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Coronel R, García-Moreno E, Siendones E, Barrero MJ, Martínez-Delgado B, Santos-Ocaña C, Liste I, Cascajo-Almenara MV. Brain organoid as a model to study the role of mitochondria in neurodevelopmental disorders: achievements and weaknesses. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1403734. [PMID: 38978706 PMCID: PMC11228165 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1403734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of severe pathologies that cause complex neurodegenerative disorders for which, in most cases, no therapy or treatment is available. These organelles are critical regulators of both neurogenesis and homeostasis of the neurological system. Consequently, mitochondrial damage or dysfunction can occur as a cause or consequence of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative diseases. As genetic knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders advances, associations have been identified between genes that encode mitochondrial proteins and neurological symptoms, such as neuropathy, encephalomyopathy, ataxia, seizures, and developmental delays, among others. Understanding how mitochondrial dysfunction can alter these processes is essential in researching rare diseases. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, which self-assemble to form specialized structures composed of different cell types, represent an accessible manner to model organogenesis and neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, brain organoids are revolutionizing the study of mitochondrial-based neurological diseases since they are organ-specific and model-generated from a patient's cell, thereby overcoming some of the limitations of traditional animal and cell models. In this review, we have collected which neurological structures and functions recapitulate in the different types of reported brain organoids, focusing on those generated as models of mitochondrial diseases. In addition to advancements in the generation of brain organoids, techniques, and approaches for studying neuronal structures and physiology, drug screening and drug repositioning studies performed in brain organoids with mitochondrial damage and neurodevelopmental disorders have also been reviewed. This scope review will summarize the evidence on limitations in studying the function and dynamics of mitochondria in brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Coronel
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Functional Unit for Research on Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá (UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Moreno
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Emilio Siendones
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria J. Barrero
- Models and Mechanisms Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Functional Unit for Research on Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. V. Cascajo-Almenara
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
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2
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Chen C, Guan MX. Induced pluripotent stem cells: ex vivo models for human diseases due to mitochondrial DNA mutations. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:82. [PMID: 37737178 PMCID: PMC10515435 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular metabolism and physiology in eukaryotic cells. Human mitochondria have their own genome (mtDNA), which is maternally inherited with 37 genes, encoding 13 polypeptides for oxidative phosphorylation, and 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs for translation. mtDNA mutations are associated with a wide spectrum of degenerative and neuromuscular diseases. However, the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases, especially for threshold effect and tissue specificity, is not well understood and there is no effective treatment for these disorders. Especially, the lack of appropriate cell and animal disease models has been significant obstacles for deep elucidating the pathophysiology of maternally transmitted diseases and developing the effective therapy approach. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients to obtain terminally differentiated specific lineages such as inner ear hair cells is a revolutionary approach to deeply understand pathogenic mechanisms and develop the therapeutic interventions of mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the recent advances in patients-derived iPSCs as ex vivo models for mitochondrial diseases. Those patients-derived iPSCs have been differentiated into specific targeting cells such as retinal ganglion cells and eventually organoid for the disease modeling. These disease models have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of maternally inherited diseases and stepped toward therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biomedicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Center for Mitochondrial Biomedicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University International School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Lab of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education of PRC, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Dong H, Tsai SY. Mitochondrial Properties in Skeletal Muscle Fiber. Cells 2023; 12:2183. [PMID: 37681915 PMCID: PMC10486962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary source of energy production and are implicated in a wide range of biological processes in most eukaryotic cells. Skeletal muscle heavily relies on mitochondria for energy supplements. In addition to being a powerhouse, mitochondria evoke many functions in skeletal muscle, including regulating calcium and reactive oxygen species levels. A healthy mitochondria population is necessary for the preservation of skeletal muscle homeostasis, while mitochondria dysregulation is linked to numerous myopathies. In this review, we summarize the recent studies on mitochondria function and quality control in skeletal muscle, focusing mainly on in vivo studies of rodents and human subjects. With an emphasis on the interplay between mitochondrial functions concerning the muscle fiber type-specific phenotypes, we also discuss the effect of aging and exercise on the remodeling of skeletal muscle and mitochondria properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Shih-Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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4
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Wu YT, Tay HY, Yang JT, Liao HH, Ma YS, Wei YH. Mitochondrial impairment and synaptic dysfunction are associated with neurological defects in iPSCs-derived cortical neurons of MERRF patients. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:70. [PMID: 37605213 PMCID: PMC10441704 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) syndrome is a rare inherited mitochondrial disease mainly caused by the m.8344A > G mutation in mitochondrial tRNALys gene, and usually manifested as complex neurological disorders and muscle weakness. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of this disease has not yet been resolved, and there is no effective therapy for MERRF syndrome. In this study, MERRF patients-derived iPSCs were used to model patient-specific neurons for investigation of the pathogenic mechanism of neurological disorders in mitochondrial disease. METHODS MERRF patient-derived iPSCs were differentiated into excitatory glutamatergic neurons to unravel the effects of the m.8344A > G mutation on mitochondrial bioenergetic function, neural-lineage differentiation and neuronal function. By the well-established differentiation protocol and electrophysiological activity assay platform, we examined the pathophysiological behaviors in cortical neurons of MERRF patients. RESULTS We have successfully established the iPSCs-derived neural progenitor cells and cortical-like neurons of patients with MERRF syndrome that retained the heteroplasmy of the m.8344A > G mutation from the patients' skin fibroblasts and exhibited the phenotype of the mitochondrial disease. MERRF neural cells harboring the m.8344A > G mutation exhibited impaired mitochondrial bioenergetic function, elevated ROS levels and imbalanced expression of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings indicate that neural immaturity and synaptic protein loss led to the impairment of neuronal activity and plasticity in MERRF neurons harboring the m.8344A > G mutation. By electrophysiological recordings, we monitored the in vivo neuronal behaviors of MERRF neurons and found that neurons harboring a high level of the m.8344A > G mutation exhibited impairment of the spontaneous and evoked potential-stimulated neuronal activities. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time the link of mitochondrial impairment and synaptic dysfunction to neurological defects through impeding synaptic plasticity in excitatory neurons derived from iPSCs of MERRF patients harboring the m.8344A > G mutation. This study has provided new insight into the pathogenic mechanism of the tRNALys gene mutation of mtDNA, which is useful for the development of a patient-specific iPSCs platform for disease modeling and screening of new drugs to treat patients with MERRF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wu
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan, 50046
| | - Hui-Yi Tay
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan, 50046
| | - Jung-Tse Yang
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan, 50046
| | - Hsiao-Hui Liao
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan, 50046
| | - Yi-Shing Ma
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan, 50046
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan, 50046.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, 112.
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Tolle I, Tiranti V, Prigione A. Modeling mitochondrial DNA diseases: from base editing to pluripotent stem-cell-derived organoids. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55678. [PMID: 36876467 PMCID: PMC10074100 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases are multi-systemic disorders caused by mutations affecting a fraction or the entirety of mtDNA copies. Currently, there are no approved therapies for the majority of mtDNA diseases. Challenges associated with engineering mtDNA have in fact hindered the study of mtDNA defects. Despite these difficulties, it has been possible to develop valuable cellular and animal models of mtDNA diseases. Here, we describe recent advances in base editing of mtDNA and the generation of three-dimensional organoids from patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Together with already available modeling tools, the combination of these novel technologies could allow determining the impact of specific mtDNA mutations in distinct human cell types and might help uncover how mtDNA mutation load segregates during tissue organization. iPSC-derived organoids could also represent a platform for the identification of treatment strategies and for probing the in vitro effectiveness of mtDNA gene therapies. These studies have the potential to increase our mechanistic understanding of mtDNA diseases and may open the way to highly needed and personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Tolle
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Human In Vitro Models of Epilepsy Using Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243957. [PMID: 36552721 PMCID: PMC9776452 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges in making animal models of complex human epilepsy phenotypes with varied aetiology highlights the need to develop alternative disease models that can address the limitations of animal models by effectively recapitulating human pathophysiology. The advances in stem cell technology provide an opportunity to use human iPSCs to make disease-in-a-dish models. The focus of this review is to report the current information and progress in the generation of epileptic patient-specific iPSCs lines, isogenic control cell lines, and neuronal models. These in vitro models can be used to study the underlying pathological mechanisms of epilepsies, anti-seizure medication resistance, and can also be used for drug testing and drug screening with their isogenic control cell lines.
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Connolly K, Gonzalez-Cordero A. Modelling inner ear development and disease using pluripotent stem cells - a pathway to new therapeutic strategies. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049593. [PMID: 36331565 PMCID: PMC10621662 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory epithelia of the mammalian inner ear enable sound and movement to be perceived. Damage to these epithelia can cause irreversible sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction because they lack regenerative capacity. The human inner ear cannot be biopsied without causing permanent damage, significantly limiting the tissue samples available for research. Investigating disease pathology and therapeutic developments have therefore traditionally relied on animal models, which often cannot completely recapitulate the human otic systems. These challenges are now being partly addressed using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cultures, which generate the sensory epithelial-like tissues of the inner ear. Here, we review how pluripotent stem cells have been used to produce two-dimensional and three-dimensional otic cultures, the strengths and limitations of these new approaches, and how they have been employed to investigate genetic and acquired forms of audiovestibular dysfunction. This Review provides an overview of the progress in pluripotent stem cell-derived otic cultures thus far, focusing on their applications in disease modelling and therapeutic trials. We survey their current limitations and future directions, highlighting their prospective utility for high-throughput drug screening and developing personalised medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeva Connolly
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
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8
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Pavez-Giani MG, Cyganek L. Recent Advances in Modeling Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:800529. [PMID: 35083221 PMCID: PMC8784695 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Around one third of patients with mitochondrial disorders develop a kind of cardiomyopathy. In these cases, severity is quite variable ranging from asymptomatic status to severe manifestations including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. ATP is primarily generated in the mitochondrial respiratory chain via oxidative phosphorylation by utilizing fatty acids and carbohydrates. Genes in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial DNA encode components of this metabolic route and, although mutations in these genes are extremely rare, the risk to develop cardiac symptoms is significantly higher in this patient cohort. Additionally, infants with cardiovascular compromise in mitochondrial deficiency display a worse late survival compared to patients without cardiac symptoms. At this point, the mechanisms behind cardiac disease progression related to mitochondrial gene mutations are poorly understood and current therapies are unable to substantially restore the cardiac performance and to reduce the disease burden. Therefore, new strategies are needed to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms and to identify new therapeutic options for mitochondrial cardiomyopathies. Here, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged to provide a suitable patient-specific model system by recapitulating major characteristics of the disease in vitro, as well as to offer a powerful platform for pre-clinical drug development and for the testing of novel therapeutic options. In the present review, we summarize recent advances in iPSC-based disease modeling of mitochondrial cardiomyopathies and explore the patho-mechanistic insights as well as new therapeutic approaches that were uncovered with this experimental platform. Further, we discuss the challenges and limitations of this technology and provide an overview of the latest techniques to promote metabolic and functional maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes that might be necessary for modeling of mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Pavez-Giani
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells", University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Rewiring cell signalling pathways in pathogenic mtDNA mutations. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:391-405. [PMID: 34836781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate the energy to sustain cell viability and serve as a hub for cell signalling. Their own genome (mtDNA) encodes genes critical for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations of mtDNA cause major disease and disability with a wide range of presentations and severity. We review here an emerging body of data suggesting that changes in cell metabolism and signalling pathways in response to the presence of mtDNA mutations play a key role in shaping disease presentation and progression. Understanding the impact of mtDNA mutations on cellular energy homeostasis and signalling pathways seems fundamental to identify novel therapeutic interventions with the potential to improve the prognosis for patients with primary mitochondrial disease.
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10
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Kuthethur R, Prasad K, Chakrabarty S, Kabekkodu SP, Singh KK, Thangaraj K, Satyamoorthy K. Advances in mitochondrial medicine and translational research. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:62-68. [PMID: 34363984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of mitochondrial biology and function has provided tools and technologies that helped a better understanding of the molecular etiology of complex mitochondrial disorders. Dual genetic control of this subcellular organelle function regulates various signaling mechanisms which are essential for metabolism, bioenergetics, fatty acid biosynthesis, and DNA replication & repair. Understanding nuclear mitochondrial crosstalk through advanced genomics as well as clinical perspectives is the overall basis of mitochondrial research and medicine, also the sole objective of Society for Mitochondrial Medicine and Research (SMRM) - India. The eighth virtual international conference on 'Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research' was organized at the Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India, during 6 - 7 November 2020. The aim of the virtual conference was to highlight the recent advances and future perspectives that represent comprehensive clinical and fundamental research interests in the area of mitochondrial biology of human diseases. To systematically present the various findings in mitochondrial biology, the meeting was themed with specific aspects comprising (a) mitochondrial disorders: clinical & genomic perspectives, (b) mitochondria in cancer, (c) mitochondrial metabolism & disorders, and (d) mitochondrial diseases & therapy. This report provides an overview of the recent advancements in the area of mitochondrial biology and medicine that was discussed at the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviprasad Kuthethur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshava Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Rm. 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500 039, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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11
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Kuthethur R, Prasad K, Chakrabarty S, Prasada Kabekkodu S, Singh KK, Thangaraj K, Satyamoorthy K. Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research. Mitochondrion 2021:S1567-7249(21)00102-1. [PMID: 34363984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of mitochondrial biology and function has provided with tools and technologies that helped a better understanding of the molecular etiology of complex mitochondrial disorders. Dual genetic control of this subcellular organelle function regulates various signaling mechanisms which are essential for metabolism, bioenergetics, fatty acid biosynthesis, and DNA replication & repair. Understanding nuclear mitochondrial crosstalk through advanced genomics as well as clinical perspectives is the overall basis of mitochondrial research and medicine, also the sole objective of Society for Mitochondrial Medicine and Research (SMRM) - India. The eighth virtual international conference on 'Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research' was organized at the Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India, during 6 - 7 November 2020. The aim of the virtual conference was to highlight the recent advances and future perspectives that represent comprehensive clinical and fundamental research interests in the area of mitochondrial biology of human diseases. To systematically present the various findings in mitochondrial biology, the meeting was themed with specific aspects comprising (a) mitochondrial disorders: clinical & genomic perspectives, (b) mitochondria in cancer, (c) mitochondrial metabolism & disorders, and (d) mitochondrial diseases & therapy. This report provides an overview of the recent advancements in the area of mitochondrial biology and medicine that was discussed at the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviprasad Kuthethur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshava Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Rm. 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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12
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McKnight CL, Low YC, Elliott DA, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE. Modelling Mitochondrial Disease in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: What Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7730. [PMID: 34299348 PMCID: PMC8306397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases disrupt cellular energy production and are among the most complex group of inherited genetic disorders. Affecting approximately 1 in 5000 live births, they are both clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and can be highly tissue specific, but most often affect cell types with high energy demands in the brain, heart, and kidneys. There are currently no clinically validated treatment options available, despite several agents showing therapeutic promise. However, modelling these disorders is challenging as many non-human models of mitochondrial disease do not completely recapitulate human phenotypes for known disease genes. Additionally, access to disease-relevant cell or tissue types from patients is often limited. To overcome these difficulties, many groups have turned to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to model mitochondrial disease for both nuclear-DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) contexts. Leveraging the capacity of hPSCs to differentiate into clinically relevant cell types, these models permit both detailed investigation of cellular pathomechanisms and validation of promising treatment options. Here we catalogue hPSC models of mitochondrial disease that have been generated to date, summarise approaches and key outcomes of phenotypic profiling using these models, and discuss key criteria to guide future investigations using hPSC models of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L. McKnight
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yau Chung Low
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David A. Elliott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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13
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Kuo MH, Chen PY, Yang YP, Zheng MY, Miao CC, Wen KC, Chang KM, Chou SJ, Wang ML, Chiou SH, Chou YT. Cytokine and epigenetic regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 in stem cell differentiation and cancer cell plasticity. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1298-1309. [PMID: 34182610 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint ligand, is recognized as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy as well as for the induction of transplantation tolerance. However, how the crosstalk between stem cell programming and cytokine signaling regulates PD-L1 expression during stem cell differentiation and cancer cell plasticity remains unclear. Herein, we reported that PD-L1 expression was regulated by SOX2 during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and lung cancer cell plasticity. PD-L1 was induced during ESC differentiation to fibroblasts and was downregulated during SOX2-mediated reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Furthermore, SOX2 activation affected cancer cell plasticity and inhibited PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells. We discovered that the H3K27ac signal at the PD-L1 locus was enhanced during ESC differentiation to fibroblasts as well as during cancer plasticity of SOX2-positive lung cancer cells to SOX2-negative counterparts. Romidepsin, an epigenetic modifier, induced PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells, whereas TGF-β stimulation downregulated SOX2 but upregulated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, in addition to PD-L1, the expressions of EGFR and its ligand HBEGF were downregulated by activation of endogenous SOX2 expression during lung cancer cell plasticity and iPSC reprogramming, and the activation of EGFR signaling by HBEGF upregulated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells. Together, our results reveal the crosstalk between SOX2 programming and cytokine stimulation influences PD-L1 expression, and these findings may provide insights into PD-L1-mediated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yi Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Cheng Miao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chang Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Ming Chang
- Department of Pathology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Jie Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Sercel AJ, Carlson NM, Patananan AN, Teitell MA. Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics in Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:311-323. [PMID: 33422359 PMCID: PMC7954944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells, with the exception of erythrocytes, harbor mitochondria, which are organelles that provide energy, intermediate metabolites, and additional activities to sustain cell viability, replication, and function. Mitochondria contain multiple copies of a circular genome called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose individual sequences are rarely identical (homoplasmy) because of inherited or sporadic mutations that result in multiple mtDNA genotypes (heteroplasmy). Here, we examine potential mechanisms for maintenance or shifts in heteroplasmy that occur in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by cellular reprogramming, and further discuss manipulations that can alter heteroplasmy to impact stem and differentiated cell performance. This additional insight will assist in developing more robust iPSC-based models of disease and differentiated cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Sercel
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Natasha M Carlson
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, CA, USA 91330; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095.
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15
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Povea-Cabello S, Villanueva-Paz M, Suárez-Rivero JM, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Villalón-García I, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Advances in mt-tRNA Mutation-Caused Mitochondrial Disease Modeling: Patients' Brain in a Dish. Front Genet 2021; 11:610764. [PMID: 33510772 PMCID: PMC7835939 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.610764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders that can be caused by mutations in nuclear (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations in mtDNA are associated with several maternally inherited genetic diseases, with mitochondrial dysfunction as a main pathological feature. These diseases, although frequently multisystemic, mainly affect organs that require large amounts of energy such as the brain and the skeletal muscle. In contrast to the difficulty of obtaining neuronal and muscle cell models, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shed light on the study of mitochondrial diseases. However, it is still a challenge to obtain an appropriate cellular model in order to find new therapeutic options for people suffering from these diseases. In this review, we deepen the knowledge in the current models for the most studied mt-tRNA mutation-caused mitochondrial diseases, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) and MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) syndromes, and their therapeutic management. In particular, we will discuss the development of a novel model for mitochondrial disease research that consists of induced neurons (iNs) generated by direct reprogramming of fibroblasts derived from patients suffering from MERRF syndrome. We hypothesize that iNs will be helpful for mitochondrial disease modeling, since they could mimic patient’s neuron pathophysiology and give us the opportunity to correct the alterations in one of the most affected cellular types in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
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16
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Zhang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Gai Z. Great Expectations: Induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in neurodevelopmental impairments. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:459-473. [PMID: 33390815 PMCID: PMC7757149 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, urinary epithelial cells, etc., are transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming technology, a milestone in the stem-cell research field. IPSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), exhibiting the potential to differentiate into various somatic cells. Still, the former avoid problems of immune rejection and medical ethics in the study of ESCs and clinical trials. Neurodevelopmental disorders are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect cognition, exercise, social adaptability, behavior, etc. Due to various inherited or acquired causes, they seriously affect the physical and psychological health of infants and children. These include generalized stunting / mental disability (GDD/ID), Epilepsy, autism spectrum disease (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most neurodevelopmental disorders are challenging to cure. Establishing a neurodevelopmental disorder system model is essential for researching and treating neurodevelopmental disorders. At this stage, the scarcity of samples is a bigger problem for studying neurological diseases based on the donor, ethics, etc. Some iPSCs are reprogrammed from somatic cells that carry disease-causing mutations. They differentiate into nerve cells by induction, which has the original characteristics of diseases. Disease-specific iPSCs are used to study the mechanism and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. The process provided samples and the impetus for developing drugs and developing treatment plans for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, this article mainly introduced the development of iPSCs, the currently established iPSCs disease models, and artificial organoids related to neurodevelopmental impairments. This technology will promote our understanding of neurodevelopmental impairments and bring great expectations to children with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250033, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
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17
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Hirose S, Tanaka Y, Shibata M, Kimura Y, Ishikawa M, Higurashi N, Yamamoto T, Ichise E, Chiyonobu T, Ishii A. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells in epilepsy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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18
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Kuo MH, Lee AC, Hsiao SH, Lin SE, Chiu YF, Yang LH, Yu CC, Chiou SH, Huang HN, Ko JC, Chou YT. Cross-talk between SOX2 and TGFβ Signaling Regulates EGFR-TKI Tolerance and Lung Cancer Dissemination. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4426-4438. [PMID: 32816907 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the stemness factor, SOX2, by cytokine stimuli controls self-renewal and differentiation in cells. Activating mutations in EGFR are proven therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in lung adenocarcinoma, but acquired resistance to TKIs inevitably occurs. The mechanism by which stemness and differentiation signaling emerge in lung cancers to affect TKI tolerance and lung cancer dissemination has yet to be elucidated. Here, we report that cross-talk between SOX2 and TGFβ signaling affects lung cancer cell plasticity and TKI tolerance. TKI treatment favored selection of lung cancer cells displaying mesenchymal morphology with deficient SOX2 expression, whereas SOX2 expression promoted TKI sensitivity and inhibited the mesenchymal phenotype. Preselection of EGFR-mutant lung cancer cells with the mesenchymal phenotype diminished SOX2 expression and TKI sensitivity, whereas SOX2 silencing induced vimentin, but suppressed BCL2L11, expression and promoted TKI tolerance. TGFβ stimulation downregulated SOX2 and induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation accompanied by increased TKI tolerance, which can interfere with ectopic SOX2 expression. SOX2-positive lung cancer cells exhibited a lower dissemination capacity than their SOX2-negative counterparts. Tumors expressing low SOX2 and high vimentin signature were associated with worse survival outcomes in patients with EGFR mutations. These findings provide insights into how cancer cell plasticity regulated by SOX2 and TGFβ signaling affects EGFR-TKI tolerance and lung cancer dissemination. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest the potential of SOX2 as a prognostic marker in EGFR-mutant lung cancer, as SOX2-mediated cell plasticity regulated by TGFβ stimulation and epigenetic control affects EGFR-TKI tolerance and cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - An-Chun Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsiao
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Xinyi, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Xinyi, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sey-En Lin
- Department of Pathology, New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tucheng Branch, Taiwan), New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cherng Yu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Zhongzheng, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Beitou, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Beitou, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Neng Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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19
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Hu SY, Zhuang QQ, Qiu Y, Zhu XF, Yan QF. Cell models and drug discovery for mitochondrial diseases. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:449-456. [PMID: 31090270 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelle, important for cell energy metabolism, apoptosis, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation is one of the primary factors in mitochondrial disorders. Though much progress has been made, there remain many difficulties in constructing cell models for mitochondrial diseases. This seriously restricts studies related to targeted drug discovery and the mechanism and therapy for such diseases. Here we summarize the characteristics of patient-specific immortalized lymphoblastoid cells, fibroblastoid cells, cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived differentiation cells in the study of mitochondrial disorders, as well as offering discussion of roles and advances of these cell models, particularly in the screening of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yi Hu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhuang
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu-Fen Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-Feng Yan
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Jimenez-Tellez N, Greenway SC. Cellular models for human cardiomyopathy: What is the best option? World J Cardiol 2019; 11:221-235. [PMID: 31754410 PMCID: PMC6859298 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i10.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic cardiomyopathies are a group of disorders related by abnormal myocardial structure and function. Although individually rare, these diseases collectively represent a significant health burden since they usually develop early in life and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst affected children. The heterogeneity and rarity of these disorders requires the use of an appropriate model system in order to characterize the mechanism of disease and develop useful therapeutics since standard drug trials are infeasible. A common approach to study human disease involves the use of animal models, especially rodents, but due to important biological and physiological differences, this model system may not recapitulate human disease. An alternative approach for studying the metabolic cardiomyopathies relies on the use of cellular models which have most frequently been immortalized cell lines or patient-derived fibroblasts. However, the recent introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, is of great interest and has the potential to revolutionize the study of rare diseases. In this paper we review the advantages and disadvantages of each model system by comparing their utility for the study of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy with a particular focus on the use of iPSCs in cardiovascular biology for the modeling of rare genetic or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Jimenez-Tellez
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Steven C Greenway
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cardiac Sciences, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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21
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Galera-Monge T, Zurita-Díaz F, Garesse R, Gallardo ME. The mutation m.13513G>A impairs cardiac function, favoring a neuroectoderm commitment, in a mutant-load dependent way. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19511-19522. [PMID: 30950033 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders (MDs) arise as a result of a respiratory chain dysfunction. While some MDs can affect a single organ, many involve several organs, the brain being the most affected, followed by heart and/or muscle. Many of these diseases are associated with heteroplasmic mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The proportion of mutated mtDNA must exceed a critical threshold to produce disease. Therefore, understanding how embryonic development determines the heteroplasmy level in each tissue could explain the organ susceptibility and the clinical heterogeneity observed in these patients. In this report, the dynamics of heteroplasmy and the influence in cardiac commitment of the mutational load of the m.13513G>A mutation has been analyzed. This mutation has been reported as a frequent cause of Leigh syndrome (LS) and is commonly associated with cardiac problems. In this report, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSc) technology has been used to delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac disease in LS. When mutation m.13513G>A is above a threshold, iPSc-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSc-CMs) could not be obtained due to an inefficient epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Surprisingly, these cells are redirected toward neuroectodermal lineages that would give rise to the brain. However, when mutation is below that threshold, dysfunctional CM are generated in a mutant-load dependent way. We suggest that distribution of the m.13513G>A mutation during cardiac differentiation is not at random. We propose a possible explanation of why neuropathology is a frequent feature of MD, but cardiac involvement is not always present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Galera-Monge
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Bio médicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, i+12. Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias. Avda. de Córdoba s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Zurita-Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Bio médicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, i+12. Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias. Avda. de Córdoba s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Garesse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Esther Gallardo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, i+12. Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias. Avda. de Córdoba s/n, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Villanueva-Paz M, Povea-Cabello S, Villalón-García I, Suárez-Rivero JM, Álvarez-Córdoba M, de la Mata M, Talaverón-Rey M, Jackson S, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Pathophysiological characterization of MERRF patient-specific induced neurons generated by direct reprogramming. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:861-881. [PMID: 30797798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare heterogeneous genetic disorders caused by total or partial mitochondrial dysfunction. They can be caused by mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MERRF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibers) syndrome is one of the most common mitochondrial disorders caused by point mutations in mtDNA. It is mainly caused by the m.8344A > G mutation in the tRNALys (UUR) gene of mtDNA (MT-TK gene). This mutation affects the translation of mtDNA encoded proteins; therefore, the assembly of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes is disrupted, leading to a reduced mitochondrial respiratory function. However, the molecular pathogenesis of MERRF syndrome remains poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate cell models, particularly in those cell types most affected in the disease such as neurons. Patient-specific induced neurons (iNs) are originated from dermal fibroblasts derived from different individuals carrying the particular mutation causing the disease. Therefore, patient-specific iNs can be used as an excellent cell model to elucidate the mechanisms underlying MERRF syndrome. Here we present for the first time the generation of iNs from MERRF dermal fibroblasts by direct reprograming, as well as a series of pathophysiological characterizations which can be used for testing the impact of a specific mtDNA mutation on neurons and screening for drugs that can correct the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Mario de la Mata
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Sandra Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Uniklinikum C. G. Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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23
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Chen SS, Tu XY, Xie LX, Xiong LP, Song J, Ye XQ. Peptide nucleic acids targeting mitochondria enhances sensitivity of lung cancer cells to chemotherapy. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2940-2948. [PMID: 30323880 PMCID: PMC6176231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major limitation for the successful treatment of lung cancer. Previously, we and others showed that formation of tumor spheres is associated with chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer cells, but the underlying mechanisms remained largely unknown. In the current study, we show that mitochondrial activity is significantly higher in A549 tumor spheres versus monolayer cells, establishing mitochondria as a putative target for antitumor therapy. To this end, we designed a peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) coupled with triphenylphosphonium (TPP) to target the displacement loop (D-loop) regulatory region of mitochondrial DNA (PNA-mito). Treatment with PNA-mito significantly disrupted mitochondrial gene expression, inhibited membrane potential and mitochondria fusion, resulting in proliferation inhibition and cell death. Consistently, in mouse xenograft models, PNA-mito could efficiently inhibit mitochondrial gene expression and block tumor growth. Treatment with a low dose of PNA-mito could significantly enhance the chemotoxicity of cisplatin (CDDP) in drug-resistant A549 tumor spheres. These results establish mitochondria-targeting PNAs as a novel strategy to enhance the accumulative therapeutic outcome of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Song Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Tu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Xia Xie
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Lv-Ping Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Ye
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
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24
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Meng S, Chanda P, Thandavarayan RA, Cooke JP. Transflammation: How Innate Immune Activation and Free Radicals Drive Nuclear Reprogramming. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:205-218. [PMID: 29634341 PMCID: PMC6003401 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Yamanaka and colleagues galvanized the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine by their generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Evidence is emerging that activation of innate immune signaling is critical for efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and for the nuclear reprogramming occurring in transdifferentiation. Recent Advances: We have shown that innate immune signaling triggers a global change in the expression of epigenetic modifiers to enhance DNA accessibility. In this state of epigenetic plasticity, overexpression of lineage determination factors, and/or environmental cues and paracrine factors, can induce pluripotency, or can direct transdifferentiation to another somatic cell lineage. Accumulating evidence reveals that innate immune activation triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and that these free radicals are required for nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency or for transdifferentiation. CRITICAL ISSUES We have discovered a limb of innate immune signaling that regulates DNA accessibility, in part, by the action of free radicals to induce post-translational modification of epigenetic modifiers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is of scientific interest and clinical relevance to understand the mechanisms by which free radicals influence epigenetic plasticity, and how these mechanisms may be therapeutically modulated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - Palas Chanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
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25
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Zhou R, Jiang G, Tian X, Wang X. Progress in the molecular mechanisms of genetic epilepsies using patient-induced pluripotent stem cells. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:331-339. [PMID: 30187003 PMCID: PMC6119748 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research findings on the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy almost always originate from animal experiments, and the development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology allows the use of human cells with genetic defects for studying the molecular mechanisms of genetic epilepsy (GE) for the first time. With iPSC technology, terminally differentiated cells collected from GE patients with specific genetic etiologies can be differentiated into many relevant cell subtypes that carry all of the GE patient's genetic information. iPSCs have opened up a new research field involving the pathogenesis of GE. Using this approach, studies have found that gene mutations induce GE by altering the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, which is associated. among other factors, with neuronal developmental disturbances, ion channel abnormalities, and synaptic dysfunction. Simultaneously, astrocyte activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal signaling pathway activity are also important factors in the molecular mechanisms of GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology Chongqing China
| | - Guohui Jiang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neurological Diseases Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology Chongqing China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology Chongqing China
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26
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Chou SJ, Ko YL, Yang YH, Yarmishyn AA, Wu YT, Chen CT, Lee HC, Wei YH, Chiou SH. Generation of two isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from a 15 year-old female patient with MERRF syndrome and A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:201-205. [PMID: 29960149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MERRF syndrome is predominantly caused by A8344G mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), affecting MT-TK gene, which impairs the mitochondrial electron transport chain function. Here, we report the generation of two isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines, TVGH-iPSC-MRF-Mlow and TVGH-iPSC-MRF-Mhigh, from the skin fibroblasts of a female MERRF patient harboring mtDNA A8344G mutation by using retrovirus transduction system. Both cell lines share the same genetic background except containing different proportions of mtDNA with the A8344G mutation. Both cell lines exhibited the pluripotency and capacity to differentiate into three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jie Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Ko
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Ting Wu
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tsun Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.; Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Chen YC, Tsai CL, Wei YH, Wu YT, Hsu WT, Lin HC, Hsu YC. ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 transcription factors facilitate the differentiation and characterisation of inner ear hair cell-like cells from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells harbouring A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:437. [PMID: 29740017 PMCID: PMC5941227 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration or loss of inner ear hair cells (HCs) is irreversible and results in sensorineural hearing loss (SHL). Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been employed in disease modelling and cell therapy. Here, we propose a transcription factor (TF)-driven approach using ATOH1 and regulatory factor of x-box (RFX) genes to generate HC-like cells from hiPSCs. Our results suggest that ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 could significantly increase the differentiation capacity of iPSCs into MYO7AmCherry-positive cells, upregulate the mRNA expression levels of HC-related genes and promote the differentiation of HCs with more mature stereociliary bundles. To model the molecular and stereociliary structural changes involved in HC dysfunction in SHL, we further used ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 to differentiate HC-like cells from the iPSCs from patients with myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibres (MERRF) syndrome, which is caused by A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and characterised by myoclonus epilepsy, ataxia and SHL. Compared with isogenic iPSCs, MERRF-iPSCs possessed ~42–44% mtDNA with A8344G mutation and exhibited significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and CAT gene expression. Furthermore, MERRF-iPSC-differentiated HC-like cells exhibited significantly elevated ROS levels and MnSOD and CAT gene expression. These MERRF-HCs that had more single cilia with a shorter length could be observed only by using a non-TF method, but those with fewer stereociliary bundle-like protrusions than isogenic iPSCs-differentiated-HC-like cells could be further observed using ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 TFs. We further analysed and compared the whole transcriptome of M1ctrl-HCs and M1-HCs after treatment with ATOH1 or ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3. We revealed that the HC-related gene transcripts in M1ctrl-iPSCs had a significantly higher tendency to be activated by ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 than M1-iPSCs. The ATOH1/RFX1/RFX3 TF-driven approach for the differentiation of HC-like cells from iPSCs is an efficient and promising strategy for the disease modelling of SHL and can be employed in future therapeutic strategies to treat SHL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ching Lin
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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28
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Chien Y, Chien CS, Chiang HC, Huang WL, Chou SJ, Chang WC, Chang YL, Leu HB, Chen KH, Wang KL, Lai YH, Liu YY, Lu KH, Li HY, Sung YJ, Jong YJ, Chen YJ, Chen CH, Yu WC. Interleukin-18 deteriorates Fabry cardiomyopathy and contributes to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in Fabry patients with GLA IVS4+919 G>A mutation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:87161-87179. [PMID: 27888626 PMCID: PMC5349979 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A high incidence of GLA IVS4+919 G>A mutation in patients with Fabry disease of the later-onset cardiac phenotype, has been reported in Taiwan. However, suitable biomarkers or potential therapeutic surrogates for Fabry cardiomyopathy (FC) in such patients under enzyme replacement treatment (ERT) remain unknown. OBJECTIVE Using FC patients carrying IVS4+919 G>A mutation, we constructed an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based disease model to investigate the pathogenetic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in ERT-treated FC. RESULTS AND METHODS The iPSC-differentiated cardiomyocytes derived from FC-patients (FC-iPSC-CMs) carried IVS4+919 G>A mutation recapitulating FC characteristics, including low α-galactosidase A enzyme activity, cellular hypertrophy, and massive globotriaosylceramide accumulation. Microarray analysis revealed that interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pleiotropic cytokine involved in various myocardial diseases, was the most highly upregulated marker in FC-iPSC-CMs. Meanwhile, IL-18 levels were found to be significantly elevated in the culture media of FC-iPSC-CMs and patients' sera. Notably, the serum IL-18 levels were highly paralleled with the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in Fabry patients receiving ERT. Finally, using FC-iPSC-CMs as in vitro FC model, neutralization of IL-18 with specific antibodies combined with ERT synergistically reduced the secretion of IL-18 and the progression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in FC-iPSC-CMs. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that cardiac IL-18 and circulating IL-18 are involved in the pathogenesis of FC and LVH. IL-18 may be a novel marker for evaluating ERT efficacy, and targeting IL-18 might be a potential adjunctive therapy combined with ERT for the treatment of advanced cardiomyopathy in FC patients with IVS4+919 G>A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Chih Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ling Wang
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yung-Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsi Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Cheng-Hsin Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yang Li
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jen Sung
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Jyh Jong
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsuan Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Yu
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Cheng Y, Luo F, Zhang Q, Sang Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li X, Li J, Ding H, Mei Y. α-Lipoic acid alleviates pentetrazol-induced neurological deficits and behavioral dysfunction in rats with seizures via an Nrf2 pathway. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy (EP) is a type of chronic brain disease characterized by transient central nervous system malfunction which is the result of neuron paradoxical discharge in the brain.
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30
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Park SY, Kim SH, Lee YM. Molecular Diagnosis of Myoclonus Epilepsy Associated with Ragged-Red Fibers Syndrome in the Absence of Ragged Red Fibers. Front Neurol 2017; 8:520. [PMID: 29033892 PMCID: PMC5626808 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRFs), an inherited mitochondrial disorder, has characteristic morphological changes of ragged-red fibers (RRFs) in muscle biopsy, in the absence of which mitochondrial etiology is usually not considered in patients with phenotypes suggestive of MERRF. In these circumstances, MERRF can only be diagnosed using genetic analyses. The symptoms, pathological findings, and imaging results being age dependent, we can construct a protocol based on these characteristics to understand the disease’s natural course and to manage patients more effectively. The absence of RRFs should not preclude a MERRF diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yeong Park
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Mock Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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