1
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Cibelli A, Ballesteros-Gomez D, McCutcheon S, Yang GL, Bispo A, Krawchuk M, Piedra G, Spray DC. Astrocytes sense glymphatic-level shear stress through the interaction of sphingosine-1-phosphate with Piezo1. iScience 2024; 27:110069. [PMID: 38868201 PMCID: PMC11167526 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap brain vasculature, forming a boundary for perivascular glymphatic flow of fluid and solutes along and across the astrocyte endfeet into the brain parenchyma. We evaluated astrocyte sensitivity to shear stress generated by such flow, finding a set point for downstream calcium signaling that is below about 0.1 dyn/cm2. This set point is modulated by albumin levels encountered in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under normal conditions and following a blood-brain barrier breach or immune response. The astrocyte mechanosome responsible for the detection of shear stress includes sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated sensitization of the mechanosensor Piezo1. Fluid flow through perivascular channels delimited by vessel wall and astrocyte endfeet thus generates sufficient shear stress to activate astrocytes, thereby potentially controlling vasomotion and parenchymal perfusion. Moreover, S1P receptor signaling establishes a set point for Piezo1 activation that is finely tuned to coincide with CSF albumin levels and to the low shear forces resulting from glymphatic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Sean McCutcheon
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Greta L. Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ashley Bispo
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael Krawchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Giselle Piedra
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David C. Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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2
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Li C, Chen S, Siedhoff HR, Grant D, Liu P, Balderrama A, Jackson M, Zuckerman A, Greenlief CM, Kobeissy F, Wang KW, DePalma RG, Cernak I, Cui J, Gu Z. Low-intensity open-field blast exposure effects on neurovascular unit ultrastructure in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:144. [PMID: 37674234 PMCID: PMC10481586 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) induced by low-intensity blast (LIB) is a serious health problem affecting military service members and veterans. Our previous reports using a single open-field LIB mouse model showed the absence of gross microscopic damage or necrosis in the brain, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified ultrastructural abnormalities of myelin sheaths, mitochondria, and synapses. The neurovascular unit (NVU), an anatomical and functional system with multiple components, is vital for the regulation of cerebral blood flow and cellular interactions. In this study, we delineated ultrastructural abnormalities affecting the NVU in mice with LIB exposure quantitatively and qualitatively. Luminal constrictive irregularities were identified at 7 days post-injury (DPI) followed by dilation at 30 DPI along with degeneration of pericytes. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified significantly altered vasomotor-related proteins at 24 h post-injury. Endothelial cell, basement membrane and astrocyte end-foot swellings, as well as vacuole formations, occurred in LIB-exposed mice, indicating cellular edema. Structural abnormalities of tight junctions and astrocyte end-foot detachment from basement membranes were also noted. These ultrastructural findings demonstrate that LIB induces multiple-component NVU damage. Prevention of NVU damage may aid in identifying therapeutic targets to mitigate the effects of primary brain blast injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Heather R Siedhoff
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - DeAna Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Pei Liu
- Charles W. Gehrke Proteomic Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ashley Balderrama
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Marcus Jackson
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Amitai Zuckerman
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - C Michael Greenlief
- Charles W. Gehrke Proteomic Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310-1458, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical and Rehab Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Kevin W Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310-1458, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical and Rehab Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ralph G DePalma
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, 20420, USA
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Medical Science Building, M741, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
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3
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Zhao Q, Zhang J, Li H, Li H, Xie F. Models of traumatic brain injury-highlights and drawbacks. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1151660. [PMID: 37396767 PMCID: PMC10309005 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1151660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause for high morbidity and mortality rates in young adults, survivors may suffer from long-term physical, cognitive, and/or psychological disorders. Establishing better models of TBI would further our understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI and develop new potential treatments. A multitude of animal TBI models have been used to replicate the various aspects of human TBI. Although numerous experimental neuroprotective strategies were identified to be effective in animal models, a majority of strategies have failed in phase II or phase III clinical trials. This failure in clinical translation highlights the necessity of revisiting the current status of animal models of TBI and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we elucidate approaches for the generation of animal models and cell models of TBI and summarize their strengths and limitations with the aim of exploring clinically meaningful neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhao
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Huige Li
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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4
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Munier J, Shen S, Rahal D, Hanna A, Marty V, O'Neill P, Fanselow M, Spigelman I. Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure disrupts stress-related tripartite communication to impact affect-related behavioral selection in male rats. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100539. [PMID: 37131490 PMCID: PMC10149313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by loss of intake control, increased anxiety, and susceptibility to relapse inducing stressors. Both astrocytes and neurons contribute to behavioral and hormonal consequences of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure in animal models. Details on how CIE disrupts hypothalamic neuro-glial communication, which mediates stress responses are lacking. We conducted a behavioral battery (grooming, open field, reactivity to a single, uncued foot-shock, intermittent-access two-bottle choice ethanol drinking) followed by Ca2+ imaging in ex-vivo slices of paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) from male rats exposed to CIE vapor or air-exposed controls. Ca2+ signals were evaluated in response to norepinephrine (NE) with or without selective α-adrenergic receptor (αAR) or GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, followed by dexamethasone (DEX) to mock a pharmacological stress response. Expectedly, CIE rats had altered anxiety-like, rearing, grooming, and drinking behaviors. Importantly, NE-mediated reductions in Ca2+ event frequency were blunted in both CIE neurons and astrocytes. Administration of the selective α1AR antagonist, prazosin, reversed this CIE-induced dysfunction in both cell types. Additionally, the pharmacological stress protocol reversed the altered basal Ca2+ signaling profile of CIE astrocytes. Signaling changes in astrocytes in response to NE were correlated with anxiety-like behaviors, such as the grooming:rearing ratio, suggesting tripartite synaptic function plays a role in switching between exploratory and stress-coping behavior. These data show how CIE exposure causes persistent changes to PVN neuro-glial function and provides the groundwork for how these physiological changes manifest in behavioral selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.J. Munier
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems & Function, School of Dentistry, UCLA, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - S. Shen
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems & Function, School of Dentistry, UCLA, United States
| | - D. Rahal
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - A. Hanna
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems & Function, School of Dentistry, UCLA, United States
| | - V.N. Marty
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems & Function, School of Dentistry, UCLA, United States
| | - P.R. O'Neill
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States
| | - M.S. Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, College of Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States
| | - I. Spigelman
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems & Function, School of Dentistry, UCLA, United States
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems & Function, School of Dentistry, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, United States.
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5
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Fabbri R, Spennato D, Conte G, Konstantoulaki A, Lazzarini C, Saracino E, Nicchia GP, Frigeri A, Zamboni R, Spray DC, Benfenati V. The emerging science of Glioception: Contribution of glia in sensing, transduction, circuit integration of interoception. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108403. [PMID: 37024060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Interoception is the process by which the nervous system regulates internal functions to achieve homeostasis. The role of neurons in interoception has received considerable recent attention, but glial cells also contribute. Glial cells can sense and transduce signals including osmotic, chemical, and mechanical status of extracellular milieu. Their ability to dynamically communicate "listening" and "talking" to neurons is necessary to monitor and regulate homeostasis and information integration in the nervous system. This review introduces the concept of "Glioception" and focuses on the process by which glial cells sense, interpret and integrate information about the inner state of the organism. Glial cells are ideally positioned to act as sensors and integrators of diverse interoceptive signals and can trigger regulatory responses via modulation of the activity of neuronal networks, both in physiological and pathological conditions. We believe that understanding and manipulating glioceptive processes and underlying molecular mechanisms provide a key path to develop new therapies for the prevention and alleviation of devastating interoceptive dysfunctions, among which pain is emphasized here with more focused details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fabbri
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Diletta Spennato
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Konstantoulaki
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Chiara Lazzarini
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- School of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Kawauchi S, Inaba M, Muramatsu Y, Kono A, Nishidate I, Adachi T, Cernak I, Sato S. In vivo imaging of nitric oxide in the male rat brain exposed to a shock wave. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:976-989. [PMID: 36747471 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have suggested the involvement of cerebrovascular dysfunction in the pathobiology of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), its exact mechanisms and how they affect the outcome of bTBI are not fully understood. Our previous study showed the occurrence of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) and subsequent long-lasting oligemia/hypoxemia in the rat brain exposed to a laser-induced shock wave (LISW). We hypothesized that this hemodynamic abnormality is associated with shock wave-induced generation of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, to verify this hypothesis, we used an NO-sensitive fluorescence probe, diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2 DA), for real-time in vivo imaging of male Sprague-Dawley rats' brain exposed to a mild-impulse LISW. We observed the most intense fluorescence, indicative of NO production, along the pial arteriolar walls during the period of 10-30 min post-exposure, parallel with CSD occurrence. This post-exposure period also coincided with the early phase of hemodynamic abnormalities. While the changes in arteriolar wall fluorescence measured in rats receiving pharmacological NO synthase inhibition by nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 24 h before exposure showed a temporal profile similar to that of changes observed in LISW-exposed rats with CSD, their intensity level was considerably lower; this suggests partial involvement of NOS in shock wave-induced NO production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-time in vivo imaging of NO in rat brain, confirming the involvement of NO in shock-wave-induced hemodynamic impairments. Finally, we have outlined the limitations of this study and our future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawauchi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Inaba
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Muramatsu
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Kono
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer School of Medicine, Mercer University, Columbus, Georgia, USA
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
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7
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The Imbalance of Astrocytic Mitochondrial Dynamics Following Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020329. [PMID: 36830865 PMCID: PMC9953570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a modality of injury that has been of major concern considering a large number of military personnel exposed to explosive blast waves. bTBI results from the propagation of high-pressure static blast forces and their subsequent energy transmission within brain tissue. Exposure to this overpressure energy causes a diffuse injury that leads to acute cell damage and, if chronic, leads to detrimental long-term cognitive deficits. The literature presents a neuro-centric approach to the role of mitochondria dynamics dysfunction in bTBI, and changes in astrocyte-specific mitochondrial dynamics have not been characterized. The balance between fission and fusion events is known as mitochondrial dynamics. As a result of fission and fusion, the mitochondrial structure is constantly altering its shape to respond to physiological stimuli or stress, which in turn affects mitochondrial function. Astrocytic mitochondria are recognized to play an essential role in overall brain metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuron protection. Mitochondria are vulnerable to injury insults, leading to the increase in mitochondrial fission, a mechanism controlled by the GTPase dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and the phosphorylation of Drp1 at serine 616 (p-Drp1s616). This site is critical to mediate the Drp1 translocation to mitochondria to promote fission events and consequently leads to fragmentation. An increase in mitochondrial fragmentation could have negative consequences, such as promoting an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species or triggering cytochrome c release. The aim of the present study was to characterize the unique pattern of astrocytic mitochondrial dynamics by exploring the role of DRP1 with a combination of in vitro and in vivo bTBI models. Differential remodeling of the astrocytic mitochondrial network was observed, corresponding with increases in p-Drp1S616 four hours and seven days post-injury. Further, results showed a time-dependent reactive astrocyte phenotype transition in the rat hippocampus. This discovery can lead to innovative therapeutics targets to help prevent the secondary injury cascade after blast injury that involves mitochondria dysfunction.
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8
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Wu YH, Park TIH, Kwon E, Feng S, Schweder P, Dragunow M, Shim V, Rosset S. Analyzing pericytes under mild traumatic brain injury using 3D cultures and dielectric elastomer actuators. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:994251. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.994251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as brain damage due to an external force that negatively impacts brain function. Up to 90% of all TBI are considered in the mild severity range (mTBI) but there is still no therapeutic solution available. Therefore, further understanding of the mTBI pathology is required. To assist with this understanding, we developed a cell injury device (CID) based on a dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA), which is capable of modeling mTBI via injuring cultured cells with mechanical stretching. Our injury model is the first to use patient-derived brain pericyte cells, which are ubiquitous cells in the brain involved in injury response. Pericytes were cultured in our CIDs and mechanically strained up to 40%, and by at least 20%, prior to gene expression analysis. Our injury model is a platform capable of culturing and stretching primary human brain pericytes. The heterogeneous response in gene expression changes in our result may suggest that the genes implicated in pathological changes after mTBI could be a patient-dependent response, but requires further validation. The results of this study demonstrate that our CID is a suitable tool for simulating mTBI as an in vitro stretch injury model, that is sensitive enough to induce responses from primary human brain pericytes due to mechanical impacts.
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9
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Gomez-Godinez V, Li H, Kuang Y, Liu C, Shi L, Berns MW. A single cell death is disruptive to spontaneous Ca2+ activity in astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945737. [PMID: 35966204 PMCID: PMC9364045 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes in the brain are rapidly recruited to sites of injury where they phagocytose damaged material and take up neurotransmitters and ions to avoid the spreading of damaging molecules. In this study we investigate the calcium (Ca2+) response in astrocytes to nearby cell death. To induce cell death in a nearby cell we utilized a laser nanosurgery system to photolyze a selected cell from an established astrocyte cell line (Ast1). Our results show that the lysis of a nearby cell is disruptive to surrounding cells' Ca2+ activity. Additionally, astrocytes exhibit a Ca2+ transient in response to cell death which differs from the spontaneous oscillations occurring in astrocytes prior to cell lysis. We show that the primary source of the Ca2+ transient is the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gomez-Godinez
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Huayan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yixuan Kuang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Changchen Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Linda Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael W. Berns
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10
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Recent Advancements in In Vitro Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Kawoos U, Abutarboush R, Gu M, Chen Y, Statz JK, Goodrich SY, Ahlers ST. Blast-induced temporal alterations in blood-brain barrier properties in a rodent model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5906. [PMID: 33723300 PMCID: PMC7971015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and components of the neurovascular unit are an area of active research. In this study we assessed the time course of BBB integrity in anesthetized rats exposed to a single blast overpressure of 130 kPa (18.9 PSI). BBB permeability was measured in vivo via intravital microscopy by imaging extravasation of fluorescently labeled tracers (40 kDa and 70 kDa molecular weight) through the pial microvasculature into brain parenchyma at 2–3 h, 1, 3, 14, or 28 days after the blast exposure. BBB structural changes were assessed by immunostaining and molecular assays. At 2–3 h and 1 day after blast exposure, significant increases in the extravasation of the 40 kDa but not the 70 kDa tracers were observed, along with differential reductions in the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-5, zona occluden-1) and increase in the levels of the astrocytic water channel protein, AQP-4, and matrix metalloprotease, MMP-9. Nearly all of these measures were normalized by day 3 and maintained up to 28 days post exposure. These data demonstrate that blast-induced changes in BBB permeability are closely coupled to structural and functional components of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usmah Kawoos
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA. .,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ming Gu
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan K Statz
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samantha Y Goodrich
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
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12
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Gomez Godinez V, Morar V, Carmona C, Gu Y, Sung K, Shi LZ, Wu C, Preece D, Berns MW. Laser-Induced Shockwave (LIS) to Study Neuronal Ca 2+ Responses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:598896. [PMID: 33681154 PMCID: PMC7928400 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.598896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced shockwaves (LIS) can be utilized as a method to subject cells to conditions similar to those occurring during a blast-induced traumatic brain injury. The pairing of LIS with genetically encoded biosensors allows researchers to monitor the immediate molecular events resulting from such an injury. In this study, we utilized the genetically encoded Ca2+ FRET biosensor D3CPV to study the immediate Ca2+ response to laser-induced shockwave in cortical neurons and Schwann cells. Our results show that both cell types exhibit a transient Ca2+ increase irrespective of extracellular Ca2+ conditions. LIS allows for the simultaneous monitoring of the effects of shear stress on cells, as well as nearby cell damage and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gomez Godinez
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vikash Morar
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Carmona
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yingli Gu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kijung Sung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Linda Z Shi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daryl Preece
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michael W Berns
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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13
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Hlavac N, Guilhaume-Corrêa F, VandeVord PJ. Mechano-stimulation initiated by extracellular adhesion and cationic conductance pathways influence astrocyte activation. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135405. [PMID: 32979460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. Primary damage to brain tissue leads to complex secondary injury mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular activation/reactivity. The molecular pathways that exacerbate brain cell dysfunction after injury are not well understood and provide challenges to developing TBI therapeutics. This study aimed to delineate mechanisms of astrocyte activation induced by mechano-stimulation, specifically involving extracellular adhesion and cationic transduction. An in vitro model was employed to investigate 2D and 3D cultures of primary astrocytes, in which cells were exposed to a single high-rate overpressure known to cause upregulation of structural and proliferative markers within 72 h of exposure. An inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, TAE226, was used to demonstrate a relationship between extracellular adhesion perturbations and structural reactivity in the novel 3D model. TAE226 mitigated upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in 3D cultures by 72 h post-exposure. Alternatively, incubation with gadolinium (a cationic channel blocker) during overpressure, demonstrated a role for cationic transduction in reducing the increased levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen that occur at 24 h post-stimulation. Furthermore, early changes in mitochondrial polarization at 15 min and in endogenous ATP levels at 4-6 h occur post-overpressure and may be linked to later changes in cell phenotype. By 24 h, there was evidence of increased amine metabolism and increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX4) production. The overproduction of NOX4 was counteracted by gadolinium during overpressure exposure. Altogether, the results of this study indicated that both extracellular adhesion (via FAK activation) and cationic conductance (via ion channels) contribute to early patterns of astrocyte activation following overpressure stimulation. Mechano-stimulation pathways are linked to bioenergetic and metabolic disruptions in astrocytes that influence downstream oxidative stress, aberrant proliferative capacity and structural reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hlavac
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Pamela J VandeVord
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Research, Salem, VA, USA.
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14
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Ravin R, Morgan NY, Blank PS, Ravin N, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Zimmerberg J. Response to Blast-like Shear Stresses Associated with Mild Blast-Induced Brain Injury. Biophys J 2019; 117:1167-1178. [PMID: 31495447 PMCID: PMC6818442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward the goal of understanding the pathophysiology of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury and identifying the physical forces associated with the primary injury phase, we developed a system that couples a pneumatic blast to a microfluidic channel to precisely and reproducibly deliver shear transients to dissociated human central nervous system (CNS) cells, on a timescale comparable to an explosive blast but with minimal pressure transients. Using fluorescent beads, we have characterized the shear transients experienced by the cells and demonstrate that the system is capable of accurately and reproducibly delivering uniform shear transients with minimal pressure across the cell culture volume. This system is compatible with high-resolution, time-lapse optical microscopy. Using this system, we demonstrate that blast-like shear transients produced with minimal pressure transients and submillisecond rise times activate calcium responses in dissociated human CNS cultures. Cells respond with increased cytosolic free calcium to a threshold shear stress between 8 and 21 Pa; the propagation of this calcium response is a result of purinergic signaling. We propose that this system models, in vitro, the fundamental injury wave produced by shear forces consequent to blast shock waves passing through density inhomogeneity in human CNS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Ravin
- Celoptics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nicole Y Morgan
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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15
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Kawauchi S, Okuda W, Nawashiro H, Sato S, Nishidate I. Multispectral imaging of cortical vascular and hemodynamic responses to a shock wave: observation of spreading depolarization and oxygen supply-demand mismatch. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-17. [PMID: 30851013 PMCID: PMC6975192 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury has been a recent major concern in neurotraumatology. However, its pathophysiology and mechanism are not understood partly due to insufficient information on the brain pathophysiology during/immediately after shock wave exposure. We transcranially applied a laser-induced shock wave (LISW, ∼19 Pa · s) to the left frontal region in a rat and performed multispectral imaging of the ipsilateral cortex through a cranial window (n = 4). For the spectral data obtained, we conducted multiple regression analysis aided by Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate vascular diameters, regional hemoglobin concentration (rCHb), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and light-scattering signals as a signature of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD). Immediately after LISW exposure, rCHb and StO2 were significantly decreased with distinct venular constriction. CSD was then generated and was accompanied by distinct hyperemia/hyperoxemia. This was followed by oligemia with arteriolar constriction, but it soon recovered (within ∼20 min). However, severe hypoxemia was persistently observed during the post-CSD period (∼1 h). These observations indicate that inadequate oxygen supply and/or excessive oxygen consumption continued even after blood supply was restored in the cortex. Such a hypoxemic state and/or a hypermetabolic state might be associated with brain damage caused by a shock wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawauchi
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Okuda
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nawashiro
- Tokorozawa Central Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Takahashi T, Nakagawa K, Tada S, Tsukamoto A. Low-energy shock waves evoke intracellular Ca 2+ increases independently of sonoporation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3218. [PMID: 30824781 PMCID: PMC6397190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-energy shock waves (LESWs) accelerate the healing of a broad range of tissue injuries, including angiogenesis and bone fractures. In cells, LESW irradiations enhance gene expression and protein synthesis. One probable mechanism underlying the enhancements is mechanosensing. Shock waves also can induce sonoporation. Thus, sonoporation is another probable mechanism underlying the enhancements. It remains elusive whether LESWs require sonoporation to evoke cellular responses. An intracellular Ca2+ increase was evoked with LESW irradiations in endothelial cells. The minimum acoustic energy required for sufficient evocation was 1.7 μJ/mm2. With the same acoustic energy, sonoporation, by which calcein and propidium iodide would become permeated, was not observed. It was found that intracellular Ca2+ increases evoked by LESW irradiations do not require sonoporation. In the intracellular Ca2+ increase, actin cytoskeletons and stretch-activated Ca2+ channels were involved; however, microtubules were not. In addition, with Ca2+ influx through the Ca2+ channels, the Ca2+ release through the PLC-IP3-IP3R cascade contributed to the intracellular Ca2+ increase. These results demonstrate that LESW irradiations can evoke cellular responses independently of sonoporation. Rather, LESW irradiations evoke cellular responses through mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- Department of Precise Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tada
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Akira Tsukamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan.
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17
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Hlavac N, VandeVord PJ. Astrocyte Mechano-Activation by High-Rate Overpressure Involves Alterations in Structural and Junctional Proteins. Front Neurol 2019; 10:99. [PMID: 30853931 PMCID: PMC6395392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary blast neurotrauma represents a unique injury paradigm characterized by high-rate overpressure effects on brain tissue. One major hallmark of blast neurotrauma is glial reactivity, notably prolonged astrocyte activation. This cellular response has been mainly defined in primary blast neurotrauma by increased intermediate filament expression. Because the intermediate filament networks physically interface with transmembrane proteins for junctional support, it was hypothesized that cell junction regulation is altered in the reactive phenotype as well. This would have implications for downstream transcriptional regulation via signal transduction pathways like nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Therefore, a custom high-rate overpressure simulator was built for in vitro testing using mechanical conditions based on intracranial pressure measurements in a rat model of blast neurotrauma. Primary rat astrocytes were exposed to isolated high-rate mechanical stimulation to study cell junction dynamics in relation to their mechano-activation. First, a time course for "classical" features of reactivity was devised by evaluation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. This was followed by gene and protein expression for both gap junction (connexins) and anchoring junction proteins (integrins and cadherins). Signal transduction analysis was carried out by nuclear localization of two molecules, NF-κB p65 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38. Results indicated significant increases in connexin-43 expression and PCNA first at 24 h post-overpressure (p < 0.05), followed by structural reactivity (via increased GFAP, p < 0.05) corresponding to increased anchoring junction dynamics at 48 h post-overpressure (p < 0.05). Moreover, increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was observed in addition to increased nuclear localization of both p65 and p38 (p < 0.05) during the period of structural reactivity. To evaluate the transcriptional activity of p65 in the nucleus, electrophoretic mobility shift assay was conducted for a binding site on the promoter region for intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an antagonist of tight junctions. A significant increase in the interaction of nuclear proteins with the NF-κB site on the ICAM-1 corresponded to increased gene and protein expression of ICAM-1 (p < 0.05). Altogether, these results indicate multiple targets and corresponding signaling pathways which involve cell junction dynamics in the mechano-activation of astrocytes following high-rate overpressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hlavac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Pamela J VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Research, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA, United States
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18
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Chen B, Tjahja J, Malla S, Liebman C, Cho M. Astrocyte Viability and Functionality in Spatially Confined Microcavitation Zone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4889-4899. [PMID: 30638362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) can result in cell/tissue damage and lead to clinical and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Shock waves from a blast propagate through the brain and initiate cascades of mechanical and physiological events that can adversely affect the brain function. Although studies using animal models and brain slices have shown macroscale changes in the brain tissue in response to blast, systematic elucidation of coupling mechanisms is currently lacking. One mechanism that has been postulated and demonstrated repeatedly is the blast-induced generation and subsequent collapse of micron-size bubbles (i.e., microcavitation). Using a custom-designed exposure system, we have previously reported that upon collapsing of microbubbles, astrocytes exhibited changes in the cell viability, cellular biomechanics, production of reactive oxygen species, and activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. In this paper, we have applied microfabrication techniques and seeded astrocytes in a spatially controlled manner to determine the extent of cell damage from the site of the collapse of microbubbles. Such a novel experimental design is proven to facilitate our effort to examine the altered cell viability and functionality by monitoring the transient calcium spiking activity in real-time. We now report that the effect of microcavitation depends on the distance from which cells are seeded, and the cell functionality assessed by calcium dynamics is significantly diminished in the cells located within ∼800 μm of the collapsing microbubbles. Both calcium influx across the cell membrane via N-type calcium channels and intracellular calcium store are altered in response to microcavitation. Finally, the FDA-approved poloxamer 188 (P188) was used to reconstitute the compromised cell membrane and restore the cell's reparative capability. This finding may lead to a feasible treatment for partially mitigating the tissue damage associated with bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Jessica Tjahja
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Sameep Malla
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Caleb Liebman
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Michael Cho
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
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19
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Cuevas-Fernández B, Fuentes-Almagro C, Peragón J. Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Implications of Cytoskeleton and Mitochondria in the Response of the Rat Brain to Starvation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020219. [PMID: 30678170 PMCID: PMC6412446 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term starvation provokes a metabolic response in the brain to adapt to the lack of nutrient intake and to maintain the physiology of this organ. Here, we study the changes in the global proteomic profile of the rat brain after a seven-day period of food deprivation, to further our understanding of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying the situations without food. We have used two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry (2D-MS) in order to identify proteins differentially expressed during prolonged food deprivation. After the comparison of the protein profiles, 22 brain proteins were found with altered expression. Analysis by peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer, MALDI-TOF/TOF) enabled the identification of 14 proteins differentially expressed that were divided into 3 categories: (1) energy catabolism and mitochondrial proteins; (2) chaperone proteins; and (3) cytoskeleton, exocytosis, and calcium. Changes in the expression of six proteins, identified by the 2D-MS proteomics procedure, were corroborated by a nanoliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomics procedure (nLC-MS). Our results show that long-term starvation compromises essential functions of the brain related with energetic metabolism, synapsis, and the transmission of nervous impulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cuevas-Fernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fuentes-Almagro
- Proteomics Unit, Central Service of Support to Research, University of Córdoba (SCAI), 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan Peragón
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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20
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Wellmann M, Álvarez-Ferradas C, Maturana CJ, Sáez JC, Bonansco C. Astroglial Ca 2+-Dependent Hyperexcitability Requires P2Y 1 Purinergic Receptors and Pannexin-1 Channel Activation in a Chronic Model of Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:446. [PMID: 30542266 PMCID: PMC6277884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes from the hippocampus of chronic epileptic rats exhibit an abnormal pattern of intracellular calcium oscillations, characterized by an augmented frequency of long lasting spontaneous Ca2+ transients, which are sensitive to purinergic receptor antagonists but resistant to tetrodotoxin. The above suggests that alterations in astroglial Ca2+-dependent excitability observed in the epileptic tissue could arise from changes in astrocyte-to-astrocyte signaling, which is mainly mediated by purines in physiological and pathological conditions. In spite of that, how purinergic signaling contributes to astrocyte dysfunction in epilepsy remains unclear. Here, we assessed the possible contribution of P2Y1R as well as pannexin1 and connexin43 hemichannels—both candidates for non-vesicular ATP-release—by performing astroglial Ca2+ imaging and dye uptake experiments in hippocampal slices from control and fully kindled rats. P2Y1R blockade with MRS2179 decreased the mean duration of astroglial Ca2+ oscillations by reducing the frequency of slow Ca2+ transients, and thereby restoring the balance between slow (ST) and fast transients (FT) in the kindled group. The potential contribution of astroglial pannexin1 and connexin43 hemichannels as pathways for purine release (e.g., ATP) was assessed through dye uptake experiments. Astrocytes from kindled hippocampi exhibit three-fold more EtBr uptake than controls, whereby pannexin1 hemichannels (Panx1 HCs) accounts for almost all dye uptake with only a slight contribution from connexin43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs). Confirming its functional involvement, Panx1 HCs inhibition decreased the mean duration of astroglial Ca2+ transients and the frequency of slow oscillations in kindled slices, but had no noticeable effects on the control group. As expected, Cx43 HCs blockade did not have any effects over the mean duration of astroglial Ca2+ oscillations. These findings suggest that P2Y1R and Panx1 HCs play a pivotal role in astroglial pathophysiology, which would explain the upregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the epileptic brain and thus represents a new potential pharmacological target for the treatment of drug-refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Wellmann
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral CNPC, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carla Álvarez-Ferradas
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral CNPC, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carola J Maturana
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Christian Bonansco
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral CNPC, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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21
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Differentiated HASTR/ci35 cells: A promising in vitro human astrocyte model for facilitating CNS drug development studies. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:350-358. [PMID: 30150146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have shown longstanding promise as therapeutic targets for various central nervous system diseases. To facilitate drug development targeting astrocytes, we have recently developed a new conditionally immortalized human astrocyte cell line, termed HASTR/ci35 cells. In this study, in order to further increase their chances to contribute to various astrocyte studies, we report on the development of a culture method that improves HASTR/ci35 cell differentiation status and provide several proofs related to their astrocyte characteristics. The culture method is based on the simultaneous elimination of serum effects and immortalization signals. The results of qPCR showed that the culture method significantly enhanced several astrocyte marker gene expression levels. Using the differentiated HASTR/ci35, we examined their response profiles to nucleotide treatment and inflammatory stimuli, along with their membrane fatty acid composition. Consequently, we found that they responded to ADP or UTP treatment with a transient increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and that they could show reactive response to interleukin-1β treatments. Furthermore, the membrane phospholipids of the cells were enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids. To summarize, as a unique human astrocyte model carrying the capability of a differentiation induction properties, HASTR/ci35 cells are expected to contribute substantially to astrocyte-oriented drug development studies.
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22
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Hansen KR, DeWalt GJ, Mohammed AI, Tseng HA, Abdulkerim ME, Bensussen S, Saligrama V, Nazer B, Eldred WD, Han X. Mild Blast Injury Produces Acute Changes in Basal Intracellular Calcium Levels and Activity Patterns in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1523-1536. [PMID: 29343209 PMCID: PMC5998839 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a serious public health concern. Although much is understood about long-term changes in cell signaling and anatomical pathologies associated with mTBI, little is known about acute changes in neuronal function. Using large scale Ca2+ imaging in vivo, we characterized the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in thousands of individual hippocampal neurons using a repetitive mild blast injury model in which blasts were directed onto the cranium of unanesthetized mice on two consecutive days. Immediately following each blast event, neurons exhibited two types of changes in Ca2+ dynamics at different time scales. One was a reduction in slow Ca2+ dynamics that corresponded to shifts in basal intracellular Ca2+ levels at a time scale of minutes, suggesting a disruption of biochemical signaling. The second was a reduction in the rates of fast transient Ca2+ fluctuations at the sub-second time scale, which are known to be closely linked to neural activity. Interestingly, the blast-induced changes in basal Ca2+ levels were independent of the changes in the rates of fast Ca2+ transients, suggesting that blasts had heterogeneous effects on different cell populations. Both types of changes recovered after ∼1 h. Together, our results demonstrate that mTBI induced acute, heterogeneous changes in neuronal function, altering intracellular Ca2+ dynamics across different time scales, which may contribute to the initiation of longer-term pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ali I. Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hua-an Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Moona E. Abdulkerim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seth Bensussen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Venkatesh Saligrama
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bobak Nazer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Sawyer TW, Ritzel DV, Wang Y, Josey T, Villanueva M, Nelson P, Song Y, Shei Y, Hennes G, Vair C, Parks S, Fan C, McLaws L. Primary Blast Causes Delayed Effects without Cell Death in Shell-Encased Brain Cell Aggregates. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:174-186. [PMID: 28726571 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work in this laboratory used underwater explosive exposures to isolate the effects of shock-induced principle stress without shear on rat brain aggregate cultures. The current study has utilized simulated air blast to expose aggregates in suspension and enclosed within a spherical shell, enabling the examination of a much more complex biomechanical insult. Culture medium-filled spheres were exposed to single pulse overpressures of 15-30 psi (∼6-7 msec duration) and measurements within the sphere at defined sites showed complex and spatially dependent pressure changes. When brain aggregates were exposed to similar conditions, no cell death was observed and no changes in several commonly used biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were noted. However, similarly to underwater blast, immediate and transient increases in the protein kinase B signaling pathway were observed at early time-points (3 days). In contrast, the oligodendrocyte marker 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, both displayed markedly delayed (14-28 days) and pressure-dependent responses. The imposition of a spherical shell between the single pulse shock wave and the target brain tissue introduces greatly increased complexity to the insult. This work shows that brain tissue can not only discriminate the nature of the pressure changes it experiences, but that a portion of its response is significantly delayed. These results have mechanistic implications for the study of primary blast-induced TBI and also highlight the importance of rigorously characterizing the actual pressure variations experienced by target tissue in primary blast studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Sawyer
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Yushan Wang
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tyson Josey
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mercy Villanueva
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peggy Nelson
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanfeng Song
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yimin Shei
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Grant Hennes
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cory Vair
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Changyang Fan
- 4 Canada West Biosciences , Camrose, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lori McLaws
- 1 Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center , Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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