1
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Chen M, Liu H, Li Z, Ming AL, Chen H. Mechanism of PKM2 affecting cancer immunity and metabolism in Tumor Microenvironment. J Cancer 2021; 12:3566-3574. [PMID: 33995634 PMCID: PMC8120184 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PKM2 is the enzyme that regulates the final rate-limiting step of glycolysis. PKM2 expression can reinforce the utilization of oxygen and synthesis of growth substances in cancer cells by enhancing OXPHOS and the Warburg effect. In cancer immunity, PKM2 can modulate the expression of PD-L1 in M2 macrophage and decrease the amount and activity of CD8+ T cells. This affects cancer cell killing and immune escape sequentially. How PKM2 regulates PD-L1 expression through immunometabolism is summarized. PKM2 builds a bridge between energy metabolism and cancer immunity. The activator and inhibitor of PKM2 both promote the anti-cancer immune response and inhibit cancer growth and metastasis by regulating the metabolism of cancer cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment through HIF-1α/PKM2 pathway. This review focuses on the precise role of PKM2 modulating immunometabolism, providing valuable suggestions for further study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Alex Lau Ming
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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2
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Bishop EL, Gudgeon N, Dimeloe S. Control of T Cell Metabolism by Cytokines and Hormones. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653605. [PMID: 33927722 PMCID: PMC8076900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic, coordinated changes in metabolic pathway activity underpin the protective and inflammatory activity of T cells, through provision of energy and biosynthetic precursors for effector functions, as well as direct effects of metabolic enzymes, intermediates and end-products on signaling pathways and transcriptional mechanisms. Consequently, it has become increasingly clear that the metabolic status of the tissue microenvironment directly influences T cell activity, with changes in nutrient and/or metabolite abundance leading to dysfunctional T cell metabolism and interlinked immune function. Emerging evidence now indicates that additional signals are integrated by T cells to determine their overall metabolic phenotype, including those arising from interaction with cytokines and hormones in their environment. The impact of these on T cell metabolism, the mechanisms involved and the pathological implications are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Dimeloe
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Damasceno LEA, Prado DS, Veras FP, Fonseca MM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Rosa MH, Públio GA, Martins TV, Ramalho FS, Waisman A, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC. PKM2 promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation by fine-tuning STAT3 activation. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151965. [PMID: 32697823 PMCID: PMC7537396 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cell differentiation and pathogenicity depend on metabolic reprogramming inducing shifts toward glycolysis. Here, we show that the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme required for cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression, is a key factor mediating Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation. We found that PKM2 is highly expressed throughout the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. Strikingly, PKM2 is not required for the metabolic reprogramming and proliferative capacity of Th17 cells. However, T cell-specific PKM2 deletion impairs Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates symptoms of EAE by decreasing Th17 cell-mediated inflammation and demyelination. Mechanistically, PKM2 translocates into the nucleus and interacts with STAT3, enhancing its activation and thereby increasing Th17 cell differentiation. Thus, PKM2 acts as a critical nonmetabolic regulator that fine-tunes Th17 cell differentiation and function in autoimmune-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Alves Damasceno
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas Silva Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Flavio Protasio Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Miriam M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Toller-Kawahisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Azevedo Públio
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Timna Varela Martins
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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4
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IL-12 and IL-23-Close Relatives with Structural Homologies but Distinct Immunological Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102184. [PMID: 32998371 PMCID: PMC7600943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines of the IL-12 family show structural similarities but have distinct functions in the immune system. Prominent members of this cytokine family are the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23. These two cytokines share cytokine subunits and receptor chains but have different functions in autoimmune diseases, cancer and infections. Accordingly, structural knowledge about receptor complex formation is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies preventing and/or inhibiting cytokine:receptor interaction. In addition, intracellular signaling cascades can be targeted to inhibit cytokine-mediated effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can lead to alteration in the amino acid sequence and thereby influencing protein functions or protein–protein interactions. To understand the biology of IL-12 and IL-23 and to establish efficient targeting strategies structural knowledge about cytokines and respective receptors is crucial. A highly efficient therapy might be a combination of different drugs targeting extracellular cytokine:receptor assembly and intracellular signaling pathways.
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5
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Pastor-Fernández G, Mariblanca IR, Navarro MN. Decoding IL-23 Signaling Cascade for New Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092044. [PMID: 32906785 PMCID: PMC7563346 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin 23 (IL-23) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis. The pathological consequences of excessive IL-23 signaling have been linked to its ability to promote the production of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-17, IL-22, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating (GM-CSF), or the tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) by target populations, mainly Th17 and IL-17-secreting TCRγδ cells (Tγδ17). Due to their pivotal role in inflammatory diseases, IL-23 and its downstream effector molecules have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets, leading to the development of neutralizing antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17 that have shown efficacy in different inflammatory diseases. Despite the success of monoclonal antibodies, there are patients that show no response or partial response to these treatments. Thus, effective therapies for inflammatory diseases may require the combination of multiple immune-modulatory drugs to prevent disease progression and to improve quality of life. Alternative strategies aimed at inhibiting intracellular signaling cascades using small molecule inhibitors or interfering peptides have not been fully exploited in the context of IL-23-mediated diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about proximal signaling events triggered by IL-23 upon binding to its membrane receptor to bring to the spotlight new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in IL-23-mediated pathologies.
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6
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Álvarez-Salamero C, Castillo-González R, Pastor-Fernández G, Mariblanca IR, Pino J, Cibrian D, Navarro MN. IL-23 signaling regulation of pro-inflammatory T-cell migration uncovered by phosphoproteomics. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000646. [PMID: 32203518 PMCID: PMC7117768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 23 (IL-23) triggers pathogenic features in pro-inflammatory, IL-17-secreting T cells (Th17 and Tγδ17) that play a key role in the development of inflammatory diseases. However, the IL-23 signaling cascade remains largely undefined. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to characterize IL-23 signaling in primary murine Th17 cells. We quantified 6,888 phosphorylation sites in Th17 cells and found 168 phosphorylations regulated upon IL-23 stimulation. IL-23 increased the phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), an actomyosin contractibility marker, in Th17 and Tγδ17 cells. IL-23-induced RLC phosphorylation required Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) catalytic activity, and further study of the IL-23/ROCK connection revealed an unexpected role of IL-23 in the migration of Tγδ17 and Th17 cells through ROCK activation. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of ROCK reduced Tγδ17 recruitment to inflamed skin upon challenge with inflammatory agent Imiquimod. This work (i) provides new insights into phosphorylation networks that control Th17 cells, (ii) widely expands the current knowledge on IL-23 signaling, and (iii) contributes to the increasing list of immune cells subsets characterized by global phosphoproteomic approaches. Phosphoproteomics of interleukin-17-secreting T cells (Th17 cells) identifies more than 100 phosphorylation events in response to interleukin-23 stimulation, revealing increased phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) and a role for an IL-23/ROCK pathway in controlling migration of Th17 and Tγδ17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Álvarez-Salamero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-González
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Pastor-Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel R. Mariblanca
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María N. Navarro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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7
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Angiari S, Runtsch MC, Sutton CE, Palsson-McDermott EM, Kelly B, Rana N, Kane H, Papadopoulou G, Pearce EL, Mills KHG, O'Neill LAJ. Pharmacological Activation of Pyruvate Kinase M2 Inhibits CD4 + T Cell Pathogenicity and Suppresses Autoimmunity. Cell Metab 2020; 31:391-405.e8. [PMID: 31761564 PMCID: PMC7001035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate during glycolysis. The PK isoform PKM2 has additional roles in regulation of gene transcription and protein phosphorylation. PKM2 has been shown to control macrophage metabolic remodeling in inflammation, but its role in T cell biology is poorly understood. Here, we report PKM2 upregulation, phosphorylation, and nuclear accumulation in murine and human CD4+ T cells following activation in vitro. Treatment of T cells with TEPP-46, an allosteric activator that induces PKM2 tetramerization and blocks its nuclear translocation, strongly reduces their activation, proliferation, and cytokine production by inhibiting essential signaling pathways and thus preventing the engagement of glycolysis. TEPP-46 limits the development of both T helper 17 (Th17) and Th1 cells in vitro and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that pharmacological targeting of PKM2 may represent a valuable therapeutic approach in T cell-mediated inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland.
| | - Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Caroline E Sutton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Beth Kelly
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nisha Rana
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harry Kane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Gina Papadopoulou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland.
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8
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Macciò A, Madeddu C. Blocking inflammation to improve immunotherapy of advanced cancer. Immunology 2019; 159:357-364. [PMID: 31821533 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce functional reprogramming of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment is an extremely important therapeutic opportunity. However, when discussing such an approach, the opposing effect that the activation of the Treg cell compartments may have in inducing the immune inflammatory response and its link with the efficacy of immunotherapy should be considered. In fact, Treg reprogramming has a dual effect: immediate, with mechanisms that activate immunosurveillance, and late, mediated by the macrophage activation that yields an inflammatory status that is deleterious for the antineoplastic efficiency of the immune system response. Persistence of the inflammatory response is associated with specific changes of oxidative and glycolytic metabolic pathways that interfere with conventional T-cell activation and function and may be one of the reasons for the failure of immunotherapy in advanced cancer patients. Therefore, in addition to modulating Treg cell action, the combined use of drugs able to block chronic inflammation mediated mainly by macrophages, to counteract the oxidative stress, and to positively regulate the metabolic derangements, could improve the effectiveness of modern immunotherapy. In conclusion, reprogramming of Treg cells may be an appropriate strategy for treating early stages of neoplastic diseases, whereas other immunosuppressive mechanisms should be the target of a combined immunotherapy approach in more advanced phases of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Halder S, Torrecilla I, Burkhalter MD, Popović M, Fielden J, Vaz B, Oehler J, Pilger D, Lessel D, Wiseman K, Singh AN, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Philipp M, Ramadan K. SPRTN protease and checkpoint kinase 1 cross-activation loop safeguards DNA replication. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3142. [PMID: 31316063 PMCID: PMC6637133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SPRTN metalloprotease is essential for DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) repair and DNA replication in vertebrate cells. Cells deficient in SPRTN protease exhibit DPC-induced replication stress and genome instability, manifesting as premature ageing and liver cancer. Here, we provide a body of evidence suggesting that SPRTN activates the ATR-CHK1 phosphorylation signalling cascade during physiological DNA replication by proteolysis-dependent eviction of CHK1 from replicative chromatin. During this process, SPRTN proteolyses the C-terminal/inhibitory part of CHK1, liberating N-terminal CHK1 kinase active fragments. Simultaneously, CHK1 full length and its N-terminal fragments phosphorylate SPRTN at the C-terminal regulatory domain, which stimulates SPRTN recruitment to chromatin to promote unperturbed DNA replication fork progression and DPC repair. Our data suggest that a SPRTN-CHK1 cross-activation loop plays a part in DNA replication and protection from DNA replication stress. Finally, our results with purified components of this pathway further support the proposed model of a SPRTN-CHK1 cross-activation loop. Cells deficient in SPRTN protease activity exhibit severe DNA-protein crosslink induced replication stress and genome instability. Here the author reveal a functional link between the SPRTN protease and the CHK1 kinase during physiological DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Halder
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ignacio Torrecilla
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Popović
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Institute Ruder Boškovic, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John Fielden
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bruno Vaz
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Judith Oehler
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Domenic Pilger
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katherine Wiseman
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Abhay Narayan Singh
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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10
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Haythorne E, Rohm M, van de Bunt M, Brereton MF, Tarasov AI, Blacker TS, Sachse G, Silva Dos Santos M, Terron Exposito R, Davis S, Baba O, Fischer R, Duchen MR, Rorsman P, MacRae JI, Ashcroft FM. Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2474. [PMID: 31171772 PMCID: PMC6554411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem caused primarily by the inability of pancreatic β-cells to secrete adequate levels of insulin. The molecular mechanisms underlying the progressive failure of β-cells to respond to glucose in type-2 diabetes remain unresolved. Using a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics, we find significant dysregulation of major metabolic pathways in islets of diabetic βV59M mice, a non-obese, eulipidaemic diabetes model. Multiple genes/proteins involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis are upregulated, whereas those involved in oxidative phosphorylation are downregulated. In isolated islets, glucose-induced increases in NADH and ATP are impaired and both oxidative and glycolytic glucose metabolism are reduced. INS-1 β-cells cultured chronically at high glucose show similar changes in protein expression and reduced glucose-stimulated oxygen consumption: targeted metabolomics reveals impaired metabolism. These data indicate hyperglycaemia induces metabolic changes in β-cells that markedly reduce mitochondrial metabolism and ATP synthesis. We propose this underlies the progressive failure of β-cells in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Haythorne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Maria Rohm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7EL, UK
- Department of Bioinformatics and Data Mining, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, 2760, Denmark
| | - Melissa F Brereton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7EL, UK
| | - Thomas S Blacker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gregor Sachse
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | | | - Raul Terron Exposito
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Simon Davis
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Otto Baba
- Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Roman Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7EL, UK
- Metabolic Research, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Box 433, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - James I MacRae
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frances M Ashcroft
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
- Metabolic Research, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Box 433, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
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11
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Bastian D, Wu Y, Betts BC, Yu XZ. The IL-12 Cytokine and Receptor Family in Graft-vs.-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:988. [PMID: 31139181 PMCID: PMC6518430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is performed with curative intent for high- risk blood cancers and bone marrow failure syndromes; yet the development of acute and chronic graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) remain preeminent causes of death and morbidity. The IL-12 family of cytokines is comprised of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-39. This family of cytokines is biologically distinct in that they are composed of functional heterodimers, which bind to cognate heterodimeric receptor chains expressed on T cells. Of these, IL-12 and IL-23 share a common β cytokine subunit, p40, as well as a receptor chain: IL-12Rβ1. IL-12 and IL-23 have been documented as proinflammatory mediators of GVHD, responsible for T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation and T helper 17 (Th17) stabilization, respectively. The role of IL-27 is less defined, seemingly immune suppressive via IL-10 secretion by Type 1 regulatory (Tr1) cells yet promoting inflammation through impairing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) development and/or enhancing Th1 differentiation. More recently, IL-35 was described as a potent anti-inflammatory agent produced by regulatory B and T cells. The role of the newest member, IL-39, has been implicated in proinflammatory B cell responses but has not been explored in the context of allo-HCT. This review is directed at discussing the current literature relevant to each IL-12-family cytokine and cognate receptor engagement, as well as the consequential downstream signaling implications, during GVHD pathogenesis. Additionally, we will provide an overview of translational strategies targeting the IL-12 family cytokines, their receptors, and subsequent signal transduction to control GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bastian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Brian C Betts
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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12
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Li Y, Yu X, Ma Y, Hua S. IL-23 and dendritic cells: What are the roles of their mutual attachment in immune response and immunotherapy? Cytokine 2019; 120:78-84. [PMID: 31029042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a cytokine that is composed of the subunits p19 and p40, while its receptor (IL-23R) consists of two subunits, that is, IL-23Rα and IL-12Rβ1. The interaction between IL-23 and IL-23R is necessary for exerting cardinal biological effects upon certain cell types, including promotion of memory T cell proliferation and Th17 cell-mediated IL-17 secretion. Accordingly, dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the main sources for IL-23 secretion. Interestingly, IL-23R is also present on the DC plasma membrane, suggesting that IL-23 potentially acts on DCs via an autocrine manner. In this review, we have summarized a variety of IL-23-mediated effects on the intracellular signaling pathways such as Janus kinase 2, tyrosine kinase 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and so forth, which may underlie numerous processes such as DC maturation, antigen presentation, T cell proliferation/activation, and cytokine secretion, which may be implicated in many immune-related diseases through IL-23/DC interactions. Accordingly, these signaling pathways are extensively involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases, including autoimmune disease (e.g., atopic dermatitis, asthma, and multiple sclerosis) and infection (e.g., bacterial, fungal, and viral infections). Taken together, they are potentially applicable to novel but promising strategies for treating numerous diseases associated with the mutual attachment of IL-23 and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130 021 Jinlin, China
| | - Xiuhua Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130 021 Jinlin, China
| | - Yucong Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130 021 Jinlin, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130 021 Jinlin, China.
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13
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Sasaki-Iwaoka H, Taguchi K, Okada Y, Imamura E, Kubo S, Furukawa S, Morokata T. AS2762900-00, a potent anti-human IL-23 receptor monoclonal antibody, prevents epidermal hyperplasia in a psoriatic human skin xenograft model. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 843:190-198. [PMID: 30472202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23 is thought to be critical in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for the treatment of psoriasis. We speculated that an anti-IL-23 receptor mAb might have greater efficacy than an anti-IL-23 mAb in the treatment of local inflamed lesions with high IL-23 levels. We previously generated an anti-human IL-23 receptor mAb, AS2762900-00, which potently blocked IL-23-induced cell proliferation, regardless of the concentration of IL-23. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of AS2762900-00 in the treatment of psoriasis. Compared with untreated control, AS2762900-00 significantly reduced the epidermal thickness of lesions in a clinically relevant psoriatic human skin xenograft model. The expression of inflammatory genes including genes downstream of IL-23 signaling in the lesion tended to be lower in the AS2762900-00 group than the untreated group, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of AS2762900-00 in the psoriatic human skin xenograft model might occur via blockade of IL-23 signaling pathways. Further, AS2762900-00 showed an inhibitory effect on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation as a downstream signal of IL-23 receptor activation in whole blood from patients with psoriasis. We also confirmed that AS2762900-00 inhibited IL-23-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner using whole blood from healthy donors. These data suggest that AS2762900-00 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, STAT3 phosphorylation in whole blood may be a useful biomarker for the evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effects of AS2762900-00 in healthy volunteers in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Sasaki-Iwaoka
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Katsunari Taguchi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Imamura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubo
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Shigetada Furukawa
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Morokata
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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14
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Bi-directional signaling by membrane-bound KitL induces proliferation and coordinates thymic endothelial cell and thymocyte expansion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4685. [PMID: 30410062 PMCID: PMC6224562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand for the c-Kit receptor, KitL, exists as a membrane-associated (mKitL) and a soluble form (sKitL). KitL functions outside c-Kit activation have not been identified. We show that co-culture of c-Kit– and mKitL–expressing NIH3T3 cells results in signaling through mKitL: c-Kit–bound mKitL recruits calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) to selectively activate Akt, leading to CREB phosphorylation, mTOR pathway activation, and increased cell proliferation. Activation of mKitL in thymic vascular endothelial cells (VECs) induces mKitL- and Akt-dependent proliferation, and genetic ablation of mKitL in thymic VECs blocks their c-Kit responsiveness and proliferation during neonatal thymic expansion. Therefore, mKitL–c-Kit form a bi-directional signaling complex that acts in the developing thymus to coordinate thymic VEC and early thymic progenitor (ETP) expansion by simultaneously promoting ETP survival and VEC proliferation. This mechanism may be relevant to both normal tissues and malignant tumors that depend on KitL–c-Kit signaling for their proliferation. c-Kit receptor–Kit ligand complex signaling is known to activate c-Kit and is essential for tissue development. Here, Buono et al. show that membrane-bound KitL signaling induces proliferation via CAML-Akt-CREB pathway activation, establishing a role for bidirectional signaling in tissue expansion.
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15
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Hammitzsch A, Chen L, de Wit J, Al-Mossawi MH, Ridley A, Sekine T, Simone D, Doig K, Skapenko A, Bowness P. Inhibiting ex-vivo Th17 responses in Ankylosing Spondylitis by targeting Janus kinases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15645. [PMID: 30353145 PMCID: PMC6199284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) are still limited. The T helper cell 17 (Th17) pathway has emerged as a major driver of disease pathogenesis and a good treatment target. Janus kinases (JAK) are key transducers of cytokine signals in Th17 cells and therefore promising targets for the treatment of AS. Here we investigate the therapeutic potential of four different JAK inhibitors on cells derived from AS patients and healthy controls, cultured in-vitro under Th17-promoting conditions. Levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, GM-CSF and IFNγ were assessed by ELISA and inhibitory effects were investigated with Phosphoflow. JAK1/2/3 and TYK2 were silenced in CD4+ T cells with siRNA and effects analyzed by ELISA (IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22), Western Blot, qPCR and Phosphoflow. In-vitro inhibition of CD4+ T lymphocyte production of multiple Th17 cytokines (IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22) was achieved with JAK inhibitors of differing specificity, as well as by silencing of JAK1-3 and Tyk2, without impacting on cell viability or proliferation. Our preclinical data suggest JAK inhibitors as promising candidates for therapeutic trials in AS, since they can inhibit multiple Th17 cytokines simultaneously. Improved targeting of TYK2 or other JAK isoforms may confer tailored effects on Th17 responses in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Hammitzsch
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Liye Chen
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Hussein Al-Mossawi
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Ridley
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK.,Unit for Hematology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Simone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen Doig
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK
| | - Alla Skapenko
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Bowness
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, OX3 7LD, Oxford, UK
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16
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Rohm M, Savic D, Ball V, Curtis MK, Bonham S, Fischer R, Legrave N, MacRae JI, Tyler DJ, Ashcroft FM. Cardiac Dysfunction and Metabolic Inflexibility in a Mouse Model of Diabetes Without Dyslipidemia. Diabetes 2018; 67:1057-1067. [PMID: 29610263 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a well-established risk factor for heart disease, leading to impaired cardiac function and a metabolic switch toward fatty acid usage. In this study, we investigated if hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia in the absence of dyslipidemia is sufficient to drive these changes and if they can be reversed by restoring euglycemia. Using the βV59M mouse model, in which diabetes can be rapidly induced and reversed, we show that stroke volume and cardiac output were reduced within 2 weeks of diabetes induction. Flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase was decreased, as measured in vivo by hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRS. Metabolomics showed accumulation of pyruvate, lactate, alanine, tricarboxyclic acid cycle metabolites, and branched-chain amino acids. Myristic and palmitoleic acid were decreased. Proteomics revealed proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism were increased, whereas those involved in glucose metabolism decreased. Western blotting showed enhanced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression. Elevated PDK4 and UCP3 and reduced pyruvate usage were present 24 h after diabetes induction. The observed effects were independent of dyslipidemia, as mice showed no evidence of elevated serum triglycerides or lipid accumulation in peripheral organs (including the heart). The effects of diabetes were reversible, as glibenclamide therapy restored euglycemia, cardiac metabolism and function, and PDK4/UCP3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rohm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Dragana Savic
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Vicky Ball
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - M Kate Curtis
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Roman Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Damian J Tyler
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Frances M Ashcroft
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and OXION, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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17
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PKM2-dependent metabolic reprogramming in CD4 + T cells is crucial for hyperhomocysteinemia-accelerated atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:585-600. [PMID: 29732501 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by activated T cells plays an important role in the initiation and progression of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Homocysteine (Hcy) activates T cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, especially interferon (IFN)-γ; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Metabolic reprogramming is critical for T cell inflammatory activation and effector functions. Our previous study demonstrated that Hcy regulates T cell mitochondrial reprogramming by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria coupling. In this study, we further explored the important role of glycolysis-mediated metabolic reprogramming in Hcy-activated CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, Hcy-activated CD4+ T cell increased the protein expression and activity of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2), the final rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Knockdown of PKM2 by small interfering RNA reduced Hcy-induced CD4+ T cell IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, we generated T cell-specific PKM2 knockout mice by crossing LckCre transgenic mice with PKM2fl/fl mice and observed that Hcy-induced glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation were both diminished in PKM2-deficient CD4+ T cells with reduced glucose and lipid metabolites, and subsequently reduced IFN-γ secretion. T cell-depleted apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice adoptively transferred with PKM2-deficient CD4+ T cells, compared to mice transferred with control cells, showed significantly decreased HHcy-accelerated early atherosclerotic lesion formation. In conclusion, this work indicates that the PKM2-dependent glycolytic-lipogenic axis, a novel mechanism of metabolic regulation, is crucial for HHcy-induced CD4+ T cell activation to accelerate early atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. KEY MESSAGES Metabolic reprogramming is crucial for Hcy-induced CD4+ T cell inflammatory activation. Hcy activates the glycolytic-lipogenic pathway in CD4+ T cells via PKM2. Targeting PKM2 attenuated HHcy-accelerated early atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice in vivo.
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18
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Lai JD, Cartier D, Hartholt RB, Swystun LL, van Velzen AS, den Haan JMM, Hough C, Voorberg J, Lillicrap D. Early cellular interactions and immune transcriptome profiles in human factor VIII-exposed hemophilia A mice. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:533-545. [PMID: 29285874 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Initial immune cell interactions leading to factor (F) VIII immunity are not well characterized. We assessed cellular interactions and expression profiles in hemophilia A mice. MARCO+, followed by SIGLEC1+ and SIGNR1+ macrophages co-localize most with human FVIII. The splenic transcriptome highlights potential therapeutic targets to prevent inhibitors. SUMMARY Background Developing factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitory antibodies is the most serious complication in hemophilia A treatment, representing a significant health and economic burden. A better understanding of the early events in an immune response leading to this outcome may provide insight into inhibitor development. Objective To identify early mediators of FVIII immunity and to detail immune expression profiles in the spleen and liver. Methods C57Bl/6 F8 E16 knockout mice were infused with 5-20 μg (2000-8000 IU kg-1 ) of recombinant FVIII. Spleens were frozen at various time-points post-infusion and stained for FVIII and cellular markers. Splenic and liver RNA expression analysis was performed 3 h post-infusion of 0.6 μg (240 IU kg-1 ) FVIII by nCounter technology using a 561-gene immunology panel. Results FVIII localization in the spleen did not change over 2.5 h. We observed significantly higher co-localization of FVIII with MARCO+ cells compared with SIGLEC1+ and SIGNR1+ in the splenic marginal zone. FVIII exhibited little co-localization with CD11c+ dendritic cells and the macrophage mannose receptor, CD206. Following FVIII infusion, the splenic mRNA profiling identified genes such as Tnfaip6 and Il23r, which are implicated in chemotaxis and a proinflammatory Th17 response, respectively. In contrast, an upregulation of Gfi1 in the liver suggests an anti-inflammatory environment. Conclusions FVIII co-localizes predominantly with marginal zone macrophages (MARCO+ ) in the murine spleen following intravenous infusion. Targeting pathways that are implicated in the early FVIII innate immune response in the spleen may lead to therapeutic interventions to prevent inhibitor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lai
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Cartier
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - R B Hartholt
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin-Academic Medical Center Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L L Swystun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A S van Velzen
- Pediatrics, Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M M den Haan
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Hough
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Voorberg
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin-Academic Medical Center Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Synthetic Deletion of the Interleukin 23 Receptor (IL-23R) Stalk Region Led to Autonomous IL-23R Homodimerization and Activation. Mol Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28630278 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00014-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 23 (IL-23) regulates the development of TH17 cells, which are important for antimicrobial and antifungal responses and autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. IL-23-induced Jak/STAT signaling is mediated via the heterodimeric IL-23 receptor (IL-23R)-IL-12 receptor β1 (IL-12Rβ1) complex. The typical signal-transducing receptor of the IL-6/IL-12 family contains three extracellular-membrane-proximal fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains, which are not involved in cytokine binding but are mandatory for signal transduction. In place of FNIII-type domains, IL-23R has a structurally undefined stalk. We hypothesized that the IL-23R stalk acts as a spacer to position the cytokine binding domains at a defined distance from the plasma membrane to enable signal transduction. Minor deletions of the murine, but not of the human, IL-23R stalk resulted in unresponsiveness to IL-23. Complete deletion of the human IL-23R stalk and the extended murine IL-23R stalk, including a 20-amino-acid-long duplication of domain 3, however, induced ligand-independent, autonomous receptor activation, as determined by STAT3 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Ligand-independent, autonomous activity was caused by IL-23R homodimers and was independent of IL-12Rβ1. Our data show that deletion of the stalk results in biologically active IL-23R homodimers, thereby creating an as-yet-undescribed receptor complex of the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine family.
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20
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Álvarez-Salamero C, Castillo-González R, Navarro MN. Lighting Up T Lymphocyte Signaling with Quantitative Phosphoproteomics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 28848546 PMCID: PMC5552657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most abundant post-translational modification, regulating several aspects of protein and cell function. Quantitative phosphoproteomics approaches have expanded the scope of phosphorylation analysis enabling the quantification of changes in thousands of phosphorylation sites simultaneously in two or more conditions. These approaches offer a global view of the impact of cellular perturbations such as extracellular stimuli or gene ablation in intracellular signaling networks. Such great potential also brings on a new challenge: to identify, among the thousands of phosphorylations found in global phosphoproteomics studies, the small subset of site-specific phosphorylations expected to be functionally relevant. This review focus on updating and integrating findings on T lymphocyte signaling generated using global phosphoproteomics approaches, drawing attention on the biological relevance of the obtained data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Álvarez-Salamero
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María N Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Lee JE, Lee JM, Park YJ, Kim BS, Jeon YT, Chung Y. Inhibition of autoimmune Th17 cell responses by pain killer ketamine. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89475-89485. [PMID: 29163764 PMCID: PMC5685685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used in animals and humans as a systemic anesthetic. Although several immune-modulatory functions of ketamine have been reported, the effects of ketamine on the differentiation of Th17 cell are unknown. We found that ketamine significantly diminished the frequency of IL-17-producers among CD4+ T cells stimulated under Th17-skewing conditions. Mechanistic studies showed that ketamine had little effect on the production of Th17-inducing cytokines by dendritic cells and the proliferation of T cells in response to anti-CD3; however it significantly hampered IL-21 expression as well as STAT3 phosphorylation in T cells upon IL-6 stimulation. Moreover, MOG-reactive CD4+ T cells expanded in the presence of ketamine produced reduced amounts of Th17 cytokines, leading to diminished EAE severity when transferred into TCRβ-deficient mice in comparison to those treated with vehicle. These findings demonstrate that ketamine suppresses autoimmune Th17 cell responses by inhibiting the differentiation as well as the reactivation of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Man Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Dayton TL, Jacks T, Vander Heiden MG. PKM2, cancer metabolism, and the road ahead. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1721-1730. [PMID: 27856534 PMCID: PMC5283597 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major metabolic aberration associated with cancer is a change in glucose metabolism. Isoform selection of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase has been implicated in the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells, and specific pyruvate kinase isoforms have been suggested to support divergent energetic and biosynthetic requirements of cells in tumors and normal tissues. PKM2 isoform expression has been closely linked to embryogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer. In contrast, forced expression of the PKM1 isoform has been associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation. Here, we discuss the role that PKM2 plays in cells and provide a historical perspective for how the study of PKM2 has contributed to understanding cancer metabolism. We also review recent studies that raise important questions with regard to the role of PKM2 in both normal and cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya L Dayton
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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