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Kim HJ, Wang W, Zhang H, Freychet G, Ocko BM, Travesset A, Mallapragada SK, Vaknin D. Binary Superlattices of Gold Nanoparticles in Two Dimensions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3424-3430. [PMID: 35411773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have created two-dimensional (2D) binary superlattices by cocrystallizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of two distinct sizes into √3 × √3 and 2 × 2 complex binary superlattices, derived from the hexagonal structures of the single components. The building blocks of these binary systems are AuNPs that are functionalized with different chain lengths of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The assembly of these functionalized NPs at the air-water interface is driven by the presence of salt, causing PEG-AuNPs to migrate to the aqueous surface and assemble into a crystalline lattice. We have used liquid surface X-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to examine the assembly and crystallization at the liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jin Kim
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alex Travesset
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Vaknin
- Ames Laboratory, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Targeted Delivery of Cisplatin by Gold Nanoparticles: The Influence of Nanocarrier Surface Modification Type on the Efficiency of Drug Binding Examined by CE-ICP-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042324. [PMID: 35216438 PMCID: PMC8874575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs), whose unique properties regarding biomedical applications were broadly investigated, are an object of interest as nanocarriers in drug targeted delivery systems (DTDSs). The possibility of surface functionalization, especially in enabling longer half-life in the bloodstream and enhancing cellular uptake, provides an opportunity to overcome the limitations of popular anticancer drugs (such as cisplatin) that cause severe side effects due to their nonselective transportation. Herein, we present investigations of gold nanoparticle–cisplatin systems formation (regarding reaction kinetics and equilibrium) in which it was proved that the formation efficiency and stability strongly depend on the nanoparticle surface functionalization. In this study, the capillary electrophoresis hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS/MS) was used for the first time to monitor gold–drug nanoconjugates formation. The research included optimizing CE separation conditions and determining reaction kinetics using the CE-ICP-MS/MS developed method. To characterize nanocarriers and portray changes in their physicochemical properties induced by the surface’s processes, additional hydrodynamic size and ζ-potential by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were carried out. The examinations of three types of functionalized GNPs (GNP-PEG-COOH, GNP-PEG-OCH3, and GNP-PEG-biotin) distinguished the essential differences in drug binding efficiency and nanoconjugate stability.
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Unravelling three-dimensional adsorption geometries of PbSe nanocrystal monolayers at a liquid-air interface. Commun Chem 2020; 3:28. [PMID: 36703462 PMCID: PMC9814399 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adsorption, self-organization and oriented attachment of PbSe nanocrystals (NCs) at liquid-air interfaces has led to remarkable nanocrystal superlattices with atomic order and a superimposed nanoscale geometry. Earlier studies examined the NC self-organization at the suspension/air interface with time-resolved in-situ X-ray scattering. Upon continuous evaporation of the solvent, the NC interfacial layer will finally contact the (ethylene glycol) liquid substrate on which the suspension was casted. In order to obtain structural information on the NC organization at this stage of the process, we examined the ethylene glycol/NC interface in detail for PbSe NCs of different sizes, combining in-situ grazing-incidence small-and-wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS/GIWAXS), X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and analytical calculations of the adsorption geometry of these NCs. Here, we observe in-situ three characteristic adsorption geometries varying with the NC size. Based on the experimental evidence and simulations, we reveal fully three-dimensional arrangements of PbSe nanocrystals at the ethylene glycol-air interface with and without the presence of rest amounts of toluene.
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Wang W, Kim HJ, Bu W, Mallapragada S, Vaknin D. Unusual Effect of Iodine Ions on the Self-Assembly of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:311-317. [PMID: 31838851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We use synchrotron X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering to investigate the surface assembly of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafted gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs) induced by different salts. We find that NaCl and CsCl behave as many other electrolytes, namely, drive the PEG-AuNPs to the vapor/suspension interface to form a layer of single-particle depth and organize them into very high-quality two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal crystals. By contrast, NaI induces the migration of PEG-AuNPs to the aqueous surface at much higher surface densities than the other salts (at similar concentrations). The resulting 2D ordering at moderate NaI concentrations is very short ranged, and at a higher NaI concentration, the high-density monolayer is amorphous. Considering NaCl, CsCl and the majority of salts behave similarly, this implicates the anomaly of iodine ion (I-) in this unusual surface population. We argue that the influence of most electrolytes on the PEG corona preserves the polymer in the θ-point with sufficient flexibility to settle into a highly ordered state, whereas I- has a much more severe effect on the corona by collapsing it. The collapsed PEG renders the grafted AuNP a nonspherical shaped complex that, although packs at high density, cannot organize into a 2D ordered arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | | | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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Salt Mediated Self-Assembly of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Functionalized Gold Nanorods. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20349. [PMID: 31889079 PMCID: PMC6937238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although challenging, assembling and orienting non-spherical nanomaterials into two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) ordered arrays can facilitate versatile collective properties by virtue of their shape-dependent properties that cannot be realized with their spherical counterparts. Here, we report on the self-assembly of gold nanorods (AuNRs) into 2D films at the vapor/liquid interface facilitated by grafting them with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Using surface sensitive synchrotron grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR), we show that PEG-AuNRs in aqueous suspensions migrate to the vapor/liquid interface in the presence of salt, forming a uniform monolayer with planar-to-surface orientation. Furthermore, the 2D assembled PEG functionalized AuNRs exhibit short range order into rectangular symmetry with side-by-side and tail-to-tail nearest-neighbor packing. The effect of PEG chain length and salt concentration on the 2D assembly are also reported.
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Wang W, Lawrence JJ, Bu W, Zhang H, Vaknin D. Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8374-8378. [PMID: 29947524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-sensitive X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering reveal the structure of polymer-capped-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs that are grafted with poly( N-isopropylacrylamide); PNIPAM-AuNPs) as they self-assemble and crystallize at the aqueous suspension/vapor interface. Citrate-stabilized AuNPs (5 and 10 nm in nominal diameter) are ligand-exchanged by 6 kDa PNIPAM-thiol to form corona brushes around the AuNPs that are highly stable and dispersed in aqueous suspensions. Surprisingly, no clear evidence of thermosensitive effect on surface enrichment or self-assembly of the PNIPAM-AuNPs is observed in the 10-35 °C temperature range. However, addition of simple salts (in this case, NaCl) to the suspension induces migration of the PNIPAM-AuNPs to the aqueous surface, and above a threshold salt concentration, two-dimensional crystals are formed. The 10 nm PNIPAM-AuNPs form a highly ordered single layer with in-plane triangular structure, whereas the 5 nm capped NPs form short-range triangular structure that gradually becomes denser as salt concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Ames Laboratory, USDOE , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Jack J Lawrence
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Ames Laboratory, USDOE , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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Jiang Z, Chen W. Generalized skew-symmetric interfacial probability distribution in reflectivity and small-angle scattering analysis. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717013632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized skew-symmetric probability density functions are proposed to model asymmetric interfacial density distributions for the parameterization of any arbitrary density profiles in the `effective-density model'. The penetration of the densities into adjacent layers can be selectively controlled and parameterized. A continuous density profile is generated and discretized into many independent slices of very thin thickness with constant density values and sharp interfaces. The discretized profile can be used to calculate reflectivitiesviaParratt's recursive formula, or small-angle scatteringviathe concentric onion model that is also developed in this work.
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Zhang H, Nayak S, Wang W, Mallapragada S, Vaknin D. Interfacial Self-Assembly of Polyelectrolyte-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12227-12234. [PMID: 28985464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on pH- and salt-responsive assembly of nanoparticles capped with polyelectrolytes at vapor-liquid interfaces. Two types of alkylthiol-terminated poly(acrylic acid) (PAAs, varying in length) are synthesized and used to functionalize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to mimic similar assembly effects of single-stranded DNA-capped AuNPs using synthetic polyelectrolytes. Using surface-sensitive X-ray scattering techniques, including grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR), we demonstrate that PAA-AuNPs spontaneously migrate to the vapor-liquid interfaces and form Gibbs monolayers by decreasing the pH of the suspension. The Gibbs monoalyers show chainlike structures of monoparticle thickness. The pH-induced self-assembly is attributed to the protonation of carboxyl groups and to hydrogen bonding between the neighboring PAA-AuNPs. In addition, we show that adding MgCl2 to PAA-AuNP suspensions also induces adsorption at the interface and that the high affinity between magnesium ions and carboxyl groups leads to two- and three-dimensional clusters that yield partial surface coverage and poorer ordering of NPs at the interface. We also examine the assembly of PAA-AuNPs in the presence of a positively charged Langmuir monolayer that promotes the attraction of the negatively charged capped NPs by electrostatic forces. Our results show that synthetic polyelectrolyte-functionalized nanoparticles exhibit interfacial self-assembly behavior similar to that of DNA-functionalized nanoparticles, providing a pathway for nanoparticle assembly in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Zhang
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Srikanth Nayak
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya Mallapragada
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Vaknin
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Zhang H, Wang W, Akinc M, Mallapragada S, Travesset A, Vaknin D. Assembling and ordering polymer-grafted nanoparticles in three dimensions. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8710-8715. [PMID: 28616945 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00787f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the aqueous biphasic behavior of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/salts, recent experiments have demonstrated self-assembly and crystallization of PEG-grafted gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs) into tunable two-dimensional (2D) supercrystals by adjusting salt concentration (for instance, K2CO3). In those studies, combined experimental evidence and theoretical analysis have pointed out the possibility that similar strategies can lead to three-dimensional (3D) formation of ordered nanoparticle precipitates. Indeed, a detailed small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) study reported herein reveals the spontaneous formation of PEG-AuNPs assemblies in high-concentration salt solutions that exhibit short-range 3D order compatible with fcc symmetry. We argue that the assembly into fcc crystals is driven by partnering nearest-neighbors to minimize an effective surface-tension gradient at the boundary between the polymer shell and the high-salt media. We report SAXS and other results on PEG-AuNPs of various Au core diameters in the range of 10 to 50 nm and analyze them in the framework of brush-polymer theory revealing a systematic prediction of the nearest-neighbor distance in the 3D assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Zhang
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Spinozzi F, Ceccone G, Moretti P, Campanella G, Ferrero C, Combet S, Ojea-Jimenez I, Ghigna P. Structural and Thermodynamic Properties of Nanoparticle-Protein Complexes: A Combined SAXS and SANS Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2248-2256. [PMID: 28170272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel method for determining the structural and thermodynamic properties of nanoparticle-protein complexes under physiological conditions. The method consists of collecting a full set of small-angle X-ray and neutron-scattering measurements in solutions with different concentrations of nanoparticles and protein. The nanoparticle-protein dissociation process is described in the framework of the Hill cooperative model, based on which the whole set of X-ray and neutron-scattering data is fitted simultaneously. This method is applied to water solutions of gold nanoparticles in the presence of human serum albumin without any previous manipulation and can be, in principle, extended to all systems. We demonstrate that the protein dissociation constant, the Hill coefficient, and the stoichiometry of the nanoparticle-protein complex are obtained with a high degree of confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spinozzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona I-60131, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Consumer Products Safety Unit, European Commission , Ispra I-21027, Italy
| | - Paolo Moretti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona I-60131, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campanella
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Claudio Ferrero
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Sophie Combet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA-CNRS, CEA-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Isaac Ojea-Jimenez
- Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Consumer Products Safety Unit, European Commission , Ispra I-21027, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghigna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , Pavia I-27100, Italy
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Zhang H, Wang W, Mallapragada S, Travesset A, Vaknin D. Macroscopic and tunable nanoparticle superlattices. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:164-171. [PMID: 27791213 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a robust method to assemble nanoparticles into highly ordered superlattices by inducing aqueous phase separation of neutral capping polymers. Here we demonstrate the approach with thiolated polyethylene-glycol-functionalized gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs) in the presence of salts (for example, K2CO3) in solutions that spontaneously migrate to the liquid-vapor interface to form a Gibbs monolayer. We show that by increasing salt concentration, PEG-AuNP monolayers transform from two-dimensional (2D) gas-like to liquid-like phase and eventually, beyond a threshold concentration, to a highly ordered hexagonal structure, as characterized by surface sensitive synchrotron X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the method allows control of the inplane packing in the crystalline phase by varying the K2CO3 and PEG-AuNPs concentrations and the length of PEG. Using polymer-brush theory, we argue that the assembly and crystallization is driven by the need to reduce surface tension between PEG and the salt solution. Our approach of taking advantage of the phase separation of PEG in salt solutions is general (i.e., can be used with any nanoparticles) leads to high-quality macroscopic and tunable crystals. Finally, we discuss how the method can also be applied to the design of orderly 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Zhang
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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