation and enrichment workflows, peptidomic data analyses, and informatic tools. The application of peptidomics in cancer biomarker discovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Eugene A Kapp
- Systems Biology & Personalised Medicine Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Gruba N, Rodriguez Martinez JI, Grzywa R, Wysocka M, Skoreński M, Burmistrz M, Łęcka M, Lesner A, Sieńczyk M, Pyrć K. Substrate profiling of Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3459-3468. [PMID: 27714789 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), isolated from macaques in Uganda in 1947, was not considered to be a dangerous human pathogen. However, this view has recently changed as ZIKV infections are now associated with serious pathological disorders including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Similar to other viruses in the Flaviviridae family, ZIKV expresses the serine protease NS3 which is responsible for viral protein processing and replication. Herein, we report the expression of an active NS3pro domain fused with the NS2B cofactor (NS2BLN NS3pro ) in a prokaryotic expression system and profile its specificity for synthesized FRET-type substrate libraries. Our findings pave way for screening potential intracellular substrates of NS3 and for developing specific inhibitors of this ZIKV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Renata Grzywa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Skoreński
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Łęcka
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. .,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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