1
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Bello L, Hoffman EP, Pegoraro E. Is it time for genetic modifiers to predict prognosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:410-423. [PMID: 37308617 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) show clinically relevant phenotypic variability, despite sharing the same primary biochemical defect (dystrophin deficiency). Factors contributing to this clinical variability include allelic heterogeneity (specific DMD mutations), genetic modifiers (trans-acting genetic polymorphisms) and variations in clinical care. Recently, a series of genetic modifiers have been identified, mostly involving genes and/or proteins that regulate inflammation and fibrosis - processes increasingly recognized as being causally linked with physical disability. This article reviews genetic modifier studies in DMD to date and discusses the effect of genetic modifiers on predicting disease trajectories (prognosis), clinical trial design and interpretation (inclusion of genotype-stratified subgroup analyses) and therapeutic approaches. The genetic modifiers identified to date underscore the importance of progressive fibrosis, downstream of dystrophin deficiency, in driving the disease process. As such, genetic modifiers have shown the importance of therapies aimed at slowing this fibrotic process and might point to key drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bello
- Department of Neurosciences (DNS), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences (DNS), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Poetsch MS, Palus S, Van Linthout S, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Coats AJS, Anker SD, Springer J. The small molecule ACM-001 improves cardiac function in a rat model of severe cancer cachexia. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:673-686. [PMID: 36999379 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cachexia, a common manifestation of malignant cancer, is not only associated with weight loss, but also with severe cardiac atrophy and impaired cardiac function. Here, we investigated the effects of ACM-001 (0.3 or 3 mg/kg/day) in comparison to carvedilol (3 or 30 mg/kg/day), metropolol (50 or 100 mg/kg/day), nebivolol (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) and tertatolol (0.5 or 5 mg/kg/day) on cardiac mass and function in a rat cancer cachexia model. METHODS AND RESULTS Young male Wistar Han rats were inoculated i.p. with 108 Yoshida hepatoma AH-130 cells and treated once daily with verum or placebo by gavage. Cardiac function (echocardiography), body weight and body composition (nuclear magnetic resonance scans) were assessed. The hearts of animals were euthanized on day 11 (placebo and 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001) were used for signalling studies. Beta-blockers had no effect on tumour burden. ACM-001 reduced body weight loss (placebo: -34 ± 2.4 g vs. 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001: -14.8 ± 8.4 g, p = 0.033). Lean mass wasting was attenuated (placebo: -16.5 ± 2.34 g vs. 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001: -2.4 ± 6.7 g, p = 0.037), while fat loss was similar (p = 0.4) on day 11. Placebo animals lost left ventricular mass (-101 ± 14 mg), which was prevented only by 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001 (7 ± 25 mg, p < 0.01 vs. placebo). ACM-001 improved the ejection fraction (EF) (ΔEF: placebo: -24.3 ± 2.6 vs. 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001: 0.1 ± 2.9, p < 0.001). Cardiac output was 50% lower in the placebo group (-41 ± 4 ml/min) compared to baseline, while 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001 preserved cardiac output (-5 ± 8 ml/min, p < 0.01). The molecular mechanisms involved inhibition of protein degradation and activation of protein synthesis pathways. CONCLUSION This study shows that 3 mg/kg/day ACM-001 restores the anabolic/catabolic balance in cardiac muscle leading to improved function. Moreover, not all beta-blockers have similar effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike S Poetsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Palus
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Goettingen (UMG), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan D Anker
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Koike TE, Fuziwara CS, Brum PC, Kimura ET, Rando TA, Miyabara EH. Muscle Stem Cell Function Is Impaired in β2-Adrenoceptor Knockout Mice. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2431-2443. [PMID: 35244862 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Knockout (ko) mice for the β2 adrenoceptor (Adrβ2) have impaired skeletal muscle regeneration, suggesting that this receptor is important for muscle stem cell (satellite cell) function. Here, we investigated the role of Adrβ2 in the function of satellite cells from β2ko mice in the context of muscle regeneration, through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of self-renewed Pax7+ satellite cells, proliferating Pax7+/MyoD+ myogenic precursor cells, and regenerating eMHC+ myofibers in regenerating muscle of β2ko mice at 30, 3, and 10 days post-injury, respectively. Quiescent satellite cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cell cycle entry was assessed by EdU incorporation. The results demonstrated a lower number of proliferating Pax7+/EdU+ satellite cells from β2ko mice. There was an increase in the gene expression of the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a and Notch pathway components and the activation of Notch signaling in proliferating myoblasts from β2ko mice. There was a decrease in the number of myogenin-positive nuclei in myofibers maintained in differentiation media, and a lower fusion index in differentiating myoblasts from β2ko mice. Furthermore, the gene expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components, the expression of nuclear β-catenin and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decreased in differentiating myoblasts from β2ko mice. These results indicate that Adrβ2 plays a crucial role in satellite cell self-renewal, as well as in myoblast proliferation and differentiation by regulating Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana E Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cesar S Fuziwara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna T Kimura
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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4
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Hostrup M, Onslev J. The beta 2 -adrenergic receptor - a re-emerging target to combat obesity and induce leanness? J Physiol 2021; 600:1209-1227. [PMID: 34676534 DOI: 10.1113/jp281819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of obesity with repurposed or novel drugs is an expanding research field. One approach is to target beta2 -adrenergic receptors because they regulate the metabolism and phenotype of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. Several observations support a role for the beta2 -adrenergic receptor in obesity. Specific human beta2 -adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with body composition and obesity, for which the Gln27Glu polymorphism is associated with obesity, while the Arg16Gly polymorphism is associated with lean mass in men and the development of obesity in specific populations. Individuals with obesity also have lower abundance of beta2 -adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue and are less sensitive to catecholamines. In addition, studies in livestock and rodents demonstrate that selective beta2 -agonists induce a so-called 'repartitioning effect' characterized by muscle accretion and reduced fat deposition. In humans, beta2 -agonists dose-dependently increase resting metabolic rate by 10-50%. And like that observed in other mammals, only a few weeks of treatment with beta2 -agonists increases muscle mass and reduces fat mass in young healthy individuals. Beta2 -agonists also exert beneficial effects on body composition when used concomitantly with training and act additively to increase muscle strength and mass during periods with resistance training. Thus, the beta2 -adrenergic receptor seems like an attractive target in the development of anti-obesity drugs. However, future studies need to verify the long-term efficacy and safety of beta2 -agonists in individuals with obesity, particularly in those with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Onslev
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Xi Y, Hao M, Liang Q, Li Y, Gong DW, Tian Z. Dynamic resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle-derived FSTL1 inducing cardiac angiogenesis via DIP2A-Smad2/3 in rats following myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:594-603. [PMID: 33246164 PMCID: PMC8500809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of dynamic resistance exercise to generate skeletal muscle-derived follistatin like-1 (FSTL1), which may induce cardioprotection in rats following myocardial infarction (MI) by inducing angiogenesis. METHODS Male, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12 in each group): sham group (S), sedentary MI group (MI), MI + resistance exercise group (MR), MI + adeno-associated virus (AAV)-FSTL1 injection group (MA), and MI + AAV-FSTL1 injection + resistance exercise group (MAR). The AAV-FSTL1 vector was prepared by molecular biology methods and injected into the anterior tibialis muscle. The MI model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Rats in the MR and MAR groups underwent 4 weeks of dynamic resistance exercise training using a weighted climbing-up ladder. Heart function was evaluated by hemodynamic measures. Collagen volume fraction of myocardium was observed and analyzed by Masson's staining. Human umbilical vein vessel endothelial cells culture and recombinant human FSTL1 protein or transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (TGFβR1) inhibitor treatment were used to elucidate the molecular signaling mechanism of FSTL1. Angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and disco interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A) location were observed by immunofluorescence staining. The expression of FSTL1, DIP2A, and the activation of signaling pathways were detected by Western blotting. Angiogenesis of endothelial cells was observed by tubule experiment. One-way analysis of variance and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Resistance exercise stimulated the secretion of skeletal muscle FSTL1, which promoted myocardial angiogenesis, inhibited pathological remodeling, and protected cardiac function in MI rats. Exercise facilitated skeletal muscle FSTL1 to play a role in protecting the heart. Exogenous FSTL1 promoted the human umbilical vein vessel endothelial cells proliferation and up-regulated the expression of DIP2A, while TGFβR1 inhibitor intervention down-regulated the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which was not conducive to angiogenesis. FSTL1 bound to the receptor, DIP2A, to regulate angiogenesis mainly through the Smad2/3 signaling pathway. FSTL1-DIP2A directly activated Smad2/3 and was not affected by TGFβR1. CONCLUSION Dynamic resistance exercise stimulates the expression of skeletal muscle-derived FSTL1, which could supplement the insufficiency of cardiac FSTL1 and promote cardiac rehabilitation through the DIP2A-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in MI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Meili Hao
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; School of Physical Education, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Qiaoqin Liang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- School of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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6
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Hagg A, Kharoud S, Goodchild G, Goodman CA, Chen JL, Thomson RE, Qian H, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA, Walton KL. TMEPAI/PMEPA1 Is a Positive Regulator of Skeletal Muscle Mass. Front Physiol 2020; 11:560225. [PMID: 33250771 PMCID: PMC7672205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.560225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of myostatin- and activin-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling using ligand traps, such as soluble receptors, ligand-targeting propeptides and antibodies, or follistatin can increase skeletal muscle mass in healthy mice and ameliorate wasting in models of cancer cachexia and muscular dystrophy. However, clinical translation of these extracellular approaches targeting myostatin and activin has been hindered by the challenges of achieving efficacy without potential effects in other tissues. Toward the goal of developing tissue-specific myostatin/activin interventions, we explored the ability of transmembrane prostate androgen-induced (TMEPAI), an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling, to promote growth, and counter atrophy, in skeletal muscle. In this study, we show that TMEPAI can block activin A, activin B, myostatin and GDF-11 activity in vitro. To determine the physiological significance of TMEPAI, we employed Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) delivery of a TMEPAI expression cassette to the muscles of healthy mice, which increased mass by as much as 30%, due to hypertrophy of muscle fibers. To demonstrate that TMEPAI mediates its effects via inhibition of the SMAD2/3 pathway, tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of mice were co-injected with AAV vectors expressing activin A and TMEPAI. In this setting, TMEPAI blocked skeletal muscle wasting driven by activin-induced phosphorylation of SMAD3. In a model of cancer cachexia associated with elevated circulating activin A, delivery of AAV:TMEPAI into TA muscles of mice bearing C26 colon tumors ameliorated the muscle atrophy normally associated with cancer progression. Collectively, the findings indicate that muscle-directed TMEPAI gene delivery can inactivate the activin/myostatin-SMAD3 pathway to positively regulate muscle mass in healthy settings and models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hagg
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Swati Kharoud
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgia Goodchild
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Sunshine Hospital, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin L Chen
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel E Thomson
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hongwei Qian
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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7
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Kelley EF, Cross TJ, Snyder EM, McDonald CM, Hoffman EP, Bello L. Influence of β 2 adrenergic receptor genotype on risk of nocturnal ventilation in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Respir Res 2019; 20:221. [PMID: 31619245 PMCID: PMC6796481 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive neuromuscular disease resulting in severe respiratory derangements. As such, DMD patients are at a high risk of nocturnal hypoventilation, thereby requiring nocturnal ventilation (NV). To this end, NV is an important clinical milestone in the management of DMD. Emerging evidence suggests that ß2 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2) may play a role in determining respiratory function, whereby more functional ADRB2 genotype variants (e.g., Gly16) are associated with improved pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength. These findings suggest that the more functional ADRB2 genotype may help to preserve respiratory function in patients with DMD. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of ADRB2 genotype on the risk of NV use in DMD. Data from the CINRG Duchenne Natural History Study including 175 DMD patients (3–25 yrs) were analyzed focusing on ADRB2 genotype variants. Time-to-event analyses were used to examine differences in the age at prescription of full-time NV use between genotypes. There were no differences between genotype groups in age, height, weight, corticosteroid use, proportion of ambulatory patients, or age at loss of ambulation. DMD patients expressing the Gly16 polymorphism had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean age at NV prescription compared with those patients expressing the Arg16 polymorphism (21.80 ± 0.59 yrs. vs 25.91 ± 1.31 yrs., respectively). In addition, a covariate-adjusted Cox model revealed that the Gly16 variant group possessed a 6.52-fold higher risk of full-time NV use at any given age compared with the Arg16 polymorphism group. These data suggest that genetic variations in the ADRB2 gene may influence the age at which DMD patients are first prescribed NV, whereby patients with the Gly16 polymorphism are more likely to require NV assistance at an earlier age than their Arg16 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli F Kelley
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, RO_GE_MN_10, 1216 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
| | - Troy J Cross
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, RO_GE_MN_10, 1216 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Eric M Snyder
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig M McDonald
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric P Hoffman
- Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA.,Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luca Bello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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8
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Chia LY, Evans BA, Mukaida S, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS, Sato M. Adrenoceptor regulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin in muscle and adipose tissue. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2433-2448. [PMID: 30740664 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A vital role of adrenoceptors in metabolism and energy balance has been well documented in the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. It has been only recently demonstrated, however, that activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) makes a significant contribution to various metabolic and physiological responses to adrenoceptor agonists. mTOR exists as two distinct complexes named mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and has been shown to play a critical role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, hypertrophy, mitochondrial function, and glucose uptake. This review will describe the physiological significance of mTORC1 and 2 as a novel paradigm of adrenoceptor signalling in the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Understanding the detailed signalling cascades of adrenoceptors and how they regulate physiological responses is important for identifying new therapeutic targets and identifying novel therapeutic interventions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yeong Chia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saori Mukaida
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Lynch GS, Koopman R. Overcoming nature’s paradox in skeletal muscle to optimise animal production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nature’s paradox in skeletal muscle describes the seemingly mutually exclusive relationship between muscle fibre size and oxidative capacity. In mammals, there is a constraint on the size at which mitochondria-rich, high O2-dependent oxidative fibres can attain before they become anoxic or adapt to a glycolytic phenotype, being less reliant on O2. This implies that a muscle fibre can hypertrophy at the expense of its endurance capacity. Adaptations to activity (exercise) generally obey this relationship, with optimal muscle endurance generally being linked to an enhanced proportion of small, slow oxidative fibres and muscle strength (force and/or power) being linked to an enhanced proportion of large, fast glycolytic fibres. This relationship generally constrains not only the physiological limits of performance (e.g. speed and endurance), but also the capacity to manipulate muscle attributes such as fibre size and composition, with important relevance to the livestock and aquaculture industries for producing specific muscle traits such as (flesh) quality, texture and taste. Highly glycolytic (white) muscles have different traits than do highly oxidative (red) muscles and so the ability to manipulate muscle attributes to produce flesh with specific traits has important implications for optimising meat production and quality. Understanding the biological regulation of muscle size, and phenotype and the capacity to manipulate signalling pathways to produce specific attributes, has important implications for promoting ethically sustainable and profitable commercial livestock and aquaculture practices and for developing alternative food sources, including ‘laboratory meat’ or ‘clean meat’. This review describes the exciting potential of manipulating muscle attributes relevant to animal production, through traditional nutritional and pharmacological approaches and through viral-mediated strategies that could theoretically push the limits of muscle fibre growth, adaptation and plasticity.
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10
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Chikazawa M, Sato R. Identification of a Novel Function of Resveratrol and Genistein as a Regulator of β 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Expression in Skeletal Muscle Cells and Characterization of Promoter Elements Required for Promoter Activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800530. [PMID: 30184338 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Modulating β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) expression and activation is important for maintaining skeletal muscle function. In this study, two food factors, resveratrol (RSV) and genistein (GEN), that are able to regulate β2 -AR promoter activity and may improve skeletal muscle function are identified. METHODS AND RESULTS Using luciferase reporter assay, 357 functional food factors as candidates for β2 -AR promoter activity have been screened and subsequently RSV and GEN increase β2 -AR promoter activity and β2 -AR mRNA expression. Using promoter sequence analysis, it is shown that the CCAAT box and the GC box on the β2 -AR promoter are required for the regulation of β2 -AR expression by RSV or GEN. It is also ascertained that transcription factor NF-YA binds to the CCAAT box on the β2 -AR promoter and that the amount of NF-YA bound to the CCAAT box is unchanged by RSV or GEN treatment. Finally, it is confirmed that a GEN-containing diet increases β2 -AR expression in mouse skeletal muscle and increased skeletal muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that food-derived molecules have the potential to influence skeletal muscle mass and function by regulating G protein-coupled receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Chikazawa
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Cruz JM, Hupper N, Wilson LS, Concannon JB, Wang Y, Oberhauser B, Patora-Komisarska K, Zhang Y, Glass DJ, Trendelenburg AU, Clarke BA. Protein kinase A activation inhibits DUX4 gene expression in myotubes from patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11837-11849. [PMID: 29899111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is among the most prevalent of the adult-onset muscular dystrophies. FSHD causes a loss of muscle mass and function, resulting in severe debilitation and reduction in quality of life. Currently, only the symptoms of FSHD can be treated, and such treatments have minimal benefit. The available options are not curative, and none of the treatments address the underlying cause of FSHD. The genetic, epigenetic, and molecular mechanisms triggering FSHD are now quite well-understood, and it has been shown that expression of the transcriptional regulator double homeobox 4 (DUX4) is necessary for disease onset and is largely thought to be the causative factor in FSHD. Therefore, we sought to identify compounds suppressing DUX4 expression in a phenotypic screen using FSHD patient-derived muscle cells, a zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing 4 (ZSCAN4)-based reporter gene assay for measuring DUX4 activity, and ∼3,000 small molecules. This effort identified molecules that reduce DUX4 gene expression and hence DUX4 activity. Among those, β2-adrenergic receptor agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, both leading to increased cellular cAMP, effectively decreased DUX4 expression by >75% in cells from individuals with FSHD. Of note, we found that cAMP production reduces DUX4 expression through a protein kinase A-dependent mode of action in FSHD patient myotubes. These findings increase our understanding of how DUX4 expression is regulated in FSHD and point to potential areas of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John B Concannon
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Yuan Wang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Berndt Oberhauser
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David J Glass
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
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12
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Verbrugge SAJ, Schönfelder M, Becker L, Yaghoob Nezhad F, Hrabě de Angelis M, Wackerhage H. Genes Whose Gain or Loss-Of-Function Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:553. [PMID: 29910734 PMCID: PMC5992403 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass differs greatly in mice and humans and this is partially inherited. To identify muscle hypertrophy candidate genes we conducted a systematic review to identify genes whose experimental loss or gain-of-function results in significant skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. We found 47 genes that meet our search criteria and cause muscle hypertrophy after gene manipulation. They are from high to small effect size: Ski, Fst, Acvr2b, Akt1, Mstn, Klf10, Rheb, Igf1, Pappa, Ppard, Ikbkb, Fstl3, Atgr1a, Ucn3, Mcu, Junb, Ncor1, Gprasp1, Grb10, Mmp9, Dgkz, Ppargc1a (specifically the Ppargc1a4 isoform), Smad4, Ltbp4, Bmpr1a, Crtc2, Xiap, Dgat1, Thra, Adrb2, Asb15, Cast, Eif2b5, Bdkrb2, Tpt1, Nr3c1, Nr4a1, Gnas, Pld1, Crym, Camkk1, Yap1, Inhba, Tp53inp2, Inhbb, Nol3, Esr1. Knock out, knock down, overexpression or a higher activity of these genes causes overall muscle hypertrophy as measured by an increased muscle weight or cross sectional area. The mean effect sizes range from 5 to 345% depending on the manipulated gene as well as the muscle size variable and muscle investigated. Bioinformatical analyses reveal that Asb15, Klf10, Tpt1 are most highly expressed hypertrophy genes in human skeletal muscle when compared to other tissues. Many of the muscle hypertrophy-regulating genes are involved in transcription and ubiquitination. Especially genes belonging to three signaling pathways are able to induce hypertrophy: (a) Igf1-Akt-mTOR pathway, (b) myostatin-Smad signaling, and (c) the angiotensin-bradykinin signaling pathway. The expression of several muscle hypertrophy-inducing genes and the phosphorylation of their protein products changes after human resistance and high intensity exercise, in maximally stimulated mouse muscle or in overloaded mouse plantaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A. J. Verbrugge
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Muscle Atrophy: Present and Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:605-624. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Nicolas N, Muir JA, Hayward S, Chen JL, Stanton PG, Gregorevic P, de Kretser DM, Loveland KL, Bhushan S, Meinhardt A, Fijak M, Hedger MP. Induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in mice: responses to elevated circulating levels of the activin-binding protein, follistatin. Reproduction 2017; 154:293-305. [PMID: 28667125 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) is a rodent model of chronic testicular inflammation that mimics the pathology observed in some types of human infertility. In a previous study, testicular expression of the inflammatory/immunoregulatory cytokine, activin A, was elevated in adult mice during the onset of EAO, indicating a potential role in the regulation of the disease. Consequently, we examined the development of EAO in mice with elevated levels of follistatin, an endogenous activin antagonist, as a potential therapeutic approach to testicular inflammation. Prior to EAO induction, mice received a single intramuscular injection of a non-replicative recombinant adeno-associated viral vector carrying a gene cassette of the circulating form of follistatin, FST315 (FST group). Serum follistatin levels were increased 5-fold in the FST group compared with the control empty vector (EV) group at 30 and 50 days of EAO, but intra-testicular levels of follistatin or activin A were not significantly altered. Induction of EAO was reduced, but not prevented, with mild-to-severe damage in 75% of the EV group and 40% of the FST group, at 50 days following immunisation with testicular homogenate. However, the EAO damage score (based on disruption of the blood-testis barrier, apoptosis, testicular damage and fibrosis) and extent of intratesticular inflammation (expression of inflammatory mediators) were directly proportional to the levels of activin A measured in the testis at 50 days. These data implicate activin A in the progression of EAO, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target; however, elevating circulating follistatin levels were not sufficient to prevent EAO development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Nicolas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Julie A Muir
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Susan Hayward
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Justin L Chen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M de Kretser
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mark P Hedger
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Cai X, Zhu C, Xu Y, Jing Y, Yuan Y, Wang L, Wang S, Zhu X, Gao P, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Shu G. Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26802. [PMID: 27225984 PMCID: PMC4881026 DOI: 10.1038/srep26802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weight loss is accompanied by small fiber size and low protein content. Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) participates in protein and nitrogen metabolism. The effect of AKG on skeletal muscle hypertrophy has not yet been tested, and its underlying mechanism is yet to be determined. In this study, we demonstrated that AKG (2%) increased the gastrocnemius muscle weight and fiber diameter in mice. Our in vitro study also confirmed that AKG dose increased protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes, which could be effectively blocked by the antagonists of Akt and mTOR. The effects of AKG on skeletal muscle protein synthesis were independent of glutamate, its metabolite. We tested the expression of GPR91 and GPR99. The result demonstrated that C2C12 cells expressed GPR91, which could be upregulated by AKG. GPR91 knockdown abolished the effect of AKG on protein synthesis but failed to inhibit protein degradation. These findings demonstrated that AKG promoted skeletal muscle hypertrophy via Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, GPR91 might be partially attributed to AKG-induced skeletal muscle protein synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Glutamic Acid/pharmacology
- Hypertrophy/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Ketoglutaric Acids/pharmacology
- Ketoglutaric Acids/toxicity
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/biosynthesis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcai Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jing
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yexian Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Lina Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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