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Su RR, Pan BQ, Luo YX, Zheng XL, Lu W, Wang XY. Characterization of bacterial diversity and screening of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut system of Glenea cantor (Fabricius) larvae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1340168. [PMID: 38456003 PMCID: PMC10919226 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1340168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal bacteria of longhorn beetles would be ideal targets for pest control and lignocellulosic resources by destroying or exploiting their cellulose-degrading function. This article aims to investigate the diversity and community structure of intestinal bacteria the oligophagous longhorn beetle Glenea cantor. Additionally, it seeks to identify the presence of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut, and explore their role in consuming host kapok trees Bombax malabaricum. In this study, the bacterial community from G. cantor was examined by Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) targeting the V3 and V4 regions. A total of 563,201 valid sequences and 814 OTUs were obtained. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, and the dominant genera were Acinetobacter and Lactococcus. The analysis of microbial diversity revealed a high bacterial diversity in the samples, with the gut bacteria playing a crucial role in the physiological activities of the host, particularly, 9 genera of intestinal bacteria with cellulose degradation function were found, highlighting their vital role in cellulose degradation. Five strains of cellulose-degrading bacteria, belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, were obtained from the intestinal tract of G. cantor larvae using traditional isolation and culture techniques as well as 16S rDNA sequencing. Among these strains, A4 exhibited a cellulase activity of 94.42 ± 0.42 U/mL, while A5 displayed the highest filter paper enzyme activity of 127.46 ± 3.54 U/mL. These results offered valuable insights into potential targets for pest control through internal attack digestion and cellulose-degrading bacteria in longhorn beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Vicente CSL, Soares M, Faria JMS, Espada M, Mota M, Nóbrega F, Ramos AP, Inácio ML. Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908308. [PMID: 35812912 PMCID: PMC9257700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considered one of the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (commonly known as pinewood nematode, PWN) is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease in the Eurasian coniferous forests. This migratory parasitic nematode is carried by an insect vector (Monochamus spp.) into the host tree (Pinus species), where it can feed on parenchymal cells and reproduce massively, resulting in the tree wilting. In declining trees, PWN populations are strongly dependent on fungal communities colonizing the host (predominantly ophiostomatoid fungi known to cause sapwood blue-staining, the blue-stain fungi), which not only influence their development and life cycle but also the number of individuals carried by the insect vector into a new host. Our main aim is to understand if PWN-associated mycobiota plays a key role in the development of PWD, in interaction with the PWN and the insect vector, and to what extent it can be targeted to disrupt the disease cycle. For this purpose, we characterized the fungal communities of Pinus pinaster trees infected and non-infected with PWN in three collection sites in Continental Portugal with different PWD temporal incidences. Our results showed that non-infected P. pinaster mycoflora is more diverse (in terms of abundance and fungal richness) than PWN-infected pine trees in the most recent PWD foci, as opposed to the fungal communities of long-term PWD history sites. Then, due to their ecological importance for PWN survival, representatives of the main ophiostomatoid fungi isolated (Ophiostoma, Leptographium, and Graphilbum) were characterized for their adaptative response to temperature, competition in-between taxa, and as food source for PWN. Under the conditions studied, Leptographium isolates showed promising results for PWN control. They could outcompete the other species, especially O. ips, and significantly reduce the development of PWN populations when compared to Botrytis cinerea (routinely used for PWN lab culturing), suggesting this to be a natural antagonist not only for the other blue-stain species but also for the PWN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Soares
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Espada
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Filomena Nóbrega
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Ramos
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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Tian H, Koski TM, Zhao L, Liu Z, Sun J. Invasion History of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Influences the Abundance of Serratia sp. in Pupal Chambers and Tracheae of Insect-Vector Monochamus alternatus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856841. [PMID: 35668811 PMCID: PMC9164154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused extensive mortality in pine forests worldwide. This disease is a result of a multi-species interaction among an invasive pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, its vector Monochamus sp. beetle, and the host pine tree (Pinus sp.). In other systems, microbes have been shown to attenuate negative impacts on invasive species after the invasion has reached a certain time point. Despite that the role of PWD associated microbes involved in the PWD system has been widely studied, it is not known whether similar antagonistic "hidden microbial players" exist in this system due to the lack of knowledge about the potential temporal changes in the composition of associated microbiota. In this study, we investigated the bacteria-to-fungi ratio and isolated culturable bacterial isolates from pupal chambers and vector beetle tracheae across five sampling sites in China differing in the duration of PWN invasion. We also tested the pathogenicity of two candidate bacteria strains against the PWN-vector beetle complex. A total of 118 bacterial species belonging to 4 phyla, 30 families, and 54 genera were classified based on 16S sequencing. The relative abundance of the genus Serratia was lower in pupal chambers and tracheae in newly PWN invaded sites (<10 years) compared to the sites that had been invaded for more than 20 years. Serratia marcescens strain AHPC29 was widely distributed across all sites and showed nematicidal activity against PWN. The insecticidal activity of this strain was dependent on the life stage of the vector beetle Monochamus alternatus: no insecticidal activity was observed against final-instar larvae, whereas S. marcescens was highly virulent against pupae. Our findings improved the understanding of the temporal variation in the microbial community associated with the PWN-vector beetle complex and the progress of PWD and can therefore facilitate the development of biological control agents against PWN and its vector beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Oliveira JMM, Henriques I, Read DS, Gweon HS, Morgado RG, Peixoto S, Correia A, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Gut and faecal bacterial community of the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus: potential use for monitoring exposure scenarios. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:2096-2108. [PMID: 34553289 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to characterize the gut and faeces bacterial communities (BC) of Porcellionides pruinosus using high-throughput sequencing. Isopods were collected from the field and kept in laboratory conditions similar to those normally applied in ecotoxicology tests. Faeces and purged guts of isopods (n = 3 × 30) were analysed by pyrosequencing the V3-V4 region of 16 S rRNA encoding gene. Results showed that gut and faecal BCs were dominated by Proteobacteria, particularly by an OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit) affiliated to genus Coxiella. Diversity and richness values were statistically higher for faecal BC, mainly due to the occurrence of several low-abundance phylotypes. These results may reflect faecal carriage of bacterial groups that cannot settle in the gut. BCs of P. pruinosus comprised: (1) common members of the soil microbiota, (2) bacterial symbionts, (3) bacteria related to host metabolic/ecological features, and (4) bacterial etiological agents. Comparison of BC of this isopod species with the BC from other invertebrates revealed common bacterial groups across taxa. The baseline information provided by this work will assist the design and data interpretation of future ecotoxicological or biomonitoring assays where the analysis of P. pruinosus BC should be included as an additional indicator. CAPSULE: Terrestrial isopods bacterial communities might support ecotoxicological assays and biomonitoring processes as a valuable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta M M Oliveira
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- University of Coimbra, CESAM & Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Calçada Martins de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Daniel S Read
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Hyun S Gweon
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Rui G Morgado
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Peixoto
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Correia
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Vicente CSL, Soares M, Faria JMS, Ramos AP, Inácio ML. Insights into the Role of Fungi in Pine Wilt Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090780. [PMID: 34575818 PMCID: PMC8469835 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease that severely affects the biodiversity and economy of Eurasian coniferous forests. Three factors are described as the main elements of the disease: the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the insect-vector Monochamus spp., and the host tree, mainly Pinus spp. Nonetheless, other microbial interactors have also been considered. The study of mycoflora in PWD dates back the late seventies. Culturomic studies have revealed diverse fungal communities associated with all PWD key players, composed frequently of saprophytic fungi (i.e., Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma) but also of necrotrophic pathogens associated with bark beetles, such as ophiostomatoid or blue-stain fungi. In particular, the ophiostomatoid fungi often recovered from wilted pine trees or insect pupal chambers/tunnels, are considered crucial for nematode multiplication and distribution in the host tree. Naturally occurring mycoflora, reported as possible biocontrol agents of the nematode, are also discussed in this review. This review discloses the contrasting effects of fungal communities in PWD and highlights promising fungal species as sources of PWD biocontrol in the framework of sustainable pest management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Miguel Soares
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.P.R.)
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Ramos
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.P.R.)
- Linking Environment Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
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Zhang C, Wickham JD, Zhao L, Sun J. A new bacteria-free strategy induced by MaGal2 facilitates pinewood nematode escape immune response from its vector beetle. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1087-1102. [PMID: 32443173 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic microbes play a crucial role in regulating parasite-host interactions; however, the role of bacterial associates in parasite-host interactions requires elucidation. In this study, we showed that, instead of introducing numerous symbiotic bacteria, dispersal of 4th-stage juvenile (JIV ) pinewood nematodes (PWNs), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, only introduced few bacteria to its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus (Ma). JIV showed weak binding ability to five dominant bacteria species isolated from the beetles' pupal chamber. This was especially the case for binding to the opportunistic pathogenic species Serratia marcescens; the nematodes' bacteria binding ability at this critical stage when it infiltrates Ma for dispersal was much weaker compared with Caenorhabditis elegans, Diplogasteroides asiaticus, and propagative-stage PWN. The associated bacterium S. marcescens, which was isolated from the beetles' pupal chambers, was unfavorable to Ma, because it caused a higher mortality rate upon injection into tracheae. In addition, S. marcescens in the tracheae caused more immune effector disorders compared with PWN alone. Ma_Galectin2 (MaGal2), a pattern-recognition receptor, was up-regulated following PWN loading. Recombinant MaGal2 protein formed aggregates with five dominant associated bacteria in vitro. Moreover, MaGal2 knockdown beetles had up-regulated prophenoloxidase gene expression, increased phenoloxidase activity, and decreased PWN loading. Our study revealed a previously unknown strategy for immune evasion of this plant pathogen inside its vector, and provides novel insights into the role of bacteria in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jacob D Wickham
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wielkopolan B, Jakubowska M, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Beetles as Plant Pathogen Vectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748093. [PMID: 34721475 PMCID: PMC8549695 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects, likewise, other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the surrounding environment. Insects and microorganisms associated with them share a range of relationships, including symbiotic and pathogenic. Insects damage plants by feeding on them and delivering plant pathogens to wounded places, from where pathogens spread over the plant. Thus insects can be considered as both pests and reservoirs or vectors of plant pathogens. Although beetles are not mentioned in the first place as plant pathogen vectors, their transmission of pathogens also takes place and affects the ecosystem. Here we present an overview of beetles as vectors of plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and Oomycota, which are responsible for developing plant diseases that can have a significant impact on crop yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wielkopolan
- Department of Monitoring and Signaling of Agrophages, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jakubowska
- Department of Monitoring and Signaling of Agrophages, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska,
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Bacterial Communities Associated with the Pine Wilt Disease Insect Vector Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) during the Larvae and Pupae Stages. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060376. [PMID: 32560536 PMCID: PMC7348839 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monochamus alternatus is an important insect pest in pine forests of southern China and the dispersing vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which leads to pine wilt disease (PWD). Microbiome of M. alternatus may contribute to survival of larvae in the host pine trees. In order to investigate the intestinal bacterial structure of M. alternatus during the larvae and pupae stages in host trees, and infer the function of symbiotic bacteria, we used 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing to obtain and compare the bacterial community composition in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut of larvae, pupal intestines, larval galleries, and pupal chambers of M. alternatus. The diversity of the bacterial community in larval intestines and pupal intestines were similar, as well as was significantly greater in larval galleries and pupal chambers. Although there were differences in bacterial compositions in different samples, similar components were also found. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the two most dominant phyla in all samples, and genera Enterobacter, Raoultella, Serratia, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas were dominant in both the intestinal samples and plant tissue samples. Enterobacter was the most abundant genus in larval intestines, and Serratia was dominant in pupal intestine. The functions of these dominant and specific bacteria were also predicted through metagenomic analyses. These bacteria may help M. alternatus degrade cellulose and pinene. The specific role of symbiotic bacteria in the infection cycle of PWD also warrants further study in the future.
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Guo Y, Lin Q, Chen L, Carballar-Lejarazú R, Zhang A, Shao E, Liang G, Hu X, Wang R, Xu L, Zhang F, Wu S. Characterization of bacterial communities associated with the pinewood nematode insect vector Monochamus alternatus Hope and the host tree Pinus massoniana. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:337. [PMID: 32357836 PMCID: PMC7195709 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monochamus alternatus Hope is one of the insect vectors of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), which causes the destructive pine wilt disease. The microorganisms within the ecosystem, comprising plants, their environment, and insect vectors, form complex networks. This study presents a systematic analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the M. alternatus midgut and its habitat niche. Methods Total DNA was extracted from 20 types of samples (with three replicates each) from M. alternatus and various tissues of healthy and infected P. massoniana (pines). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was conducted to determine the composition and diversity of the bacterial microbiota in each sample. Moreover, the relative abundances of bacteria in the midgut of M. alternatus larvae were verified by counting the colony-forming units. Results Pinewood nematode infection increased the microbial diversity in pines. Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Dyella, Mycobacterium, and Mucilaginibacter were the dominant bacterial genera in the soil and infected pines. These results indicate that the bacterial community in infected pines may be associated with the soil microbiota. Interestingly, the abundance of the genus Gryllotalpicola was highest in the bark of infected pines. The genus Cellulomonas was not found in the midgut of M. alternatus, but it peaked in the phloem of infected pines, followed by the phloem of heathy pines. Moreover, the genus Serratia was not only present in the habitat niche, but it was also enriched in the M. alternatus midgut. The colony-forming unit assays showed that the relative abundance of Serratia sp. peaked in the midgut of instar II larvae (81%). Conclusions Overall, the results indicate that the bacterial microbiota in the soil and in infected pines are correlated. The Gryllotalpicola sp. and Cellulomonas sp. are potential microbial markers of pine wilt disease. Additionally, Serratia sp. could be an ideal agent for expressing insecticidal protein in the insect midgut by genetic engineering, which represents a new use of microbes to control M. alternatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Qiannan Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Lyuyi Chen
- Universityof California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4025, USA
| | - Rebeca Carballar-Lejarazú
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4025, USA
| | - Aishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Ensi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Guanghong Liang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Xia Hu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feiping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Songqing Wu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
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10
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Zhang F, Merchant A, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhou X, Li X. Characterization of MaltOBP1, a Minus-C Odorant-Binding Protein, From the Japanese Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Front Physiol 2020; 11:212. [PMID: 32296339 PMCID: PMC7138900 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs) play crucial roles in the discrimination, binding and transportation of odorants. Herein, the full-length cDNA sequence of Minus-C OBP1 (MaltOBP1) from the Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, was cloned by 3′ and 5′ RACE-PCR and analyzed. The results showed that MaltOBP1 contains a 435 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes 144 amino acids, including a 21-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus. The matured MaltOBP1 protein possesses a predicted molecular weight of about 14 kDa and consists of six α-helices, creating an open binding pocket, and two disulfide bridges. Immunoblotting results showed that MaltOBP1 was most highly expressed in antennae in both sexes, followed by wings and legs. Fluorescence assays demonstrated that MaltOBP1 protein exhibited high binding affinity with (R)-(+)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, (R)-(+)-limonene and (–)-verbenone, which are the main volatile compounds of the pine tree. Our combined results suggest that MaltOBP1 plays a role in host seeking behavior in M. alternatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Zhang
- Henan Provincial South Henan Crop Pest Green Prevention and Control Academician Workstation, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Austin Merchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Zhibin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Xiangrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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11
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Almeida AR, Alves M, Domingues I, Henriques I. The impact of antibiotic exposure in water and zebrafish gut microbiomes: A 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109771. [PMID: 31629904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to supply human demand for food, the aquaculture industry has been growing fast in the last years, being fish usually cultivated in overcrowded conditions. Hence, to prevent the rapidly disease spreading, antibiotics may be applied to both sick and healthy animals. Due to its broad spectrum, oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most used antibiotics in food-production. Yet, although useful to prevent infections, antibiotics may reshape aquatic animals' microbiome, disturbing hosts' welfare. However, the impact of this exposure to the organism microbiome and its surrounding environment is poorly understood. Then, the objective of this study was to analyze in detail the long-term effect of OTC in both zebrafish gut and water microbiomes. Zebrafish adults were exposed, via water, for two months to three concentrations of OTC (0, 10 and 10000 μg/L). Total DNA was extracted from gut and water samples and the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina technology. Results of alpha and beta-diversity analyses revealed that long-term exposure to OTC impacted both zebrafish gut and water microbiomes. In water samples, effects were observed even at the lowest (10 μg/L) OTC concentration tested resulting in an increase in Deltaproteobacteria, namely the Myxococcales and Bdellovibrionales orders. On the other hand, effects on zebrafish gut were only observed at the highest concentration with the selection of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria classes. Although these classes are common in fish gut, the increase of Actinobacteria may represent a health problem since some genera like Gordonia are linked to some human infection disease. Nevertheless, in both gut and water, it was observed a decrease in Gamaproteobacteria, probably due to OTC mode of action. In silico functional metagenomic analysis revealed that OTC exposure selected general detoxification mechanisms. In addition, the abundance of functional genes involved in Quorum Sensing (QS) increased under OTC exposure suggesting that QS may help bacteria to survive OTC stress. Thus, future studies should consider post-exposure scenarios for a deeper analysis of the water and zebrafish gut resistome, since bacteria may react differently after exposure ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Alves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- CESAM & Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Proença DN, Heine T, Senges CHR, Bandow JE, Morais PV, Tischler D. Bacterial Metabolites Produced Under Iron Limitation Kill Pinewood Nematode and Attract Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2166. [PMID: 31608025 PMCID: PMC6761702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) is caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode, and affects several species of pine trees worldwide. The ecosystem of the Pinus pinaster trees was investigated as a source of bacteria producing metabolites affecting this ecosystem: P. pinaster trees as target-plant, nematode as disease effector and its insect-vector as shuttle. For example, metals and metal-carrying compounds contribute to the complex tree-ecosystems. This work aimed to detect novel secondary metabolites like metallophores and related molecules produced under iron limitation by PWD-associated bacteria and to test their activity on nematodes. After screening 357 bacterial strains from Portugal and United States, two promising metallophore-producing strains Erwinia sp. A41C3 and Rouxiella sp. Arv20#4.1 were chosen and investigated in more detail. The genomes of these strains were sequenced, analyzed, and used to detect genetic potential for secondary metabolite production. A combinatorial approach of liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) linked to molecular networking was used to describe these compounds. Two major metabolites were detected by HPLC analyses and described. One HPLC fraction of strain Arv20#4.1 showed to be a hydroxamate-type siderophore with higher affinity for chelation of Cu. The HPLC fraction of strain A41C3 with highest metal affinity showed to be a catecholate-type siderophore with higher affinity for chelation of Fe. LC-MS allowed the identification of several desferrioxamines from strain Arv20#4.1, in special desferrioxamine E, but no hit was obtained in case of strain A41C3 which might indicate that it is something new. Bacteria and their culture supernatants showed ability to attract C. elegans. HPLC fractions of those supernatant-extracts of Erwinia strain A41C3, enriched with secondary metabolites such as siderophores, were able to kill pinewood nematode. These results suggest that metabolites secreted under iron limitation have potential to biocontrol B. xylophilus and for management of Pine Wilt Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Neves Proença
- Department of Life Sciences and Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of CEMMPRE, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Heine
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christoph H. R. Senges
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia E. Bandow
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Paula V. Morais
- Department of Life Sciences and Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of CEMMPRE, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Pinus densiflora Following Inoculation with Pathogenic (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) or Non-pathogenic Nematodes (B. thailandae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:12180. [PMID: 31434977 PMCID: PMC6704138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) is a species of evergreen conifer that is distributed in Korea, Japan, and China, and of economic, scientific, and ecological importance. Korean red pines suffer from pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN). To facilitate diagnosis and prevention of PWD, studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors. However, transcriptional responses of P. densiflora to PWN have received less attention. Here, we inoculated Korean red pines with pathogenic B. xylophilus, or non-pathogenic B. thailandae, and collected cambium layers 4 weeks after inoculation for RNA sequencing analysis. We obtained 72,864 unigenes with an average length of 869 bp (N50 = 1,403) from a Trinity assembly, and identified 991 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Biological processes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, oxidation–reduction, and plant-type hypersensitive response were significantly enriched in DEGs found in trees inoculated with B. xylophilus. Several transcription factor families were found to be involved in the response to B. xylophilus inoculation. Our study provides the first evidence of transcriptomic differences in Korean red pines inoculated with B. xylophilus and B. thailandae, and might facilitate early diagnosis of PWD and selection of PWD-tolerant Korean red pines.
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14
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Kim HM, Choi IS, Lee S, Hwang IM, Chun HH, Wi SG, Kim JC, Shin TY, Kim JC, Kim JS, Kim J, Park HW. Advanced strategy to produce insecticidal destruxins from lignocellulosic biomass Miscanthus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:188. [PMID: 31367233 PMCID: PMC6657178 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biorefineries are widely recognized as the most feasible solution to the problem of achieving environmental sustainability along with economic growth. Furthermore, pine wilt disease has caused severe environmental and economic damage worldwide to date. Herein, a highly efficient, advanced process for producing destruxins (DTXs) from Miscanthus (MCT) is reported, along with an application strategy. RESULTS The acetic acid-sodium chlorite pretreatment of MCT (AASC-MCT) is found to improve the monosaccharide production. Through biocatalytic conversion processes (simultaneous saccharification and cultivation), Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-279 can efficiently produce DTXs from 1% (w/v) AASC-MCT, i.e., DTX E (334.8 mg/L), A (288.8 mg/L), and B (48.6 mg/L). Monochamus alternatus (MA, Japanese pine sawyer) is known to act as a mediator transferring Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to pinewood. As B. xylophilus is associated with the occurrence of pine wilt disease, biological control of MA is a major strategy or controlling this disease. In this study, upon the application of a mixture of DTXs and protease-containing culture filtrate (PCF), complete mortality of MA is observed after a 5-day incubation. The MA immune system response is believed to cause an overexpression of actin and tropomyosin as a defense mechanism against the flaccid paralysis induced by the DTXs and PCF treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MCT can be used as a major feedstock in the biorefinery industry and that DTXs can be applied as an insecticide for biological control of pine wilt disease via MA termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Myeong Kim
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - In Seong Choi
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoun Lee
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - In Min Hwang
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Chun
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gon Wi
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Junheon Kim
- National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 61755 Republic of Korea
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15
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Alves M, Pereira A, Vicente C, Matos P, Henriques J, Lopes H, Nascimento F, Mota M, Correia A, Henriques I. The role of bacteria in pine wilt disease: insights from microbiome analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4987203. [PMID: 29718181 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) has a significant impact on Eurasia pine forests. The microbiome of the nematode (the primary cause of the disease), its insect vector, and the host tree may be relevant for the disease mechanism. The aim of this study was to characterize these microbiomes, from three PWD-affected areas in Portugal, using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, and a functional inference-based approach (PICRUSt). The bacterial community structure of the nematode was significantly different from the infected trees but closely related to the insect vector, supporting the hypothesis that the nematode microbiome might be in part inherited from the insect. Sampling location influenced mostly the tree microbiome (P < 0.05). Genes related both with plant growth promotion and phytopathogenicity were predicted for the tree microbiome. Xenobiotic degradation functions were predicted in the nematode and insect microbiomes. Phytotoxin biosynthesis was also predicted for the nematode microbiome, supporting the theory of a direct contribution of the microbiome to tree-wilting. This is the first study that simultaneously characterized the nematode, tree and insect-vector microbiomes from the same affected areas, and overall the results support the hypothesis that the PWD microbiome plays an important role in the disease's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Anabela Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vicente
- NemaLab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo de Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Matos
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Joana Henriques
- UEIS Sistemas Agrários e Florestais e Sanidade Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, 2780-159, Portugall
| | - Helena Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Francisco Nascimento
- NemaLab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo de Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Universidade de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo de Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, EPCV, C. Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Correia
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Departamento de Biologia e Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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16
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Xu D, Xu L, Zhou F, Wang B, Wang S, Lu M, Sun J. Gut Bacterial Communities of Dendroctonus valens and Monoterpenes and Carbohydrates of Pinus tabuliformis at Different Attack Densities to Host Pines. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1251. [PMID: 29963021 PMCID: PMC6011813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor a community of gut bacteria, ranging from pathogenic to obligate mutualistic organisms. Both biotic and abiotic factors can influence species composition and structure of the insect gut bacterial communities. Dendroctonus valens is a destructive forest pest in China. To overcome host pine defenses, beetles mass-attack the pine to a threshold density that can exhaust pine defenses. The intensity of pine chemical defenses and carbohydrate concentrations of pines can be influenced by beetle attack, both of which are known factors that modify beetle's gut microbiota. However, little is known to what extent variation exists in the beetle's gut communities, and host monoterpenes and carbohydrates at different attack densities. In this study, the gut bacterial microbiota of D. valens at low and high attack densities were analyzed, and monoterpenes and carbohydrates in host pine phloem were assayed in parallel. The results showed that no significant changes of gut bacterial communities of the beetles and concentrations of D-glucose, D-pinitol, and D-fructose in pine phloem were found between low and high attack densities. The concentrations of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene at high attack densities were significantly higher than those at low attack densities. Our results suggested that different attack densities of D. valens influence monoterpenes concentration of host pines' phloem but have no significant impact on gut bacterial community structures of D. valens and carbohydrate concentration of host trees' phloem in early attack phase. Similar gut bacterial community structures of D. valens between low and high attack densities might be due to the quick adaptation of gut microbiota to high monoterpenes concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Zhang W, Meng J, Ning J, Qin P, Zhou J, Zou Z, Wang Y, Jiang H, Ahmad F, Zhao L, Sun J. Differential immune responses of Monochamus alternatus against symbiotic and entomopathogenic fungi. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:902-910. [PMID: 28762123 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monochamus alternatus, the main vector beetles of invasive pinewood nematode, has established a symbiotic relationship with a native ectotrophic fungal symbiont, Sporothrix sp. 1, in China. The immune response of M. alternatus to S. sp. 1 in the coexistence of beetles and fungi is, however, unknown. Here, we report that immune responses of M. alternatus pupae to infection caused by ectotrophic symbiotic fungus S. sp. 1 and entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana differ significantly. The S. sp. 1 did not kill the beetles while B. bassiana killed all upon injection. The transcriptome results showed that the numbers of differentially expressed genes in M. alternatus infected with S. sp. 1 were 2-fold less than those infected with B. bassiana at 48 hours post infection. It was noticed that Toll and IMD pathways played a leading role in the beetle's immune system when infected by symbiotic fungus, but upon infection by entomopathogenic fungus, only the Toll pathway gets triggered actively. Furthermore, the beetles could tolerate the infection of symbiotic fungi by retracing their Toll and IMD pathways at 48 h. This study provided a comprehensive sequence resource of M. alternatus transcriptome for further study of the immune interactions between host and associated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Peijun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Proença DN, Grass G, Morais PV. Understanding pine wilt disease: roles of the pine endophytic bacteria and of the bacteria carried by the disease-causing pinewood nematode. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00415. [PMID: 27785885 PMCID: PMC5387314 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most destructive diseases in trees of the genus Pinus and is responsible for environmental and economic losses around the world. The only known causal agent of the disease is the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Despite that, bacteria belonging to several different genera have been found associated with PWN and their roles in the development of PWD have been suggested. Molecular methodologies and the new era of genomics have revealed different perspectives to the problem, recognizing the manifold interactions between different organisms involved in the disease. Here, we reviewed the possible roles of nematode-carried bacteria in PWD, what could be the definition of this group of microorganisms and questioned their origin as possible endophytes, discussing their relation within the endophytic community of pine trees. The diversity of the nematode-carried bacteria and the diversity of pine tree endophytes, reported until now, is revised in detail in this review. What could signify a synergetic effect with PWN harming the plant, or what could equip bacteria with functions to control the presence of nematodes inside the tree, is outlined as two possible roles of the microbial community in the etiology of this disease. An emphasis is put on the potential revealed by the genomic data of isolated organisms in their potential activities as effective tools in PWD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo N. Proença
- CEMUCUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr Institute of MicrobiologyMunichGermany
| | - Paula V. Morais
- CEMUCUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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Kim JM, Choi MY, Kim JW, Lee SA, Ahn JH, Song J, Kim SH, Weon HY. Effects of diet type, developmental stage, and gut compartment in the gut bacterial communities of two Cerambycidae species (Coleoptera). J Microbiol 2016; 55:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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