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Han H, Qin H, Yang Y, Zhao L, Shen T, Pang Q. Effect of overexpression of KLF4 on the growth and development of hair follicles in mice. Dev Genes Evol 2023; 233:137-145. [PMID: 37561178 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-023-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicle growth is cyclical, and hair cycle dysfunction can lead to hair follicle-related disorders, including alopecia and hirsutism. The objective was to investigate the influence and underlying mechanism of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) overexpression on hair follicle growth and development in C57BL/6 mice. To provide a theoretical basis for the biological functions of KLF4 gene in hair follicle development and hair follicle cycle, mice were assigned to three groups: experimental, overexpressing KLF4 (Ad-KLF4); control, expressing green fluorescent protein (Ad-NC); and blank, no treatment. Fur was removed from the dorsal surface, and the mice were intradermally injected with 25 μL 1 × 1010 PFU/mL adenovirus vector (Ad-KLF4 or Ad-NC) at three points. Samples were collected for molecular biological and histological analysis. It was found that mRNA and protein levels of Wnt pathway-associated factors β-catenin, LEF1, hair follicle cell proliferation-related factor Ki67, and hair follicle inner caledrin marker AE15 were all significantly greater in the Ad-NC and blank groups than in Ad-KLF4 mice (P < 0.01). These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Hair growth was monitored photographically for 14 days, showing an absence of growth in the injected region of the KLF4-overexpressing mice in contrast to non-overexpressing areas where hair growth was normal. HE staining showed that hair follicles in the blank and Ad-NC mice were normal, while those in the KLF4-overexpressing areas remained in telogen or early anagen with spherical dermal papillae situated at the edge of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue without an inner heel sheath. In conclusion, it was found that KLF4 downregulated key Wnt/β-catenin-associated factors during follicular regeneration in mice, reducing both follicular development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Han
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Shan Xi, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Shan Xi, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Shan Xi, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Shan Xi, China
| | - Tong Shen
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Shan Xi, China
| | - Quanhai Pang
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Shan Xi, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxian South Road, Tai Gu, Shan Xi, 030801, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Yao C, Ju Z, Jiao D, Hu D, Qi L, Liu S, Wu X, Zhao C. Krüppel-like factors in tumors: Key regulators and therapeutic avenues. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1080720. [PMID: 36761967 PMCID: PMC9905823 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1080720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a group of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with multiple essential functions in various cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The aberrant expression of KLFs is often found in tumor tissues and is essential for tumor development. At the molecular level, KLFs regulate multiple signaling pathways and mediate crosstalk among them. Some KLFs may also be molecular switches for specific biological signals, driving their transition from tumor suppressors to promoters. At the histological level, the abnormal expression of KLFs is closely associated with tumor cell stemness, proliferation, apoptosis, and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, the role of each KLF in tumors varies according to tumor type and different stages of tumor development rather than being invariant. In this review, we focus on the advances in the molecular biology of KLFs, particularly the regulations of several classical signaling pathways by these factors, and the critical role of KLFs in tumor development. We also highlight their strong potential as molecular targets in tumor therapy and suggest potential directions for clinical translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongjie Yao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyong Ju
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danli Jiao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qi
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Chen Zhao, ; Xueqing Wu,
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Chen Zhao, ; Xueqing Wu,
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The Contributions of Cancer-Testis and Developmental Genes to the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153630. [PMID: 35892887 PMCID: PMC9367444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In addition to mutations, ectopically-expressed genes are emerging as important contributors to cancer development. Efforts to characterize the expression patterns in cancers of gamete-restricted cancer-testis antigens and developmentally-restricted genes are underway, revealing these genes to be putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various malignancies. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are two highly-prevalent non-melanoma skin cancers that result in considerable burden on patients and our health system. To optimize disease prognostication and treatment, it is necessary to further classify the molecular complexity of these malignancies. This review describes the expression patterns and functions of cancer-testis antigens and developmentally-restricted genes in BCC and cSCC tumors. A large number of cancer-testis antigens and developmental genes exhibit substantial expression levels in BCC and cSCC. These genes have been shown to contribute to several aspects of cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, differentiation, invasion and responses to anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Keratinocyte carcinomas are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the two cancers recognized as keratinocyte carcinomas. The standard of care for treating these cancers includes surgery and ablative therapies. However, in recent years, targeted therapies (e.g., cetuximab for cSCC and vismodegib/sonidegib for BCC) have been used to treat advanced disease as well as immunotherapy (e.g., cemiplimab). These treatments are expensive and have significant toxicities with objective response rates approaching ~50–65%. Hence, there is a need to dissect the molecular pathogenesis of these cancers to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve disease management. Several cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and developmental genes (including embryonic stem cell factors and fetal genes) are ectopically expressed in BCC and cSCC. When ectopically expressed in malignant tissues, functions of these genes may be recaptured to promote tumorigenesis. CTAs and developmental genes are emerging as important players in the pathogenesis of BCC and cSCC, positioning themselves as attractive candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets requiring rigorous testing. Herein, we review the current research and offer perspectives on the contributions of CTAs and developmental genes to the pathogenesis of keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Malovitski K, Sarig O, Assaf S, Mohamad J, Malki L, Bergson S, Peled A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Gat A, Pavlovsky M, Sprecher E. Loss-of-function variants in KLF4 underlie autosomal dominant palmoplantar keratoderma. Genet Med 2022; 24:1085-1095. [PMID: 35168889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) form a group of disorders characterized by thickening of palm and sole skin. Over the past 2 decades, many types of inherited PPKs have been found to result from abnormal expression, processing, or function of adhesion proteins. METHODS We used exome and direct sequencing to detect causative pathogenic variants. Functional analysis of these variants was conducted using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, immunoblotting, a promoter reporter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We identified 2 heterozygous variants (c.1226A>G and c.633_634dupGT) in KLF4 in 3 individuals from 2 different unrelated families affected by a dominant form of PPK. Immunofluorescence staining for a number of functional markers revealed reduced epidermal DSG1 expression in patients harboring heterozygous KLF4 variants. Accordingly, human keratinocytes either transfected with constructs expressing these variants or downregulated for KLF4 displayed reduced DSG1 expression, which in turn has previously been found to be associated with PPK. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed direct binding of KLF4 to the DSG1 promoter region. The ability of mutant KLF4 to transactivate the DSG1 promoter was significantly decreased when compared with wild-type KLF4. CONCLUSION Loss-of-function variants in KLF4 cause a novel form of dominant PPK and show its importance in the regulation of epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shir Bergson
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Eskin-Schwartz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Genetic Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Andrea Gat
- Institute of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Ning X, Zhang D, Wang Y, Huo J, Huang Y, Guo Y, Li Z, Zhang Y. The Levels of Wnt5a and Its Receptors Frizzled5 and Frizzled2 as Immunohistochemical Biomarkers of Severity of Psoriasis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1651-1656. [PMID: 34785924 PMCID: PMC8590942 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s334866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Psoriasis is a systemic, chronic and inflammatory condition. The exact pathogenesis is unclear. The abnormal expression of Wnt5a pathway in psoriasis vulgaris has been confirmed. Whether it is related to the severity of psoriasis is unclear. Methods Thirty-eight skin lesions from psoriasis vulgaris patients and 22 healthy adult skin tissues were taken. The semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry score of Wnt5a, Frizzled5 and Frizzled2 was evaluated under a microscope by two independent dermatologists. Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score system was used to evaluate the disease severity. Results The average PASI score of the patients was 16.25 ± 7.8, and the average duration of disease was 19.6 ± 10.4 months. Wnt5a, Frizzled5 and Frizzled2 were highly expressed in psoriasis lesions. The semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry scores of Wnt5a, Frizzled5 and Frizzled2 were positively correlated with PASI scores (r = 0.71, r = 0.46, r = 0.65, respectively, all P-value < 0.01), but not correlated with duration of disease (r = 0.11, r = 0.17, r = 0.29, respectively, all P-value > 0.05). There were significant positive correlations between Wnt5a and Frizzled5 (r = 0.57, P-value < 0.01), as well as Wnt5a and Frizzled2 (r = 0.59, P-value < 0.01). Conclusion Wnt5a and its receptors play an important role in pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris and are positively correlated with the severity of psoriasis, and may be one of the immunohistochemical predictors of the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ning
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingwei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Huo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiao Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Recent Discoveries on the Involvement of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Most Common Cancer Types. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228843. [PMID: 33266506 PMCID: PMC7700188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor highly conserved in evolution. It is particularly well known for its role in inducing pluripotent stem cells. In addition, KLF4 plays many roles in cancer. The results of most studies suggest that KLF4 is a tumor suppressor. However, the functioning of KLF4 is regulated at many levels. These include regulation of transcription, alternative splicing, miRNA, post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, protein stability and interactions with other molecules. Simple experiments aimed at assaying transcript levels or protein levels fail to address this complexity and thus may deliver misleading results. Tumor subtypes are also important; for example, in prostate cancer KLF4 is highly expressed in indolent tumors where it impedes tumor progression, while it is absent from aggressive prostate tumors. KLF4 is important in regulating response to many known drugs, and it also plays a role in tumor microenvironment. More and more information is available about upstream regulators, downstream targets and signaling pathways associated with the involvement of KLF4 in cancer. Furthermore, KLF4 performs critical function in the overall regulation of tissue homeostasis, cellular integrity, and progression towards malignancy. Here we summarize and analyze the latest findings concerning this fascinating transcription factor.
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Tiwari A, Swamynathan S, Jhanji V, Swamynathan SK. KLF4 Coordinates Corneal Epithelial Apical-Basal Polarity and Plane of Cell Division and Is Downregulated in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:15. [PMID: 32396634 PMCID: PMC7409308 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes corneal epithelial (CE) homeostasis by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and TGF-β signaling. As TGF-β affects epithelial apicobasal polarity (ABP) and plane of division, we investigated the role of KLF4 in these processes. Methods Klf4 was ablated in adult ternary transgenic Klf4Δ/ΔCE (Klf4LoxP/LoxP/Krt12rtTA/rtTA/Tet-O-Cre) mouse CE using doxycycline chow. ABP and plane of division markers’ expression in Klf4Δ/ΔCE and human ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) tissues relative to controls was evaluated by quantitative PCR, immunoblots, and/or immunofluorescent staining. Results Klf4Δ/ΔCE CE cells displayed downregulation of apical Pals1 and Crumbs1, apicolateral Par3, and basolateral Scribble, as well as upregulation of Rho family GTPase Cdc42, suggesting disruption of ABP. Phalloidin staining revealed that the Klf4Δ/ΔCE CE actin cytoskeleton is disrupted. Klf4Δ/ΔCE cells favored vertical plane of division within 67.5° to 90° of the CE basement membrane (39% and 47% of the dividing cells relative to 23% and 26% in the control based on phospho-histone-H3 and survivin, respectively), resulting in more dividing cells within the Klf4Δ/ΔCE CE as reported previously. KLF4 was downregulated in human OSSN tissues that displayed EMT and downregulation of PAR3, PALS1, and SCRIB, consistent with a protective role for KLF4. Conclusions By demonstrating that Klf4 ablation affects CE expression of ABP markers and Cdc42, cytoskeletal actin organization, and the plane of cell division and that KLF4 is downregulated in OSSN tissues that display EMT and lack ABP, these results elucidate the key integrative role of KLF4 in coordinating CE cell polarity and plane of division, loss of which results in OSSN.
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Fortunel NO, Chadli L, Coutier J, Lemaître G, Auvré F, Domingues S, Bouissou-Cadio E, Vaigot P, Cavallero S, Deleuze JF, Roméo PH, Martin MT. KLF4 inhibition promotes the expansion of keratinocyte precursors from adult human skin and of embryonic-stem-cell-derived keratinocytes. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:985-997. [PMID: 31636412 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expanded autologous skin keratinocytes are currently used in cutaneous cell therapy, and embryonic-stem-cell-derived keratinocytes could become a complementary alternative. Regardless of keratinocyte provenance, for efficient therapy it is necessary to preserve immature keratinocyte precursors during cell expansion and graft processing. Here, we show that stable and transient downregulation of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in keratinocyte precursors from adult skin, using anti-KLF4 RNA interference or kenpaullone, promotes keratinocyte immaturity and keratinocyte self-renewal in vitro, and enhances the capacity for epidermal regeneration in mice. Both stable and transient KLF4 downregulation had no impact on the genomic integrity of adult keratinocytes. Moreover, transient KLF4 downregulation in human-embryonic-stem-cell-derived keratinocytes increased the efficiency of skin-orientated differentiation and of keratinocyte immaturity, and was associated with improved generation of epidermis. As a regulator of the cell fate of keratinocyte precursors, KLF4 could be used for promoting the ex vivo expansion and maintenance of functional immature keratinocyte precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas O Fortunel
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France. .,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France. .,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Loubna Chadli
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Julien Coutier
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Lemaître
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U861, Institut des Cellules Souches pour le Traitement et l'Etude des Maladies Monogéniques, Corbeil Essonne, France
| | - Frédéric Auvré
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Domingues
- Centre d'Etude des Cellules Souches, Institut des Cellules Souches pour le Traitement et l'Etude des Maladies Monogéniques, Corbeil Essonne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bouissou-Cadio
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Vaigot
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Cavallero
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul-Henri Roméo
- INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Réparation et la Transcription dans les Cellules Souches, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michèle T Martin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France. .,INSERM U967, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France. .,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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Hamada H, Yamamura M, Ohi H, Kobayashi Y, Niwa K, Oyama T, Mano Y, Asai M, Tanuma SI, Uchiumi F. Characterization of the human zinc finger nfx‑1‑type containing 1 encoding ZNFX1 gene and its response to 12‑O‑tetradecanoyl‑13‑acetate in HL‑60 cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:896-904. [PMID: 31432148 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human promyelocytic HL‑60 cells can be differentiated into macrophage‑like cells by treatment with 12‑O‑tetra decanoylphorbol‑13‑acetate (TPA). Certain 5' upstream regions of the zinc finger protein (ZNF)‑encoding genes contain duplicated GGAA motifs, which are frequently found in the TPA‑responding gene promoter regions. To examine transcriptional responses to TPA, 5'flanking regions of human zinc finger CCCH‑type containing, antiviral, ZNF252, ZNF343, ZNF555, ZNF782 and zinc finger nfx‑1‑type containing 1 (ZNFX1) genes were isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligated into a multiple‑cloning site of the pGL4.10[luc2] vector. Transient transfection and a luciferase assay revealed that the ZNFX1 promoter most prominently responded to the TPA treatment. Deletion and point mutation experiments indicated that the duplicated GGAA motif in the 100‑bp region positively responded to TPA. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting showed that the mRNA and protein of ZNFX1 accumulate during the differentiation of HL‑60 cells. These results indicated that expression of the TPA‑inducible ZNFX1 gene, which belongs to the group of interferon‑responsive genes, is regulated by the cis‑action of the duplicated GGAA motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamamura
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ohi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Yota Kobayashi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Niwa
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mano
- Department of Clinical Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Asai
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda‑shi, Chiba‑ken 278‑8510, Japan
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Inhibition of Epstein-Barr Virus Replication in Human Papillomavirus-Immortalized Keratinocytes. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01216-18. [PMID: 30381489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01216-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is implicated in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). EBV-associated cancers harbor a latent EBV infection characterized by a lack of viral replication and the expression of viral oncogenes. Cellular changes promoted by HPV are comparable to those shown to facilitate EBV latency, though whether HPV-positive cells support a latent EBV infection has not been demonstrated. Using a model of direct EBV infection into HPV16-immortalized tonsillar cells grown in organotypic raft culture, we showed robust EBV replication in HPV-negative rafts but little to no replication in HPV-immortalized rafts. The reduced EBV replication was independent of immortalization, as human telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocytes supported robust EBV replication. Furthermore, we observed reduced EBV lytic gene expression and increased expression of EBER1, a noncoding RNA highly expressed in latently infected cells, in the presence of HPV. The use of human foreskin keratinocyte rafts expressing the HPV16 E6 and/or E7 oncogene(s) (HPV E6 and E7 rafts) showed that E7 was sufficient to reduce EBV replication. EBV replication is dependent upon epithelial differentiation and the differentiation-dependent expression of the transcription factors KLF4 and PRDM1. While KLF4 and PRDM1 levels were unaltered, the expression levels of KLF4 transcriptional targets, including late differentiation markers, were reduced in HPV E6 and E7 rafts compared to their levels in parental rafts. However, the HPV E7-mediated block in EBV replication correlated with delayed expression of early differentiation markers. Overall, this study reveals an HPV16-mediated block in EBV replication, through E7, that may facilitate EBV latency and long-term persistence in the tumor context.IMPORTANCE Using a model examining the establishment of EBV infection in HPV-immortalized tissues, we showed an HPV-induced interruption of the normal EBV life cycle reminiscent of a latent EBV infection. Our data support the notion that a persistent EBV epithelial infection depends upon preexisting cellular alterations and suggest the ability of HPV to promote such changes. More importantly, these findings introduce a model for how EBV coinfection may influence HPV-positive (HPV-pos) OSCC pathogenesis. Latently EBV-infected epithelial cells, as well as other EBV-associated head-and-neck carcinomas, exhibit oncogenic phenotypes commonly seen in HPV-pos OSCC. Therefore, an HPV-induced shift in the EBV life cycle toward latency would not only facilitate EBV persistence but also provide additional viral oncogene expression, which can contribute to the rapid progression of HPV-pos OSCC. These findings provide a step toward defining a role for EBV as a cofactor in HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumors.
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11
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Jiang M, Huang SX, Zhang W, Al Alam D, Danopoulos S, Mori M, Chen YW, Balasubramanian R, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Serra C, Bialecka M, Kim E, Lin S, Toste de Carvalho ALR, Riccio PN, Cardoso WV, Zhang X, Snoeck HW, Que J. 3D Modeling of Esophageal Development using Human PSC-Derived Basal Progenitors Reveals a Critical Role for Notch Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:516-529.e5. [PMID: 30244870 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) could provide a powerful system to model development of the human esophagus, whose distinct tissue organization compared to rodent esophagus suggests that developmental mechanisms may not be conserved between species. We therefore established an efficient protocol for generating esophageal progenitor cells (EPCs) from human PSCs. We found that inhibition of TGF-ß and BMP signaling is required for sequential specification of EPCs, which can be further purified using cell-surface markers. These EPCs resemble their human fetal counterparts and can recapitulate normal development of esophageal stratified squamous epithelium during in vitro 3D cultures and in vivo. Importantly, combining hPSC differentiation strategies with mouse genetics elucidated a critical role for Notch signaling in the formation of this epithelium. These studies therefore not only provide an efficient approach to generate EPCs, but also offer a model system to study the regulatory mechanisms underlying development of the human esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Xuelian Huang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wanwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Revathi Balasubramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos Serra
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sijie Lin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Rodrigues Toste de Carvalho
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paul N Riccio
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Hien TT, Garcia‐Vaz E, Stenkula KG, Sjögren J, Nilsson J, Gomez MF, Albinsson S. MicroRNA‐dependent regulation of KLF4 by glucose in vascular smooth muscle. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7195-7205. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran T. Hien
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Eliana Garcia‐Vaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes CentreLund UniversitySweden
| | | | - Johan Sjögren
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgerySkåne University Hospital and Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Johan Nilsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgerySkåne University Hospital and Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes CentreLund UniversitySweden
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13
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Fraser D, Mouton A, Serieys LEK, Cole S, Carver S, Vandewoude S, Lappin M, Riley SP, Wayne R. Genome‐wide expression reveals multiple systemic effects associated with detection of anticoagulant poisons in bobcats (
Lynx rufus
). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1170-1187. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devaughn Fraser
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Alice Mouton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Laurel E. K. Serieys
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Steve Cole
- Department of Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - Sue Vandewoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Michael Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Seth P.D. Riley
- National Park Service Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Thousand Oaks CA USA
| | - Robert Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
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14
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mTOR Inhibition by Everolimus Does Not Impair Closure of Punch Biopsy Wounds in Renal Transplant Patients. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e147. [PMID: 28405603 PMCID: PMC5381740 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are approved to prevent allograft rejection and control malignancy. Unfortunately, they are associated with adverse effects, such as wound healing complications that detract from more extensive use. There is a lack of prospective wound healing studies to monitor patients treated with mTOR inhibitors, such as everolimus or sirolimus, especially in nondiabetics. Methods Patients receiving everolimus with standard immunosuppressant therapy or standard immunosuppressant therapy without everolimus were administered 3-mm skin biopsy punch wounds in the left scapular region. Homeostatic gene expression was examined in the skin obtained from the biopsy and wound surface area was examined on day 7. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined for cytokine production. Results There are no significant changes in autophagy related 13, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, IL-2, kruppel-like factor 4, and TGFB1 gene expression in the skin suggesting that there is little impact of everolimus on these genes within nonwounded skin. Peripheral blood T cells are more sensitive to cell death in everolimus-treated patients, but they retain the ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines required for efficient wound repair. Importantly, there is no delay in the closure of biopsy wounds in patients receiving everolimus as compared to those not receiving mTOR inhibition. Conclusions Everolimus treatment is not associated with impaired closure of skin biopsy wounds in kidney transplant recipients. These data highlight the importance of exploring whether larger surgical wounds would show a similar result and how other factors, such as diabetes, impact wound healing complications associated with mTOR suppression.
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15
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Palazzo E, Kellett MD, Cataisson C, Bible PW, Bhattacharya S, Sun HW, Gormley AC, Yuspa SH, Morasso MI. A novel DLX3-PKC integrated signaling network drives keratinocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:717-730. [PMID: 28186503 PMCID: PMC5384032 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis relies on a well-defined transcriptional control of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, which is critical to prevent skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or cancer. We have recently shown that the homeobox transcription factor DLX3 and the tumor suppressor p53 co-regulate cell cycle-related signaling and that this mechanism is functionally involved in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma development. Here we show that DLX3 expression and its downstream signaling depend on protein kinase C α (PKCα) activity in skin. We found that following 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) topical treatment, DLX3 expression is significantly upregulated in the epidermis and keratinocytes from mice overexpressing PKCα by transgenic targeting (K5-PKCα), resulting in cell cycle block and terminal differentiation. Epidermis lacking DLX3 (DLX3cKO), which is linked to the development of a DLX3-dependent epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis and dermal leukocyte recruitment, displays enhanced PKCα activation, suggesting a feedback regulation of DLX3 and PKCα. Of particular significance, transcriptional activation of epidermal barrier, antimicrobial peptide and cytokine genes is significantly increased in DLX3cKO skin and further increased by TPA-dependent PKC activation. Furthermore, when inhibiting PKC activity, we show that epidermal thickness, keratinocyte proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration are reduced and the PKC-DLX3-dependent gene expression signature is normalized. Independently of PKC, DLX3 expression specifically modulates regulatory networks such as Wnt signaling, phosphatase activity and cell adhesion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis of primary suprabasal keratinocytes showed binding of DLX3 to the proximal promoter regions of genes associated with cell cycle regulation, and of structural proteins and transcription factors involved in epidermal differentiation. These results indicate that Dlx3 potentially regulates a set of crucial genes necessary during the epidermal differentiation process. Altogether, we demonstrate the existence of a robust DLX3–PKCα signaling pathway in keratinocytes that is crucial to epidermal differentiation control and cutaneous homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul W Bible
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna C Gormley
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stuart H Yuspa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Xu W, Zhou W, Cheng M, Wang J, Liu Z, He S, Luo X, Huang W, Chen T, Yan W, Xiao J. Hypoxia activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by regulating the expression of BCL9 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40446. [PMID: 28074862 PMCID: PMC5225427 DOI: 10.1038/srep40446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is abnormally activated in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). BCL9 is an essential co-activator in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Importantly, BCL9 is absent from tumors originating from normal cellular counterparts and overexpressed in many cancers including HCC. But the mechanism for BCL9 overexpression remains unknown. Ample evidence indicates that hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) play a role in the development of HCC. It was found in our study that BCL9 was overexpressed in both primary HCC and bone metastasis specimens; loss of BCL9 inhibited the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HCC; and that that hypoxia mechanically induced the expression of BCL9. BCL9 induction under the hypoxic condition was predominantly mediated by HIF-1α but not HIF2α. In vitro evidence from xenograft models indicated that BCL9 promoter/gene knockout inhibited HCC tumor growth and angiogenesis. Notably, we found that BCL9 and HIF-1α were coordinately regulated in human HCC specimen. The above findings suggest that hypoxia may promote the expression of BCL9 and associate with the development of HCC. Specific regulation of BCL9 expression by HIF-1α may prove to be an underlying crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and hypoxia signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Mo Cheng
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.,Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, NO. 209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhian Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, NO. 209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Shaohui He
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xiangji Luo
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 225, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wending Huang
- Department of Bone and soft tissue tumors, Fudan Cancer Center, Fudan University, NO. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Tianrui Chen
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wangjun Yan
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.,Department of Bone and soft tissue tumors, Fudan Cancer Center, Fudan University, NO. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthorpedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
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