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Yip JLK, Lee MMK, Leung CCY, Tse MK, Cheung AST, Wong YH. AGS3 and Gα i3 Are Concomitantly Upregulated as Part of the Spindle Orientation Complex during Differentiation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215169. [PMID: 33172018 PMCID: PMC7664263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is modulated by many Gi-coupled receptors but the precise mechanism remains elusive. A key step for maintaining the population of neural stem cells in the adult is asymmetric cell division (ACD), a process which entails the formation of two evolutionarily conserved protein complexes that establish the cell polarity and spindle orientation. Since ACD is extremely difficult to monitor in stratified tissues such as the vertebrate brain, we employed human neural progenitor cell lines to examine the regulation of the polarity and spindle orientation complexes during neuronal differentiation. Several components of the spindle orientation complex, but not those of the polarity complex, were upregulated upon differentiation of ENStem-A and ReNcell VM neural progenitor cells. Increased expression of nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA), Gαi subunit, and activators of G protein signaling (AGS3 and LGN) coincided with the appearance of a neuronal marker (β-III tubulin) and the concomitant loss of neural progenitor cell markers (nestin and Sox-2). Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that both Gαi3 and NuMA were associated with AGS3 in differentiated ENStem-A cells. Interestingly, AGS3 appeared to preferentially interact with Gαi3 in ENStem-A cells, and this specificity for Gαi3 was recapitulated in co-immunoprecipitation experiments using HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing GST-tagged AGS3 and different Gαi subunits. Moreover, the binding of Gαi3 to AGS3 was suppressed by GTPγS and pertussis toxin. Disruption of AGS3/Gαi3 interaction by pertussis toxin indicates that AGS3 may recognize the same site on the Gα subunit as G protein-coupled receptors. Regulatory mechanisms controlling the formation of spindle orientation complex may provide novel means to manipulate ACD which in turn may have an impact on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L. K. Yip
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Maggie M. K. Lee
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Crystal C. Y. Leung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Man K. Tse
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Annie S. T. Cheung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Yung H. Wong
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-7328; Fax: +852-2358-1552
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2
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Kang DH, Lee TJ, Kim JW, Shin YS, Kim JD, Ryu SW, Ryu S, Choi YH, Kim CH, You E, Rhee S, Song KS. Down-regulation of diesel particulate matter-induced airway inflammation by the PDZ motif peptide of ZO-1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12211-12218. [PMID: 32931139 PMCID: PMC7579716 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although diesel airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) has been known to play a role in many human diseases, there is no direct evidence that therapeutic drugs or proteins can diminish PM2.5-induced diseases. Nevertheless, studies examining the negative control mechanisms of PM2.5-induced diseases are critical to develop novel therapeutic medications. In this study, the consensus PDZ peptide of ZO-1 inhibited PM2.5-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and TEER in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and AM cells. Our data indicated that the PDZ domain in ZO-1 is critical for regulation of the PM2.5-induced inflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, the PDZ peptide may be a potential therapeutic candidate during PM-induced respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Wook Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Som Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ju Deok Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Won Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Siejeong Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - EunAe You
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - SangMyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Seob Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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3
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Vural A, Lanier SM. Intersection of two key signal integrators in the cell: activator of G-protein signaling 3 and dishevelled-2. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247908. [PMID: 32737219 PMCID: PMC7490517 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3, encoded by GPSM1) was discovered as a one of several receptor-independent activators of G-protein signaling, which are postulated to provide a platform for divergence between canonical and noncanonical G-protein signaling pathways. Similarly, Dishevelled (DVL) proteins serve as a point of divergence for β-catenin-dependent and -independent signaling pathways involving the family of Frizzled (FZD) ligands and cell-surface WNT receptors. We recently discovered the apparent regulated localization of dishevelled-2 (DVL2) and AGS3 to distinct cellular puncta, suggesting that the two proteins interact as part of various cell signaling systems. To address this hypothesis, we asked the following questions: (1) do AGS3 signaling pathways influence the activation of β-catenin (CTNNB1)-regulated transcription through the WNT-Frizzled-Dishevelled axis, and (2) is the AGS3 and DVL2 interaction regulated? The interaction of AGS3 and DVL2 was regulated by protein phosphorylation, subcellular distribution, and a cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptor. These data, and the commonality of functional system impacts observed for AGS3 and DVL2, suggest that the AGS3-DVL2 complex presents an unexpected path for functional integration within the cell.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vural
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stephen M Lanier
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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4
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Adekoya TO, Smith N, Aladeniyi T, Blumer JB, Chen XL, Richardson RM. Activator of G protein signaling 3 modulates prostate tumor development and progression. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:1504-1513. [PMID: 31215992 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer death among men, with greater prevalence of the disease among the African American population in the USA. Activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3/G-protein signaling modulator 1) was shown to be overexpressed in prostate adenocarcinoma relative to the prostate gland. In this study, we investigated the correlation between AGS3 overexpression and PCa malignancy. Immunoblotting analysis and real-time quantitative-PCR showed increase in AGS3 expression in the metastatic cell lines LNCaP (~3-fold), MDA PCa 2b (~2-fold), DU 145 (~2-fold) and TRAMP-C1 (~20-fold) but not in PC3 (~1-fold), relative to control RWPE-1. Overexpression of AGS3 in PC3, LNCaP and MDA PCa 2b enhanced tumor growth. AGS3 contains seven tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) and four G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs. Overexpression of the TPR or the GPR motifs in PC3 cells had no effect in tumor growth. Depletion of AGS3 in the TRAMP-C1 cells (TRAMP-C1-AGS3-/-) decreased cell proliferation and delayed wound healing and tumor growth in both C57BL/6 (~3-fold) and nude mice xenografts, relative to control TRAMP-C1 cells. TRAMP-C1-AGS3-/- tumors also exhibited a marked increase (~5-fold) in both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, which correlated with a significant increase (~3-fold) in androgen receptor (AR) expression, relative to TRAMP-C1 xenografts. Interestingly, overexpression of AGS3 in TRAMP-C1-AGS3-/- cells inhibited ERK activation and AR overexpression as compared with control TRAMP-C1 cells. Taken together, the data indicate that the effect of AGS3 in prostate cancer development and progression is probably mediated via a MAPK/AR-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Adekoya
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikia Smith
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Temilade Aladeniyi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joe B Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoxin L Chen
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ricardo M Richardson
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Vural A, Fadillioglu E, Kelesoglu F, Ma D, Lanier SM. Role of G-proteins and phosphorylation in the distribution of AGS3 to cell puncta. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216507. [PMID: 30404823 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3, also known as GPSM1) exhibits broad functional diversity and oscillates among different subcellular compartments in a regulated manner. AGS3 consists of a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain and a G-protein regulatory (GPR) domain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of the AGS3 GPR domain regulates its subcellular distribution and functionality. In contrast to the cortical and/or diffuse non-homogeneous distribution of wild-type (WT) AGS3, an AGS3 construct lacking all 24 potential phosphorylation sites in the GPR domain localized to cytosolic puncta. This change in localization was revealed to be dependent upon phosphorylation of a single threonine amino acid (T602). The punctate distribution of AGS3-T602A was rescued by co-expression of Gαi and Gαo but not Gαs or Gαq Following treatment with alkaline phosphatase, both AGS3-T602A and WT AGS3 exhibited a gel shift in SDS-PAGE as compared to untreated WT AGS3, consistent with a loss of protein phosphorylation. The punctate distribution of AGS3-T602A was lost in an AGS3-A602T conversion mutant, but was still present upon T602 mutation to glutamate or aspartate. These results implicate dynamic phosphorylation as a discrete mechanism to regulate the subcellular distribution of AGS3 and associated functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vural
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ersin Fadillioglu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Fatih Kelesoglu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Dzwokai Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stephen M Lanier
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA .,Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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6
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Kim SS, Kim CH, Kim JW, Kung HC, Park TW, Shin YS, Kim JD, Ryu S, Kim WJ, Choi YH, Song KS. Airborne particulate matter increases MUC5AC expression by downregulating Claudin-1 expression in human airway cells. BMB Rep 2018; 50:516-521. [PMID: 28946937 PMCID: PMC5683821 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CLB2.0, a constituent of PM, induces secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines that regulate airway inflammation. Specifically, IL-6 upregulates CLB2.0-induced MUC5AC and MUC1 expression. Interestingly, of the tight junction proteins examined, claudin-1 expression was inhibited by CLB2.0. While the overexpression of claudin-1 decreased CLB2.0-induced MUC5AC expression, it increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory mucin, MUC1. CLB2.0-induced IL-6 secretion was mediated by ROS. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine inhibited CLB2.0-induced IL-6 secretion, thereby decreasing the CLB2.0-induced MUC5AC expression, whereas CLB2.0-induced MUC1 expression increased. CLB2.0 activated the ERK1/2 MAPK via a ROS-dependent pathway. ERK1/2 downregulated the claudin-1 and MUC1 expressions, whereas it dramatically increased CLB2.0-induced MUC5AC expression. These findings suggest that CLB2.0-induced ERK1/2 activation acts as a switch for regulating inflammatory conditions though a ROS-dependent pathway. Our data also suggest that secreted IL-6 regulates CLB2.0-induced MUC5AC and MUC1 expression via ROS-mediated downregulation of claudin-1 expression to maintain mucus homeostasis in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Su Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Cheol Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51353, Korea
| | - Ji Wook Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Hsi Chiang Kung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Yu Som Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Ju Deok Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Siejeong Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Wang-Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Don-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Kyoung Seob Song
- Department of Physiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267; Institute of Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
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7
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Boudewijn IM, Faiz A, Steiling K, van der Wiel E, Telenga ED, Hoonhorst SJM, Ten Hacken NHT, Brandsma CA, Kerstjens HAM, Timens W, Heijink IH, Jonker MR, de Bruin HG, Sebastiaan Vroegop J, Pasma HR, Boersma WG, Wielders P, van den Elshout F, Mansour K, Spira A, Lenburg ME, Guryev V, Postma DS, van den Berge M. Nasal gene expression differentiates COPD from controls and overlaps bronchial gene expression. Respir Res 2017; 18:213. [PMID: 29268739 PMCID: PMC5740586 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasal gene expression profiling is a promising method to characterize COPD non-invasively. We aimed to identify a nasal gene expression profile to distinguish COPD patients from healthy controls. We investigated whether this COPD-associated gene expression profile in nasal epithelium is comparable with the profile observed in bronchial epithelium. Methods Genome wide gene expression analysis was performed on nasal epithelial brushes of 31 severe COPD patients and 22 controls, all current smokers, using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Arrays. We repeated the gene expression analysis on bronchial epithelial brushes in 2 independent cohorts of mild-to-moderate COPD patients and controls. Results In nasal epithelium, 135 genes were significantly differentially expressed between severe COPD patients and controls, 21 being up- and 114 downregulated in COPD (false discovery rate < 0.01). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed significant concordant enrichment of COPD-associated nasal and bronchial gene expression in both independent cohorts (FDRGSEA < 0.001). Conclusion We identified a nasal gene expression profile that differentiates severe COPD patients from controls. Of interest, part of the nasal gene expression changes in COPD mimics differentially expressed genes in the bronchus. These findings indicate that nasal gene expression profiling is potentially useful as a non-invasive biomarker in COPD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT01351792 (registration date May 10, 2011), ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT00848406 (registration date February 19, 2009), ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT00807469 (registration date December 11, 2008). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0696-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Boudewijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands. .,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Alen Faiz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrina Steiling
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica van der Wiel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eef D Telenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susan J M Hoonhorst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nick H T Ten Hacken
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, section Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, section Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Irene H Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, section Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marnix R Jonker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, section Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold G de Bruin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, section Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henk R Pasma
- Medical Center Leeuwarden, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Wim G Boersma
- Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Wielders
- Catharina Hospital, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Khaled Mansour
- Orbis Concern, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Sittard, the Netherlands
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
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