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Hofmann Elizondo U, Vogt M, Bednaršek N, Münnich M, Gruber N. The impact of aragonite saturation variability on shelled pteropods: An attribution study in the California Current System. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17345. [PMID: 38831686 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Observations from the California Current System (CalCS) indicate that the long-term trend in ocean acidification (OA) and the naturally occurring corrosive conditions for the CaCO3 mineral aragonite (saturation state Ω < 1) have a damaging effect on shelled pteropods, a keystone group of calcifying organisms in the CalCS. Concern is heightened by recent findings suggesting that shell formation and developmental progress are already impacted when Ω falls below 1.5. Here, we quantify the impact of low Ω conditions on pteropods using an individual-based model (IBM) with life-stage-specific mortality, growth, and behavior in a high-resolution regional hindcast simulation of the CalCS between 1984 and 2019. Special attention is paid to attributing this impact to different processes that lead to such low Ω conditions, namely natural variability, long-term trend, and extreme events. We find that much of the observed damage in the CalCS, and specifically >70% of the shell CaCO3 loss, is due to the pteropods' exposure to naturally occurring low Ω conditions as a result of their diel vertical migration (DVM). Over the hindcast period, their exposure to damaging waters (Ω < 1.5) increases from 9% to 49%, doubling their shell CaCO3 loss, and increasing their mortality by ~40%. Most of this increased exposure is due to the shoaling of low Ω waters driven by the long-term trend in OA. Extreme OA events amplify this increase by ~40%. Our approach can quantify the health of pteropod populations under shifting environmental conditions, and attribute changes in fitness or population structure to changes in the stressor landscape across hierarchical time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Hofmann Elizondo
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meike Vogt
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Bednaršek
- Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthias Münnich
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Gruber
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Nissen C, Lovenduski NS, Brooks CM, Hoppema M, Timmermann R, Hauck J. Severe 21st-century ocean acidification in Antarctic Marine Protected Areas. Nat Commun 2024; 15:259. [PMID: 38177177 PMCID: PMC10766974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Antarctic coastal waters are home to several established or proposed Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) supporting exceptional biodiversity. Despite being threatened by anthropogenic climate change, uncertainties remain surrounding the future ocean acidification (OA) of these waters. Here we present 21st-century projections of OA in Antarctic MPAs under four emission scenarios using a high-resolution ocean-sea ice-biogeochemistry model with realistic ice-shelf geometry. By 2100, we project pH declines of up to 0.36 (total scale) for the top 200 m. Vigorous vertical mixing of anthropogenic carbon produces severe OA throughout the water column in coastal waters of proposed and existing MPAs. Consequently, end-of-century aragonite undersaturation is ubiquitous under the three highest emission scenarios. Given the cumulative threat to marine ecosystems by environmental change and activities such as fishing, our findings call for strong emission-mitigation efforts and further management strategies to reduce pressures on ecosystems, such as the continuation and expansion of Antarctic MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Nissen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Nicole S Lovenduski
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cassandra M Brooks
- Department of Environmental Studies and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mario Hoppema
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ralph Timmermann
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Judith Hauck
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Johnston NM, Murphy EJ, Atkinson A, Constable AJ, Cotté C, Cox M, Daly KL, Driscoll R, Flores H, Halfter S, Henschke N, Hill SL, Höfer J, Hunt BPV, Kawaguchi S, Lindsay D, Liszka C, Loeb V, Manno C, Meyer B, Pakhomov EA, Pinkerton MH, Reiss CS, Richerson K, Jr. WOS, Steinberg DK, Swadling KM, Tarling GA, Thorpe SE, Veytia D, Ward P, Weldrick CK, Yang G. Status, Change, and Futures of Zooplankton in the Southern Ocean. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.624692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Southern Ocean, several zooplankton taxonomic groups, euphausiids, copepods, salps and pteropods, are notable because of their biomass and abundance and their roles in maintaining food webs and ecosystem structure and function, including the provision of globally important ecosystem services. These groups are consumers of microbes, primary and secondary producers, and are prey for fishes, cephalopods, seabirds, and marine mammals. In providing the link between microbes, primary production, and higher trophic levels these taxa influence energy flows, biological production and biomass, biogeochemical cycles, carbon flux and food web interactions thereby modulating the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Additionally, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and various fish species are harvested by international fisheries. Global and local drivers of change are expected to affect the dynamics of key zooplankton species, which may have potentially profound and wide-ranging implications for Southern Ocean ecosystems and the services they provide. Here we assess the current understanding of the dominant metazoan zooplankton within the Southern Ocean, including Antarctic krill and other key euphausiid, copepod, salp and pteropod species. We provide a systematic overview of observed and potential future responses of these taxa to a changing Southern Ocean and the functional relationships by which drivers may impact them. To support future ecosystem assessments and conservation and management strategies, we also identify priorities for Southern Ocean zooplankton research.
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Manno C, Peck LV, Corsi I, Bergami E. Under pressure: Nanoplastics as a further stressor for sub-Antarctic pteropods already tackling ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113176. [PMID: 34890891 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Southern Ocean (SO), plastic debris has already been found in waters and sediments. Nanoplastics (<1 μm) are expected to be as pervasive as their larger counterparts, but more harmful to biological systems, being able to enter cells and provoke toxicity. In the SO, (nano)plastic pollution occurs concomitantly with other environmental threats such as ocean acidification (OA), but the potential cumulative impact of these two challenges on SO marine ecosystems is still overlooked. Here the single and combined effects of nanoplastics and OA on the sub-Antarctic pteropod Limacina retroversa are investigated under laboratory conditions, using two surface charged polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) as a proxy for nanoplastics. Sub-Antarctic pteropods are threatened by OA due to the sensitivity of their shells to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. Short-term exposure (48 h) to PS NPs compromised the ability of pteropods to counteract OA stress, resulting in a negative effect on their survival. Our results highlights the importance of addressing plastic pollution in the context of climate change to identify realistic critical thresholds of SO pteropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manno
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - L V Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - I Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - E Bergami
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK; Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
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Bednaršek N, Newton JA, Beck MW, Alin SR, Feely RA, Christman NR, Klinger T. Severe biological effects under present-day estuarine acidification in the seasonally variable Salish Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142689. [PMID: 33077233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are recognized as one of the habitats most vulnerable to coastal ocean acidification due to seasonal extremes and prolonged duration of acidified conditions. This is combined with co-occurring environmental stressors such as increased temperature and low dissolved oxygen. Despite this, evidence of biological impacts of ocean acidification in estuarine habitats is largely lacking. By combining physical, biogeochemical, and biological time-series observations over relevant seasonal-to-interannual time scales, this study is the first to describe both the spatial and temporal variation of biological response in the pteropod Limacina helicina to estuarine acidification in association with other stressors. Using clustering and principal component analyses, sampling sites were grouped according to their distribution of physical and biogeochemical variables over space and time. This identified the most exposed habitats and time intervals corresponding to the most severe negative biological impacts across three seasons and three years. We developed a cumulative stress index as a means of integrating spatial-temporal OA variation over the organismal life history. Our findings show that over the 2014-2016 study period, the severity of low aragonite saturation state combined with the duration of exposure contributed to overall cumulative stress and resulted in severe shell dissolution. Seasonally-variable estuaries such as the Salish Sea (Washington, U.S.A.) predispose sensitive organisms to more severe acidified conditions than those of coastal and open-ocean habitats, yet the sensitive organisms persist. We suggest potential environmental factors and compensatory mechanisms that allow pelagic calcifiers to inhabit less favorable habitats and partially offset associated stressors, for instance through food supply, increased temperature, and adaptation of their life history. The novel metric of cumulative stress developed here can be applied to other estuarine environments with similar physical and chemical dynamics, providing a new tool for monitoring biological response in estuaries under pressure from accelerating global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, United States of America.
| | - Jan A Newton
- Applied Physics Laboratory and School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Marcus W Beck
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Simone R Alin
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Richard A Feely
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Natasha R Christman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Terrie Klinger
- University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Weldrick CK, Makabe R, Mizobata K, Moteki M, Odate T, Takao S, Trebilco R, Swadling KM. The use of swimmers from sediment traps to measure summer community structure of Southern Ocean pteropods. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Manno C, Rumolo P, Barra M, d'Albero S, Basilone G, Genovese S, Mazzola S, Bonanno A. Condition of pteropod shells near a volcanic CO 2 vent region. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:39-48. [PMID: 30448239 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural gradients of pH in the ocean are useful analogues for studying the projected impacts of Ocean Acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems. Here we document the in situ impact of submarine CO2 volcanic emissions (CO2 vents) on live shelled-pteropods (planktonic gastropods) species Creseis conica in the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean). Since the currents inside the Gulf will likely drive those pelagic calcifying organisms into and out of the CO2 vent zones, we assume that pteropods will be occasionally exposed to the vents during their life cycle. Shell degradation and biomass were investigated in the stations located within and nearby the CO2 vent emission in relation to the variability of sea water carbonate chemistry. A relative decrease in shell biomass (22%), increase in incidence of shell fractures (38%) and extent of dissolution were observed in Creseis conica collected in the Gulf of Naples compared to those from the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea (control stations). These results suggest that discontinuous but recurrent exposure to highly variable carbonate chemistry could consistently affect the characteristic of the pteropod shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Manno
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environmental Research Council, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paola Rumolo
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Barra
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio d'Albero
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Basilone
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilita' in ambiente Marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Simona Genovese
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilita' in ambiente Marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilita' in ambiente Marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Angelo Bonanno
- Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilita' in ambiente Marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campobello di Mazara, Italy
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Gardner J, Manno C, Bakker DCE, Peck VL, Tarling GA. Southern Ocean pteropods at risk from ocean warming and acidification. MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 165:8. [PMID: 29170568 PMCID: PMC5681611 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Early life stages of marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to climate change. In the Southern Ocean aragonite undersaturation events and areas of rapid warming already occur and are predicted to increase in extent. Here, we present the first study to successfully hatch the polar pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica and observe the potential impact of exposure to increased temperature and aragonite undersaturation resulting from ocean acidification (OA) on the early life stage survival and shell morphology. High larval mortality (up to 39%) was observed in individuals exposed to perturbed conditions. Warming and OA induced extensive shell malformation and dissolution, respectively, increasing shell fragility. Furthermore, shell growth decreased, with variation between treatments and exposure time. Our results demonstrate that short-term exposure through passing through hotspots of OA and warming poses a serious threat to pteropod recruitment and long-term population viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Gardner
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Clara Manno
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Dorothee C. E. Bakker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Victoria L. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geraint A. Tarling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Transcriptomic response of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica to ocean acidification. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:812. [PMID: 29061120 PMCID: PMC5653985 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ocean acidification (OA), a change in ocean chemistry due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2 into surface oceans, challenges biogenic calcification in many marine organisms. Ocean acidification is expected to rapidly progress in polar seas, with regions of the Southern Ocean expected to experience severe OA within decades. Biologically, the consequences of OA challenge calcification processes and impose an energetic cost. Results In order to better characterize the response of a polar calcifier to conditions of OA, we assessed differential gene expression in the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. Experimental levels of pCO2 were chosen to create both contemporary pH conditions, and to mimic future pH expected in OA scenarios. Significant changes in the transcriptome were observed when juvenile L. h. antarctica were acclimated for 21 days to low-pH (7.71), mid-pH (7.9) or high-pH (8.13) conditions. Differential gene expression analysis of individuals maintained in the low-pH treatment identified down-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeletal structure, lipid transport, and metabolism. High pH exposure led to increased expression and enrichment for genes involved in shell formation, calcium ion binding, and DNA binding. Significant differential gene expression was observed in four major cellular and physiological processes: shell formation, the cellular stress response, metabolism, and neural function. Across these functional groups, exposure to conditions that mimic ocean acidification led to rapid suppression of gene expression. Conclusions Results of this study demonstrated that the transcriptome of the juvenile pteropod, L. h. antarctica, was dynamic and changed in response to different levels of pCO2. In a global change context, exposure of L. h. antarctica to the low pH, high pCO2 OA conditions resulted in a suppression of transcripts for genes involved in key physiological processes: calcification, metabolism, and the cellular stress response. The transcriptomic response at both acute and longer-term acclimation time frames indicated that contemporary L. h. antarctica may not have the physiological plasticity necessary for adaptation to OA conditions expected in future decades. Lastly, the differential gene expression results further support the role of shelled pteropods such as L. h. antarctica as sentinel organisms for the impacts of ocean acidification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4161-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4526. [PMID: 28674406 PMCID: PMC5495755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pteropod Limacina helicina frequently experiences seasonal exposure to corrosive conditions (Ωar < 1) along the US West Coast and is recognized as one of the species most susceptible to ocean acidification (OA). Yet, little is known about their capacity to acclimatize to such conditions. We collected pteropods in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) that differed in the severity of exposure to Ωar conditions in the natural environment. Combining field observations, high-CO2 perturbation experiment results, and retrospective ocean transport simulations, we investigated biological responses based on histories of magnitude and duration of exposure to Ωar < 1. Our results suggest that both exposure magnitude and duration affect pteropod responses in the natural environment. However, observed declines in calcification performance and survival probability under high CO2 experimental conditions do not show acclimatization capacity or physiological tolerance related to history of exposure to corrosive conditions. Pteropods from the coastal CCE appear to be at or near the limit of their physiological capacity, and consequently, are already at extinction risk under projected acceleration of OA over the next 30 years. Our results demonstrate that Ωar exposure history largely determines pteropod response to experimental conditions and is essential to the interpretation of biological observations and experimental results.
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Wakabayashi K. Embryonic development of the sea butterfly Desmopterus papilio (Gastropoda: Thecosomata). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2017.1311952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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