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Yazici S, Del Biondo D, Napodano G, Grillo M, Calace FP, Prezioso D, Crocetto F, Barone B. Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer: Environment, Genes and Infections-Is It All? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040724. [PMID: 37109682 PMCID: PMC10145700 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of testicular cancer is steadily increasing over the past several decades in different developed countries. If on one side better diagnosis and treatment have shone a light on this disease, on the other side, differently from other malignant diseases, few risk factors have been identified. The reasons for the increase in testicular cancer are however unknown while risk factors are still poorly understood. Several studies have suggested that exposure to various factors in adolescence as well as in adulthood could be linked to the development of testicular cancer. Nevertheless, the role of environment, infections, and occupational exposure are undoubtedly associated with an increase or a decrease in this risk. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the risk factors associated with testicular cancer, starting from the most commonly evaluated (cryptorchidism, family history, infections) to the newer identified and hypothesized risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertac Yazici
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dario Del Biondo
- Department of Urology, ASL NA1 Centro Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napodano
- Department of Urology, ASL NA1 Centro Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Grillo
- Department of Urology, ASL NA1 Centro Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Calace
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Prezioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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Crocetto F, Arcaniolo D, Napolitano L, Barone B, La Rocca R, Capece M, Caputo VF, Imbimbo C, De Sio M, Calace FP, Manfredi C. Impact of Sexual Activity on the Risk of Male Genital Tumors: A Systematic Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168500. [PMID: 34444249 PMCID: PMC8392571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most cancers are related to lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, and environment (occupational exposures). A growing interest in the association between sexual activity (SA) and the development of different types of tumors in both men and women has been recorded in recent years. The aim of the present systematic review is to describe and critically discuss the current evidence regarding the association between SA and male genital cancers (prostatic, penile, and testicular), and to analyze the different theories and biological mechanisms reported in the literature. A comprehensive bibliographic search in the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed in July 2021. Papers in the English language without chronological restrictions were selected. Retrospective and prospective primary clinical studies, in addition to previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, were included. A total of 19 studies, including 953,704 patients were selected. Case reports, conference abstracts, and editorial comments were excluded. Men with more than 20 sexual partners in their lifetime, and those reporting more than 21 ejaculations per month, reported a decreased risk of overall and less aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). About 40% of penile cancers (PCs) were HPV-associated, with HPV 16 being the dominant genotype. Data regarding the risk of HPV in circumcised patients are conflicting, although circumcision appears to have a protective role against PC. Viral infections and epididymo-orchitis are among the main sex-related risk factors studied for testicular cancer (TC); however, data in the literature are limited. Testicular trauma can allow the identification of pre-existing TC. SA is closely associated with the development of PC through high-risk HPV transmission; in this context, phimosis appears to be a favoring factor. Sexual behaviors appear to play a significant role in PCa pathogenesis, probably through inflammatory mechanisms; however, protective sexual habits have also been described. A direct correlation between SA and TC has not yet been proven, although infections remain the most studied sex-related factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Crocetto
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Davide Arcaniolo
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Luigi Napolitano
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Biagio Barone
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Roberto La Rocca
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Marco Capece
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Francesco Caputo
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Ciro Imbimbo
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Marco De Sio
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Calace
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Celeste Manfredi
- Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (B.B.); (R.L.R.); (M.C.); (V.F.C.); (C.I.); (F.P.C.); (C.M.)
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (M.D.S.)
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Yu J, Li S, Wang L, Dong Z, Si L, Bao L, Wu L. Pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis-game of Brucella death. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:96-120. [PMID: 34214000 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Among them, unilateral orchitis and epididymitis are the most common. Although the clinical and imaging aspect of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis have been widely described, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the damage and the immune response in testis and epididymis have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we first summarised the clinical characteristics of Brucella epididymo-orchitis and the composition of testicular and epididymal immune system. Secondly, with regard to the mechanism of Brucella epididymoorchitis, we mainly discussed the process of Brucella invading testis and epididymis in temporal and spatial order, including i) Brucella evades innate immune recognition of testicular PRRs;ii) Brucella overcomes the immune storm triggered by the invasion of testis through bacterial lipoproteins and virulence factors, and changes the secretion mode of cytokines; iii) Brucella breaks through the blood-testis barrier with the help of macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines promote the oxidative stress of Sertoli cells, damaging the integrity of BTB; iv) Brucella inhibits apoptosis of testicular phagocytes. Finally, we revealed the structure and sequence of testis invaded by Brucella at the tissue level. This review will enable us to better understand the pathogenesis of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for the treatment of brucellosis and the prevention of transition to chronic form. Facing the testicle with immunity privilege, Brucella is like Bruce Lee in the movie Game of Death, winning is survival while losing is death.HIGHLIGHTSWe summarized the clinical features and pathological changes of Brucellaepididymoorchitis.Our research reveals the pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis, which mainly includes the subversion of testicular immune privilege by Brucella and a series of destructive reactions derived from it.As a basic framework and valuable resource, this study can promote the exploration of the pathogenesis of Brucella and provide reference for determining new therapeutic targets for brucellosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwang Yu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lengge Si
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Arda E, Arikan G, Akdere H, Akgul M, Yuksel I. Predictive and prognostic impact of preoperative complete blood count based systemic inflammatory markers in testicular cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2020; 46:216-223. [PMID: 32022510 PMCID: PMC7025853 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2018.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the utility of preoperative complete blood count (CBC) based systemic inflammatory markers in the prediction of testicular cancer and its prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 2008-2017 the data of all testicular tumor patients undergoing radical orchiectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Patient baseseline characteristics (age, tumor stage, tumor markers, etc.) and results of routine preoperative blood tests including mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), lymphocyte ratio (LR) and neutrophil ratio (NR) were retrieved. In addition, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated. RESULTS Mean age of the tumor and control group was 36.0±15 and 30.50±11 years, respectively. Mean RDW, NR and NLR were significantly higher in the tumor group with p values<0.001; whereas LR and MPV were signifi cantly higher in the control group (p<0.001). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses of LR, NR, RDW, MPV, and NLR are shown in Table-3. The cut off values for RDW and NR were found as 13,7 (Area under the curve (AUC): 0.687, sensitivity = 42.2%, specifi city = 84.8%) and 55.3 (AUC:0.693, sensitivity 72.2%, specifi city 62%), respectively. Area under the curve for NLR in tumor group was 0.711, with a threshold value of 1.78 and sensitivity=81.8% and specifi city=55.4% (AUC:0.711/sig<0.001) that together with RDW exhibited the best differential diagnosis potential which could be used as an adjuvant tool in the prediction of testicular tumor and its prognosis. CONCLUSION Several systemic inflammatory markers, which are obtained by routinely performed cost-effective blood tests, could demonstrate incremental predictive and prognostic information adjuvant to preoperativly achieved testiscular tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersan Arda
- Department of Urology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Arikan
- Department of Urology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akdere
- Department of Urology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Murat Akgul
- Department of Urology, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Ilkan Yuksel
- Department of Urology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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6
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Rovito MJ, Taylor S, Lockwood R, Adams WB, Craycraft M. Testicular Cancer Incidence and Mortality Within Rural and Urban Regions. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2019; 9:202-207. [PMID: 31742479 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2019.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Testicular cancer (TCa) is among the most common cancers within adolescent and young adult (AYA) male populations. However, information is limited to variations in incidence and mortality outside of racial/ethnic subgroups. Rural regions historically have a greater overall cancer incidence than urban regions, although some key differences exist regarding site. TCa-specific incidence and mortality disparities are not commonly reported in this context. This study aims to help fill that gap by providing discovery evidence if there is an association between US rural/urban regions and TCa incidence and mortality. Methods: Secondary analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results incidence and mortality data were employed to determine if rural/urban TCa incidence and mortality disparities exist among U.S. males. Results: There was a 2.6% increased rate of TCa in U.S. urban as compared with rural geographic regions from 2011 to 2015. When geographic region is disaggregated, rural regions see higher rates than urban. When factoring in race/ethnicity, White/Caucasians and Hispanics had statistically higher urban rates whereas American Indian/Alaskan Natives and Asian/Pacific Islander groups had statistically higher rural rates. Conclusion: Geographic regional TCa variation research is virtually nonexistent for U.S. males, specifically AYAs of color. Determining preliminary trends in rural and urban regions can assist in the creation of more targeted services, particularly among underserved and vulnerable populations that have tenuous access to health care, to reduce disparate health outcomes. Exploring geographic differences in TCa incidence and mortality can have implications within service industry, health care accessibility, and public health justice areas of research and outreach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rovito
- Testicular Cancer Research Collaborative, Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Skyler Taylor
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Ryan Lockwood
- Testicular Cancer Research Collaborative, Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Wesley B Adams
- Testicular Cancer Research Collaborative, Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Brown RB. Potential interaction of inflammatory hyperemia and hyperphosphatemia in tumorigenesis. Future Oncol 2019; 15:3909-3916. [PMID: 31729262 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article proposes that the association of inflammation with cancer is potentially mediated by the interaction of inflammatory hyperemia and hyperphosphatemia. Hyperemia increases blood flow rate and blood volume, and hyperphosphatemia is caused by elevated serum levels of dysregulated inorganic phosphate. It is hypothesized that the interaction of inflammatory hyperemia and hyperphosphatemia circulates increased amounts of inorganic phosphate to the tumor microenvironment, where increased uptake of inorganic phosphate through sodium-phosphate cotransporters is sequestered in cells. Elevated levels of intracellular phosphorus increase biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA, leading to increased protein synthesis that supports tumor growth. The present article also proposes that the interaction of inflammatory hyperemia and hyperphosphatemia may help explain a chemopreventive mechanism associated with NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Banyra O, Nikitin O, Ventskivska I. Acute epididymo-orchitis: relevance of local classification and partner's follow-up. Cent European J Urol 2019; 72:324-329. [PMID: 31720038 PMCID: PMC6830488 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2019.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute epididymo-orchitis (AEO) is a male urological emergency without an approved clinical classification. We aimed to determine the clinical value of proposed in 2012 local AEO classification system and summarize results of partner's follow-up. Material and methods A total of 293 patients with AEO were enrolled into our study. Based on the investigated AEO classification, they were divided into four groups: 118 patients (40.3%) with Stage I AEO; 97 patients (33.1%) with Stage II AEO; 42 patients (14.3%) with Stage IIIA AEO; 36 patients (12.3%) with Stage IIIB AEO. If after 72 hours of conservative treatment there was no clinical improvement, AEO patients underwent surgery. We analyzed the clinical value of the investigated classification system and results of partner's follow-up. Results Only 3 (2.5%) patients with Stage I AEO required surgery. In patients with Stage II AEO, conservative treatment was effective in 79 (81.4%) cases. A total of 27 (64.3%) patients with Stage IIIA and 36 (100%) patients with stage IIIB AEO underwent surgery. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were detected in 176 (60.1%) cases among 293 patients with AEO and bacterial infection in 117 (39.9%) cases. We registered a statistically lower incidence rate of trichomoniasis in AEO patients compared to their sole female partners (13.8% vs. 23.3%, p <0.05). Distribution of other STIs in AEO patients and their sole partners was similar. Conclusions The investigated classification system enables the determination of a treatment strategy in patients with AEO. Partner's follow-up allows for the clarification of the etiology of disease, complete evaluation of STIs and prevents reinfection in couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Banyra
- St. Paraskeva Medical Centre, Lviv, Ukraine.,2 Lviv Municipal Polyclinic, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Nikitin
- Department of Urology, O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Ventskivska
- Department of Gynecology, O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Capet J, Sønsksen J, Bisbjerg R, Fode M. Is follow-up ultrasound necessary after acute epididymitis? A retrospective analysis from a large university hospital. Scand J Urol 2019; 52:445-447. [DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2018.1545797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Capet
- Urology Department, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
| | - J. Sønsksen
- Urology Department, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
| | - R. Bisbjerg
- Urology Department, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
| | - M. Fode
- Urology Department, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
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