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Jia Q, Yang PY, Zhang X, Song SJ, Huang XX. Aromatic glycosides and lignans glycosides with their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities from the leaves of Picrasma quassioides. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105701. [PMID: 37832877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eight new natural products were isolated from the leaves of Picrasma quassioides. Spectroscopic techniques were used for the elucidation of their planar structures. Their absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of electron circular dichroism (ECD) techniques combined with the P/M helicity rule for the 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran chromophore, and saccharide hydrolysis. Cholinesterase inhibitors are often used as Alzheimer's disease inhibitors.Thus, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of these eight compounds were tested, and results showed that only compound 6 showed weakly acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. In particular, molecular docking was used to illustrate the bindings between compound 6 and the active sites of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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2
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Zhao HY, He S, Lan Q, Su BJ, Wang HS, Liang D. Chiral separation of sesquineolignans from the stems and leaves of Neoshirakia japonica. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 211:113683. [PMID: 37105349 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Twelve pairs of sesquineolignan enantiomers (1a/1b-6a/6b and 1c/1d-6c/6d), including twenty one undescribed and three known (2b, 3b, and 4b) sesquineolignans were isolated from an ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of Neoshirakia japonica (Euphorbiaceae). The successful separation of twelve pairs of enantiomers with mirror image-like electronic circular dichroism (ECD) curves and opposite specific rotation values, as one of the most important steps in compound isolation, was carried out by chiral HPLC columns. The absolute configurations of all undescribed sesquineolignans were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of their experimental ECD spectra. The effects of all the isolates on antineuroinflammatory and radical scavenging activity were evaluated. Compared with the positive control minocycline (IC50 = 1.2 μM), compounds 1a/1b/1c/1d-6a/6b/6c/6d with IC50 values being greater than 50 μM displayed almost no effect on the inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells. The results of DPPH-radical scavenging activity for them showed that compound 3c had moderate radical scavenging ability (EC50 = 48.47 μM), while the EC50 value of positive control vitamin C was 18.21 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China; College of Food and Biochemical Engineering, Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Laibin, 546199, PR China
| | - Shuang He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Qian Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Bao-Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
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3
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Yu JH, Yu ZP, Capon RJ, Zhang H. Natural Enantiomers: Occurrence, Biogenesis and Biological Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:1279. [PMID: 35209066 PMCID: PMC8880303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge that natural products (NPs) are potent and selective modulators of important biomacromolecules (e.g., DNA and proteins) has inspired some of the world's most successful pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Notwithstanding these successes and despite a growing number of reports on naturally occurring pairs of enantiomers, this area of NP science still remains largely unexplored, consistent with the adage "If you don't seek, you don't find". Statistically, a rapidly growing number of enantiomeric NPs have been reported in the last several years. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of recent records on natural enantiomers, with the aim of advancing awareness and providing a better understanding of the chemical diversity and biogenetic context, as well as the biological properties and therapeutic (drug discovery) potential, of enantiomeric NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hai Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (J.-H.Y.); (Z.-P.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Pu Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (J.-H.Y.); (Z.-P.Y.)
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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4
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Meng F, Ma Y, Zhan H, Zong W, Linghu L, Wang Z, Lan X, Liao Z, Chen M. Lignans from the seeds of Herpetospermum pedunculosum and their farnesoid X receptor-activating effect. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113010. [PMID: 34768184 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) C.B. Clarke, a well-known Tibetan medicine in China, are rich in kinds of bioactive lignans. In this phytochemical investigation on H. pedunculosum, sixteen undescribed lignans, named as herpedulins A - P together with 24 known ones were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of its seeds. Their structures including the absolute configurations were determined by HR MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments, and comparison of their experimental ECD spectra with calculated ones or literature data. High content screening experiments revealed that 9 compounds could promote the expression of farnesoid X receptor in guggulsterone-induced human normal liver cells L02 cells significantly. Further molecular docking results demonstrated that herpedulin E, J and K exhibited best docking scores (9.70, 9.28 and 10.31, respectively). Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions might contribute to the main interaction of active compounds with FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- FanCheng Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - YingXiong Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - HongHong Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Wei Zong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lang Linghu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - XiaoZhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, Tibet, PR China
| | - ZhiHua Liao
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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5
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Zou YY, Wang DW, Yan YM, Cheng YX. Lignans from Lepidium meyenii and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100231. [PMID: 34087032 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Meyeniines A-C (1-3), three new lignans, two known neolignans (4-5), and three known lignans (6-8) were isolated from the rhizomes of Lepidium meyenii. Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. Compound 1 represents a unique lignan featuring an aromatic ring migration. Compounds 2 and 4-6 were analyzed by chiral HPLC column as enantiomers. Biological evaluation revealed that compound 8 could inhibit IL-6 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yan Zou
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wei Wang
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, P. R. China
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6
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Zhao P, Qiu S, Hou ZL, Xue XB, Yao GD, Huang XX, Song SJ. Sesquineolignans derivatives with neuroprotective activity from the fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida. Fitoterapia 2020; 143:104591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Shu P, Sun M, Li J, Zhang L, Xu H, Lou Y, Ju Z, Wei X, Wu W, Sun N. Chemical constituents from Ginkgo biloba leaves and their cytotoxicity activity. J Nat Med 2019; 74:269-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Racemic neolignans from Crataegus pinnatifida: Chiral resolution, configurational assignment, and cytotoxic activities against human hepatoma cells. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Tun NL, Hu DB, Xia MY, Zhang DD, Yang J, Oo TN, Wang YH, Yang XF. Chemical Constituents from Ethanoic Extracts of the Aerial Parts of Leea aequata L., a Traditional Folk Medicine of Myanmar. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:243-249. [PMID: 31065939 PMCID: PMC6538738 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We aimed at reporting the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Leea aequata L., a traditional folk medicine used in Myanmar for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases. A new neolignan, (7S,8R)-9'-O-acetylcedrusin (1), a new lactam, (3S,4S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxypiperidin-2-one (2), along with 21 known compounds, including five lignans (3-7), four flavonoid glycosides (8-11), and others (12-23), were isolated from the ethanoic extract of the aerial parts of L. aequata. The structures of the new compounds were determined by NMR, MS, and ECD spectra. For all the antimicrobial tests of the 23 compounds, only 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester (17) showed weak inhibitory activities against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nay Lin Tun
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Bao Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Thaung Naing Oo
- Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Yue-Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Fei Yang
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar.
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Odonbayar B, Murata T, Suganuma K, Ishikawa Y, Buyankhishig B, Batkhuu J, Sasaki K. Acylated Lignans Isolated from Brachanthemum gobicum and Their Trypanocidal Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:774-784. [PMID: 30896183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eight isovaleryllignans (1-4 and 8-11), three isovalerylphenylpropanoids (5-7), three known lignans (12-14), and four known compounds were isolated from an extract of the aerial part of Brachanthemum gobicum. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR and MS data analyses. The enantiomers of compounds 1-3, 5, 8, and 9 were isolated using chiral-phase HPLC, and the absolute configurations of 1a/1b-3a/3b, 5a/5b, 8a/8b, and 9a/9b were elucidated from their optical rotations and ECD spectra; the other lignans were assumed to be racemic or scalemic by chiral-phase HPLC analyses and optical rotation data. Some of the acylated lignans (racemic mixtures) (1-4, 8, 9, and 12-14) exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against Trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of nagana disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsukh Odonbayar
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
| | | | - Yoshinobu Ishikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1, Yada , Suruga-ku , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Buyanmandakh Buyankhishig
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
| | - Javzan Batkhuu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , National University of Mongolia , POB-617, Ulaanbaatar -46A, 14201 , Mongolia
| | - Kenroh Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
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11
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Guo R, Lv TM, Han FY, Lin B, Yao GD, Wang XB, Huang XX, Song SJ. Chiral resolution and neuroprotective activities of enantiomeric dihydrobenzofuran neolignans from the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:469-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Wang J, Zhou L, Cheng ZY, Wang YX, Yan ZY, Huang XX, Song SJ. Chiral resolution and bioactivity of enantiomeric furofuran lignans from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2225-2228. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1577839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Yang Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yang Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Yao GD, Wang J, Song XY, Zhou L, Lou LL, Zhao WY, Lin B, Huang XX, Song SJ. Stereoisomeric guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl aldehyde ether induces distinctive apoptosis by downregulation of MEK/ERK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:382-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Zhou L, Yao GD, Lu LW, Song XY, Lin B, Wang XB, Huang XX, Song SJ. Neolignans from Red Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) Exhibit Enantioselective Neuroprotective Effects against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11390-11397. [PMID: 30346163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Red raspberry has been well-known for its nutritional purpose. Although this fruit has been reported for its potent antioxidant activity and health-promoting properties, systematic studies responsible for the bioactive constituents were still insufficient. In the current study, three pairs of dihydrobenzofuran-type enantiomeric neolignans (1a/1b-3a/3b), including two new compounds (1b and 2a), were isolated from the fruit of Rubus idaeus. The structures of these enantiomers were determined through spectroscopic methods and quantum mechanical calculations. Biologically, enantiomers 2a and 2b exhibited significant enantioselective protective effects against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity at 50 μM (2a, 86.72 ± 1.17%; 2b, 69.70 ± 1.59%). The underlying mechanism study demonstrated that enantiomer 2a is able to attenuate H2O2-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. Overall, these findings provide a valuable foundation for the understanding of neuroprotective activities of red raspberry and further investigation on its potential application values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital , Dalian , Liaoning 116021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital , Dalian , Liaoning 116021 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Nisar MF, He J, Ahmed A, Yang Y, Li M, Wan C. Chemical Components and Biological Activities of the Genus Phyllanthus: A Review of the Recent Literature. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102567. [PMID: 30297661 PMCID: PMC6222918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have served humans since prehistoric times to treat various ailments. Both developed and underdeveloped countries rely on traditional systems of medication using natural sources from plants. Phyllanthus is one of the largest genus in the family Phyllanthaceae, comprising over 700 well known species cosmopolitan in distribution mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Phyllanthus species are being in constant used in traditional medications to cure an array of human diseases (constipation, inhalation related, arthritis, loss of appetite, injuries, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, running nose, common cold, malaria, blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes mellitus, dysentery, indigestion, fever, gout, gonorrheal diseases of males and females, skin itching, jaundice, hepatic disorders, leucorrhea, vaginitis, menstrual irregularities, obesity, stomach pains, and tumors), confectionaries, food industry, and in some pesticides. Phyllanthus species are rich in diversity of phytochemicals e.g., tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, glycosidic compounds, saponins, and flavones etc. More in depth studies are a direly needed to identify more compounds with specific cellular functions to treat various ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Junwei He
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Arsalan Ahmed
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Mingxi Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Zhou L, Wang J, Guo R, Lin B, Wang XB, Huang XX, Song SJ. Discovery of dihydrobenzofuran neolignans from Rubus ideaus L. with enantioselective anti-Aβ1–42 aggregation activity. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Fang ZF, Zhang T, Cao XQ, Shi L. Novel sesquilignan and lignan glycoside from the twigs and leaves of Illicium majus. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:42-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Xie S, Wu Y, Qiao Y, Guo Y, Wang J, Hu Z, Zhang Q, Li X, Huang J, Zhou Q, Luo Z, Liu J, Zhu H, Xue Y, Zhang Y. Protoilludane, Illudalane, and Botryane Sesquiterpenoids from the Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis sp. TJ507A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1311-1320. [PMID: 29771527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore the chemical diversity of metabolites from endophytic fungi, the strain Phomopsis sp. TJ507A, isolated from the medicinal plant Phyllanthus glaucus, was investigated. A 2,3- seco-protoilludane-type sesquiterpenoid (1), eight protoilludane-type sesquiterpenoids (2-9), four illudalane-type sesquiterpenoids (10a/10b, 11, and 12), and a botryane-type sesquiterpenoid (13) in addition to seven known sesquiterpenoids (14-20) were identified from the liquid culture of the fungus. Structures of the isolated compounds, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, a modified Mosher analysis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and [Rh2(OCOCF3)4]-induced ECD spectra as well as X-ray crystallographic analyses. Compound 1 represents the first example of a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid containing the unusual 2,3- seco-protoilludane scaffold. Compounds 1 ( p < 0.001); 2-6, 15, and 18 ( p < 0.01); and 7, 9, and 20 ( p < 0.05) displayed β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitory activities ranging from 19.4% to 43.8% at the concentration of 40 μM. LY2811376 was used as the positive control with an inhibitory activity of 38.6% ( p < 0.01). Furthermore, none of these compounds showed obvious hepatotoxicity at concentration of 40 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wu
- Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuben Qiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
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19
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Chiral resolution and bioactivity of enantiomeric benzofuran neolignans from the fruit of Rubus ideaus L. Fitoterapia 2018; 127:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Guo R, Zhou L, Zhao P, Wang XB, Huang XX, Song SJ. Two new sesquineolignans from the seeds of Crataegus pinnatifida and their β-amyloid aggregation inhibitory activitiy. Nat Prod Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1448814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Le Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Huang XX, Ren Q, Song XY, Zhou L, Yao GD, Wang XB, Song SJ. Seven new sesquineolignans isolated from the seeds of hawthorn and their neuroprotective activities. Fitoterapia 2018; 125:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Zou S, Wang Z, Wang J, Wei G, Wang W, Zang Y, Zeng F, Chen K, Liu J, Wang J, Luo Z, Xue Y, Zhu H, Yin C, Chen C, Zhang Y. Azacoccones A − E, five new aza-epicoccone derivatives from Aspergillus flavipes. Fitoterapia 2018; 124:127-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Sai C, Li D, Li S, Han T, Guo Y, Li Z, Hua H. LC-MS guided isolation of three pairs of enantiomeric alkaloids from Macleaya cordata and their enantioseparations, antiproliferative activity, apoptosis-inducing property. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15410. [PMID: 29133815 PMCID: PMC5684219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(±)-Macleayins F-H (1-3), three pairs of new enantiomeric alkaloid dimers, along with four known alkaloids (4-7) as their plausible biogenetic precursors, were isolated from the aerial parts of Macleaya cordata. Compounds 1-3 were obtained under the guidance of LC-MS investigation, and their structures were elucidated by analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The racemic mixtures were successfully separated by chiral HPLC, and the absolute configurations of enantiomers were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. Compounds 1-7 showed antiproliferative activity against HL-60 with IC50 values of 1.34-41.30 μM, especially compounds 1-2 exhibited the best inhibitory activity against HL-60 cell lines. In addition, the preliminary mechanism investigation for compound 2 using Annexin V/7-AAD double-staining assay, DAPI staining assay and JC-1 staining method, indicated that 2 inhibited cancer cell proliferation potentially through inducing apoptosis via the mitochondria-related pathway and arrested cell cycle of HL-60 cells at S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Sai
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengge Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Han
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Tshitenge DT, Feineis D, Awale S, Bringmann G. Gardenifolins A-H, Scalemic Neolignans from Gardenia ternifolia: Chiral Resolution, Configurational Assignment, and Cytotoxic Activities against the HeLa Cancer Cell Line. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1604-1614. [PMID: 28488862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
From the tropical plant Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. and Thonn. (Rubiaceae), eight stereoisomeric 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan neolignans, named gardenifolins A-H (1a-d and 2a-d), were isolated and fully structurally characterized. Reversed-phase chromatography of a stem bark extract afforded two peaks, viz. mixtures I and II, each one consisting of two diastereomers and their respective enantiomers. They were resolved and stereochemically analyzed by HPLC on a chiral phase coupled to electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, giving single ECD spectra of all eight stereoisomers. The double-bond geometries (E or Z) of the gardenifolins A-H and their relative configurations (cis or trans) at the stereogenic centers C-7 and C-8 in the dihydrofuran ring system were assigned by 1D and 2D NMR methods, in particular, using NOE difference experiments, whereas the absolute configurations of the isolated enantiomers were established by ECD spectroscopy by applying the reversed helicity rule. The individual pure gardenifolin isomers A-H showed the most different cytotoxic effects against the human cancer HeLa cell line, with 1d and 2a displaying the highest activities, with IC50 values of 21.0 and 32.5 μM, respectively. Morphological experiments indicated that gardenifolin D (1d) induces apoptosis of HeLa cells at 25 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Tshitenge Tshitenge
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa , B.P. 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Suresh Awale
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama , 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Wu Y, Xie SS, Hu ZX, Wu ZD, Guo Y, Zhang JW, Wang JP, Xue YB, Zhang YH. Triterpenoids from Whole Plants of Phyllanthus urinaria. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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