1
|
Al Hallak M, Verdier T, Bertron A, Roques C, Bailly JD. Fungal Contamination of Building Materials and the Aerosolization of Particles and Toxins in Indoor Air and Their Associated Risks to Health: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030175. [PMID: 36977066 PMCID: PMC10054896 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that biological pollution is a major cause of the degradation of indoor air quality. It has been shown that microbial communities from the outdoors may significantly impact the communities detected indoors. One can reasonably assume that the fungal contamination of the surfaces of building materials and their release into indoor air may also significantly impact indoor air quality. Fungi are well known as common contaminants of the indoor environment with the ability to grow on many types of building materials and to subsequently release biological particles into the indoor air. The aerosolization of allergenic compounds or mycotoxins borne by fungal particles or vehiculated by dust may have a direct impact on the occupant’s health. However, to date, very few studies have investigated such an impact. The present paper reviewed the available data on indoor fungal contamination in different types of buildings with the aim of highlighting the direct connections between the growth on indoor building materials and the degradation of indoor air quality through the aerosolization of mycotoxins. Some studies showed that average airborne fungal spore concentrations were higher in buildings where mould was a contaminant than in normal buildings and that there was a strong association between fungal contamination and health problems for occupants. In addition, the most frequent fungal species on surfaces are also those most commonly identified in indoor air, regardless the geographical location in Europe or the USA. Some fungal species contaminating the indoors may be dangerous for human health as they produce mycotoxins. These contaminants, when aerosolized with fungal particles, can be inhaled and may endanger human health. However, it appears that more work is needed to characterize the direct impact of surface contamination on the airborne fungal particle concentration. In addition, fungal species growing in buildings and their known mycotoxins are different from those contaminating foods. This is why further in situ studies to identify fungal contaminants at the species level and to quantify their average concentration on both surfaces and in the air are needed to be better predict health risks due to mycotoxin aerosolization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Al Hallak
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions (LMDC), INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Verdier
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions (LMDC), INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Bertron
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions (LMDC), INSA Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Roques
- Laboratoire Génie Chimique (LGC), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Denis Bailly
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, 4 Allées Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Acari Hypothesis, III: Atopic Dermatitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101083. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing dermatopathology involving IgE against allergenic materials present on mammalian epithelial surfaces. Allergens are as diverse as pet danders, and polypeptides expressed by microbes of the mammalian microbiome, e.g., Malassezia spp. The Acari Hypothesis posits that the mammalian innate immune system utilizes pathogen-bound acarian immune effectors to protect against the vectorial threat posed by mites and ticks. Per The Hypothesis, IgE-mediated allergic disease is a specious consequence of the pairing of acarian gastrointestinal materials, e.g., allergenic foodstuffs, with acarian innate immune effectors that have interspecies operability. In keeping with The Hypothesis, the IgE profile of atopic patients should include both anti-acarian antibodies and specious antibodies responsible for specific allergy. Further, the profile should inform on the diet and/or environment of the acarian vector. In this regard, the prevalence of Demodex and Dermatophagoides on the skin of persons suffering from atopic dermatitis is increased. Importantly, the diets of these mites correspond well with the allergens of affected patients. In this report, roles for these specific acarians in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis are proposed and elaborated.
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Kramer A, Wichelhaus TA, Kempf V, Hogardt M, Zacharowski K. Building-related illness (BRI) in all family members caused by mold infestation after dampness damage of the building. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2021; 16:Doc32. [PMID: 34956824 PMCID: PMC8662741 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In 2010, dampness damage in a single-family house caused a massive mold infestation. In the further course, the 5 family members developed severe health problems. This report investigates the extent and cause of the water damage. In addition, the various visible fungal infestations were analyzed in a specialized laboratory. Results: Due to building construction errors, starting from the basement, an increased moisture penetration of the residential building was detected. Within 2 years, massive mold infestation occurred. In 2016, the following species were detected: Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Scopularis brevicaulis, Acremonium furculum, A. charticola and A. sclerotigenum, Trichomonascus apis Aspergillus versicolor and Debaryomyces hansenii. Additionally, different black molds were macroscopically detected. The severity of the disease process varied, probably due to the different daily exposure of the family members, and possibly influenced by age. The children presented acute episodes with nocturnal cough, associated with sleep disturbances and respiratory infections with severe rhinitis. In addition, general fatigue was noticeable. The course of the disease was complicated by recurrent nightly nosebleeds. The mother developed a much more severe course as chronic fatigue syndrome. Additionally, the following continuous complaints occurred: sore throat and headache, nocturnal irritable cough, chronic rhinitis, difficulty concentrating, increasing forgetfulness and word-finding disorders, cognitive impairment with reduced short-term memory, extremely dry eyes with red sclerae, morning stiffness, dyspnea, disturbed temperature regulation (chills), increased feeling of thirst, and menstrual disorders. The father's building-related illness (BRI) was comparatively mild due to much lower exposure, with nocturnal irritable cough, rhinitis, and marked fatigue. In 2018, after moving out of the house, the father was symptom-free after 2 weeks, the three children after 6 months, but the mother only after 18 months. Discussion: The symptoms are consistent with reports from the literature, according to which fatigue, sleep disturbances, lack of concentration and headache as well as recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract are caused by microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) released by molds. The association with recurrent nosebleeds in childhood has not been described in this form before. Conclusion: Since in all family members complete remission of symptoms occurred after cessation of the 6-year exposure, there is no doubt that the BRI was caused by the massive mold infestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Axel Kramer, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17485 Greifswald, Germany, E-mail:
| | - Thomas A. Wichelhaus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,University Center of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kempf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,University Center of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael Hogardt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,University Center of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy at the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cimická J, Riegert J, Kavková M, Černá K. Intestinal mycobiome associated with diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease based on tissue biopsies. Med Mycol 2021; 60:6438442. [PMID: 34850076 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of mycobiome from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies should preferentially detect only fungi which are actually present in the intestine wall, in contrast to stool samples, which are limited by the diet composition. Next generation sequencing provides the advantage of analysing many species from a single sample. Consequently, Canonical correspondence analysis divided fungal genera present in FFPE intestinal tissues into three well defined experimental groups (negative controls - NC, Crohn's disease - CD, ulcerative colitis - UC). Simultaneously, the analysis showed that particular fungal genera are associated with these experimental groups and several fungal genera occurred in all experimental groups equally. Our results also showed a noticeable increase of Ascomycota proportion from NC, through CD to UC. Fungal genera Malassezia, Cladosporium and Toninia occurred in all experimental groups assuming that they are common components of the intestinal mycobiome. Other fungal genera found only in the NC experimental group were non-pathogenic and might bring some benefits. In contrast, CD and UC samples were characterized by an accumulation of genera with inhibitive effects on growth of other fungal genera and the presence of opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, a decrease in the fungal genus Malassezia in inflammatory tissues was observed; Specifically, the UC experimental group showed a connection between the presence of Candida and seven time's lower amounts of Malassezia (compared to amounts found in NC). The CD experimental group was characterized by the simultaneous presence of Engyodontium album with Lecanicillium, and indicate a possible pathogenic effect of Ramularia in disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cimická
- Laboratory of Pain research, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular genetics, Bioptická laboratoř s.r.o., 326 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Riegert
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslava Kavková
- Dairy Research Institute Ltd., Ke Dvoru 21a, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Černá
- Department of Molecular genetics, Bioptická laboratoř s.r.o., 326 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abedy ANA, Musawi BHA, Isawi HINA, Abdalmoohsin RG. Morphological and molecular identification of Cladosporium sphaerospermum isolates collected from tomato plant residues. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e237428. [PMID: 34259713 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.237428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted at the Agriculture College University of Karbala, Iraq to isolate and morphologically and molecularly diagnose thirteen Cladosporium isolates collected from tomato plant residues present in desert regions of Najaf and Karbala provinces, Iraq. We diagnosed the obtained isolates by PCR amplification using the ITS1 and ITS4 universal primer pair followed by sequencing. PCR amplification and analysis of nucleotide sequences using the BLAST program showed that all isolated fungi belong to Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the identified C. sphaerospermum isolates 2, 6, 9, and 10 showed a genetic similarity reached 99%, 98%, 99%, and 99%, respectively, with those previously registered at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBl). By comparing the nucleotide sequences of the identified C. sphaerospermum isolates with the sequences belong to the same fungi and available at NCBI, it was revealed that the identified C. sphaerospermum isolates 2, 6, 9, and 10 have a genetic variation with those previously recorded at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBl); therefore, the identified sequences of C. sphaerospermum isolates have been registered in GenBank database (NCBI) under the accession numbers MN896004, MN896107, MN896963, and MN896971, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Al Abedy
- College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Iraq
| | | | - H I N Al Isawi
- Technical Institute of Kufa-Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Genus Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133959. [PMID: 34203561 PMCID: PMC8271404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are renowned as one of the most fruitful sources of chemodiversity and for their ubiquitous occurrence. Among the many taxonomic groupings considered for the implications deriving from their biosynthetic aptitudes, the genus Cladosporium stands out as one of the most common in indoor environments. A better understanding of the impact of these fungi on human health and activities is clearly based on the improvement of our knowledge of the structural aspects and biological properties of their secondary metabolites, which are reviewed in the present paper.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Lo SG, Wong SF, Mak JW, Choo KK, Ng KP. Gene expression changes in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) after interaction with Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Med Mycol 2020; 58:333-340. [PMID: 31309220 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium is one of the most abundant spore. Fungi of this genus can cause respiratory allergy and intrabronchial lesion. We studied the differential expression of host genes after the interaction of Cladosporium sphaerospermum conidia with Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (BEAS-2B) and Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells (HPAEpiC). C. sphaerospermum conidia were harvested and co-cultured with BEAS-2B cells or HPAEpiC cells for 48 hours respectively. This culture duration was chosen as it was associated with high germination rate. RNA was extracted from two biological replicates per treatment. RNA of BEAS-2B cells was used to assess changes in gene expression using AffymetrixGeneChip® Human Transcriptome Array 2.0. After co-culture with Cladosporium spores, 68 individual genes were found differentially expressed (P ≤ 0.05) and up-regulated ≥ 1.5 folds while 75 genes were found differentially expressed at ≤ -1.5 folds compared with controls. Reverse transcription and qPCR were performed on the RNA collected from both BEAS-2B cells and HPAEpiC cells to validate the microarray results with 7 genes. Based on the findings, infected pulmonary epithelial cells exhibited an increase in cell death-related genes and genes associated with innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sing Gee Lo
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shew Fung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joon Wah Mak
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khi Khi Choo
- International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Batra N, Kaur H, Mohindra S, Singh S, Shamanth AS, Rudramurthy SM. Cladosporium sphaerospermum causing brain abscess, a saprophyte turning pathogen: Case and review of published reports. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:180-184. [PMID: 31056403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of saprophytic fungi thriving in dead plant material and soil as opportunistic human pathogens is of great concern. Cladosporium species are environmental saprophytes reported to cause various superficial and invasive fungal infections worldwide. C. sphaerospermum, a predominantly indoor fungus has been reported from cases of meningitis, subcutaneous and pulmonary fungal infections in the past. Herein we report the first case of cerebral abscess due to C. sphaerospermum in an immunocompetent host who was successfully managed by combined medical and surgical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Batra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post graduate institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India
| | - H Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post graduate institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - S Mohindra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post graduate institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post graduate institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India
| | - A S Shamanth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post graduate institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post graduate institute of medical education and research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Moreno LF, Vicente VA, de Hoog S. Black yeasts in the omics era: Achievements and challenges. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538737 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Black yeasts (BY) comprise a group of polyextremotolerant fungi, mainly belonging to the order Chaetothyriales, which are capable of colonizing a wide range of extreme environments. The tolerance to hostile habitats can be explained by their intrinsic ability to survive under acidic, alkaline, and toxic conditions, high temperature, low nutrient availability, and osmotic and mechanical stress. Occasionally, some species can cause human chromoblastomycosis, a chronic subcutaneous infection, as well as disseminated or cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Three years after the release of the first black yeast genome, the number of projects for sequencing these organisms has significantly increased. Over 37 genomes of important opportunistic and saprobic black yeasts and relatives are now available in different databases. The whole-genome sequencing, as well as the analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and the determination of protein expression profiles generated an unprecedented amount of data, requiring the development of a curated repository to provide easy accesses to this information. In the present article, we review various aspects of the impact of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics on black yeast studies. We discuss recent key findings achieved by the use of these technologies and further directions for medical mycology in this area. An important vehicle is the Working Groups on Black Yeasts and Chromoblastomycosis, under the umbrella of ISHAM, which unite the clinicians and a highly diverse population of fundamental scientists to exchange data for joint publications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ferreira Moreno
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc / CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma R, Huang H, Bai Y, Luo H, Fan Y, Yao B. Insight into the cold adaptation and hemicellulose utilization of Cladosporium neopsychrotolerans from genome analysis and biochemical characterization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6075. [PMID: 29666397 PMCID: PMC5904165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Cladosporium in cold ecosystems has been evidenced long before, and most of the knowledge about nutrient utilization of this genus is sporadic. An alpine soil isolate C. neopsychrotolerans SL-16, showing great cold tolerance and significant lignocellulose-degrading capability, was sequenced to form a 35.9 Mb genome that contains 13,456 predicted genes. Functional annotation on predicted genes revealed a wide array of proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Large numbers of transmembrane proteins (967) and CAZymes (571) were identified, and those related to hemicellulose degradation was the most abundant. To undermine the hemicellulose (xyaln as the main component) utilization mechanism of SL-16, the mRNA levels of 23 xylanolytic enzymes were quantified, and representatives of three glycoside hydrolase families were functionally characterized. The enzymes showed similar neutral, cold active and thermolabile properties and synergistic action on xylan degradation (the synergy degree up to 15.32). Kinetic analysis and sequence and structure comparison with mesophilic and thermophilic homologues indicated that these cold-active enzymes employed different cold adaptation strategies to function well in cold environment. These similar and complementary advantages in cold adaptation and catalysis might explain the high efficiency of lignocellulose conversion observed in SL-16 under low temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biotechnology Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Biotechnology Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ysquierdo CA, Olafson PU, Thomas DB. Fungi Isolated From House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Penned Cattle in South Texas. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:705-711. [PMID: 28399217 PMCID: PMC5421610 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Musca domestica L. were collected from cattle diagnosed with bovine ringworm to evaluate the potential of the house fly to disseminate Trichophyton verrucosum E. Bodin, a fungal dermatophyte that is the causative agent for ringworm in cattle. Fungal isolates were cultured from 45 individual flies on supplemented Sabouraud dextrose agar, and isolates were identified using morphological and microscopic approaches. Each isolate was identified further by PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA locus with fungal-specific primers and subsequent amplicon sequencing. Trichophyton verrucosum was not identified using these approaches. However, 35 different fungal species representing 17 genera were cultured from collected flies, including several species that are allergenic and pathogenic to humans and animals. Several species within the fungal orders Hypocreales, Microascales, Onygenales, Saccharomycetales, Xylaniales, and Agaricales were observed for the first time on house flies. The most frequent fungus recovered was Cladosporium cladosporoides Fresen, which is known to be a ubiquitous, airborne allergen to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherity A Ysquierdo
- Department of Health & Biomedical Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd., Brownsville, TX 78521
| | - Pia U Olafson
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028
| | - Donald B Thomas
- USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Airfield Base 22675 N. Moorefield Rd., Edinburg, TX 78541
| |
Collapse
|