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Chung CY, Pan DJ, Paracchini S, Jiang W, So HC, McBride C, Maurer U, Zheng M, Choy KW. Dyslexia-related loci are significantly associated with language and literacy in Chinese-English bilingual Hong Kong Chinese twins. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1519-1529. [PMID: 37668838 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study on dyslexia in 51,800 affected European adults and 1,087,070 controls detected 42 genome-wide significant single nucleotide variants (SNPs). The association between rs2624839 in SEMA3F and reading fluency was replicated in a Chinese cohort. This study explores the genetic overlap between Chinese and English word reading, vocabulary knowledge and spelling, and aims at replicating the association in a unique cohort of bilingual (Chinese-English) Hong Kong Chinese twins. Our result showed an almost complete genetic overlap in vocabulary knowledge (r2 = 0.995), and some genetic overlaps in word reading and spelling (r2 = 0.846, 0.687) across the languages. To investigate the region near rs2624839, we tested proxy SNPs (rs1005678, rs12632110 and rs12494414) at the population level (n = 305-308) and the within-twin level (n = 342-344 [171-172 twin pairs]). All the three SNPs showed significant associations with quantitative Chinese and English vocabulary knowledge (p < 0.05). The strongest association after multiple testing correction was between rs12494414 and English vocabulary knowledge at the within-twin level (p = 0.004). There was a trend of associations with word reading and spelling in English but not in Chinese. Our result suggested that the region near rs2624839 is one of the common genetic factors across English and Chinese vocabulary knowledge and unique factors of English word reading and English spelling in bilingual Chinese twins. A larger sample size is required to validate our findings. Further studies on the relationship between variable expression of SEMA3F, which is important to neurodevelopment, and language and literacy are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Yan Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dora Jue Pan
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Catherine McBride
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Developmental Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mo Zheng
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Kwong Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050631. [PMID: 34068951 PMCID: PMC8156942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive. We herein present: (a) an update of studies that have shaped our current knowledge on the disorder’s genetic architecture; (b) a discussion on whether this genetic architecture is ‘unique’ to SLD or, alternatively, whether there is an underlying common genetic background with other neurodevelopmental disorders; and, (c) a brief discussion on whether we are at a position of generating meaningful correlations between genetic findings and anatomical data from neuroimaging studies or specific molecular/cellular pathways. We conclude with open research questions that could drive future research directions.
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Liebig J, Friederici AD, Neef NE. Auditory brainstem measures and genotyping boost the prediction of literacy: A longitudinal study on early markers of dyslexia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 46:100869. [PMID: 33091833 PMCID: PMC7576516 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-domain profiles advance retrospective prediction of emergent literacy. DCDC2 and KIAA0319 risk variants influence emergent spelling skills. Combined DYX2 and auditory brainstem measures enhance predictive model fits. Additional benefit of preliterate phonological awareness on predictive power.
Literacy acquisition is impaired in children with developmental dyslexia resulting in lifelong struggle to read and spell. Proper diagnosis is usually late and commonly achieved after structured schooling started, which causes delayed interventions. Legascreen set out to develop a preclinical screening to identify children at risk of developmental dyslexia. To this end we examined 93 preliterate German children, half of them with a family history of dyslexia and half of them without a family history. We assessed standard demographic and behavioral precursors of literacy, acquired saliva samples for genotyping, and recorded speech-evoked brainstem responses to add an objective physiological measure. Reading and spelling was assessed after two years of structured literacy instruction. Multifactorial regression analyses considering demographic information, genotypes, and auditory brainstem encoding, predicted children’s literacy skills to varying degrees. These predictions were improved by adding the standard psychometrics with a slightly higher impact on spelling compared to reading comprehension. Our findings suggest that gene-brain-behavior profiling has the potential to determine the risk of developmental dyslexia. At the same time our results imply the need for a more sophisticated assessment to fully account for the disparate cognitive profiles and the multifactorial basis of developmental dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Liebig
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole E Neef
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Sharma P, Sagar R, Deep R, Mehta M, Subbiah V. Assessment for familial pattern and association of polymorphisms in KIAA0319 gene with specific reading disorder in children from North India visiting a tertiary care centre: A case-control study. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:104-114. [PMID: 31814229 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic association studies have identified KIAA0319 gene as a possible susceptibility locus for reading disorder; however, very few studies are available from India. The study was planned to investigate the familial pattern and association of KIAA0319 polymorphisms among children with reading disorder visiting a tertiary centre in North India. This is a case-control, familial, and genetic association study on 30 children diagnosed with reading disorder (ICD-10) and 30 matched healthy controls and their families. The Aggregate Neurobehavioral Student Health and Educational Review System was administered on parents of probands and controls for reading problems in their siblings, and Adult Reading Questionnaire was administered for parents of both groups. The blood sample was taken from probands, and DNA was isolated. Four KIAA0319 coding sequence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs4504469, rs6935076, rs2038137, and rs2179515) were genotyped using SNaPshot single nucleotide extension. The incidence of reading problem was significantly higher in families of probands as compared with families of controls. There were no significant differences in both groups regarding the frequency of alleles of four SNPs. The reading disorder showed a significant familial pattern, but KIAA0319 gene did not appear to be a susceptibility factor. Future replications with larger samples and whole genome studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman Deep
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivekanandhan Subbiah
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Centanni TM, Pantazis D, Truong DT, Gruen JR, Gabrieli JDE, Hogan TP. Increased variability of stimulus-driven cortical responses is associated with genetic variability in children with and without dyslexia. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 34:7-17. [PMID: 29894888 PMCID: PMC6969288 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with dyslexia exhibit increased brainstem variability in response to sound. It is unknown as to whether increased variability extends to neocortical regions associated with audition and reading, extends to visual stimuli, and whether increased variability characterizes all children with dyslexia or, instead, a specific subset of children. We evaluated the consistency of stimulus-evoked neural responses in children with (N = 20) or without dyslexia (N = 12) as measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Approximately half of the children with dyslexia had significantly higher levels of variability in cortical responses to both auditory and visual stimuli in multiple nodes of the reading network. There was a significant and positive relationship between the number of risk alleles at rs6935076 in the dyslexia-susceptibility gene KIAA0319 and the degree of neural variability in primary auditory cortex across all participants. This gene has been linked with neural variability in rodents and in typical readers. These findings indicate that unstable representations of auditory and visual stimuli in auditory and other reading-related neocortical regions are present in a subset of children with dyslexia and support the link between the gene KIAA0319 and the auditory neural variability across children with or without dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Centanni
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - D Pantazis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D T Truong
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J R Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T P Hogan
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
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Pabalan N, Tharabenjasin P, Phababpha S, Jarjanazi H. Association of COL5A1 gene polymorphisms and risk of tendon-ligament injuries among Caucasians: a meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:46. [PMID: 30350114 PMCID: PMC6197339 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendons and ligaments are common sites of musculoskeletal injuries especially during physical activity. The multifactorial etiology of tendon-ligament injury (TLI) includes both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic component could render influence on TLI risk to be either elevation or reduction. OBJECTIVE Inconsistency of reported associations of the collagen type V alpha 1 chain (COL5A1) polymorphisms, mainly rs12722 (BstUI) and rs13946 (DpnII), with TLI warrant a meta-analysis to determine more precise pooled associations. METHODS Multi-database literature search yielded eight articles (11 studies) for inclusion. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate associations. Heterogeneity of outcomes warranted examining their sources with outlier treatment. RESULTS All rs12722 effects indicated reduced risk (OR < 1.0). The significant outcomes (ORs 0.59-0.77, p = 0.0009-0.04) in the pre-outlier analysis were non-heterogeneous (p > 0.10). The non-significant and heterogeneous (ORs 0.63-0.98, p = 0.13-0.95; up to I2 = 86%) pre-outlier rs12722 and rs13946 results became significant (ORs 0.32-0.78, p = 10-5-0.01) and heterogeneity eliminated (I2 = 0%) with outlier treatment. Significant associations (ORs 0.26-0.65, p = 0.002-0.03) were also observed in other COL5A1 polymorphisms (rs71746744 and rs16399). Sensitivity analysis deemed all significant outcomes to be robust. CONCLUSIONS In summary, COL5A1 polymorphisms reduce the risk of TLI among Caucasians. These findings are based on the evidence of significance, homogeneity, consistency, and robustness. Additional studies are warranted to draw more comprehensive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Suphawadee Phababpha
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada
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The Influence of Dyslexia Candidate Genes on Reading Skill in Old Age. Behav Genet 2018; 48:351-360. [PMID: 29959602 PMCID: PMC6097729 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of candidate genes for reading and language impairment have been replicated, primarily in samples of children with developmental disability or delay, although these genes are also supported in adolescent population samples. The present study used a systematic approach to test 14 of these candidate genes for association with reading assessed in late adulthood (two cohorts with mean ages of 70 and 79 years). Gene-sets (14 candidates, axon-guidance and neuron migration pathways) and individual SNPs within each gene of interest were tested for association using imputed data referenced to the 1000 genomes European panel. Using the results from the genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis of the two cohorts (N = 1217), a competitive gene-set analysis showed that the candidate gene-set was associated with the reading index (p = .016) at a family wise error rate corrected significance level. Neither axon guidance nor neuron migration pathways were significant. Whereas individual SNP associations within CYP19A1, DYX1C1, CNTNAP2 and DIP2A genes (p < .05) did not reach corrected significance their allelic effects were in the same direction as past available reports. These results suggest that reading skill in normal adults shares the same genetic substrate as reading in adolescents, and clinically disordered reading, and highlights the utility of adult samples to increase sample sizes in the genetic study of developmental disorders.
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Müller B, Boltze J, Czepezauer I, Hesse V, Wilcke A, Kirsten H. Dyslexia risk variant rs600753 is linked with dyslexia-specific differential allelic expression of DYX1C1. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:41-49. [PMID: 29473935 PMCID: PMC5901500 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of genetic variants involved in dyslexia development were
discovered during the last years, yet little is known about the molecular
functional mechanisms of these SNPs. In this study we investigated whether
dyslexia candidate SNPs have a direct, disease-specific effect on local
expression levels of the assumed target gene by using a differential allelic
expression assay. In total, 12 SNPs previously associated with dyslexia and
related phenotypes were suitable for analysis. Transcripts corresponding to four
SNPs were sufficiently expressed in 28 cell lines originating from controls and
a family affected by dyslexia. We observed a significant effect of rs600753 on
expression levels of DYX1C1 in forward and reverse sequencing
approaches. The expression level of the rs600753 risk allele was increased in
the respective seven cell lines from members of the dyslexia family which might
be due to a disturbed transcription factor binding sites. When considering our
results in the context of neuroanatomical dyslexia-specific findings, we
speculate that this mechanism may be part of the pathomechanisms underlying the
dyslexia-specific brain phenotype. Our results suggest that allele-specific
DYX1C1 expression levels depend on genetic variants of
rs600753 and contribute to dyslexia. However, these results are preliminary and
need replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Medical Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ivonne Czepezauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Hesse
- German Center for Growth, Development and Health Encouragement in Childhood and Adolescence, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Institute for Experimental Paediatric Endocrinolgy, Berlin
| | | | - Arndt Wilcke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Waye MMY, Poo LK, Ho CSH. Study of Genetic Association With DCDC2 and Developmental Dyslexia in Hong Kong Chinese Children. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2017; 13:104-114. [PMID: 29081827 PMCID: PMC5633722 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901713010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Doublecortin domain-containing 2 (DCDC2) is a doublecortin domain-containing gene family member and the doublecortin domain has been demonstrated to bind to tubulin and enhance microtubule polymerization. It has been associated with developmental dyslexia and this protein family member is thought to function in neuronal migration where it may affect the signaling of primary cilia. Objectives: The objective of the study is to find out if there is any association of genetic variants of DCDC2 with developmental dyslexia in Chinese children from Hong Kong. Methods: The dyslexic children were diagnosed as developmental dyslexia (DD) using the Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing (HKT-SpLD) by the Department of Health, Hong Kong. Saliva specimens were collected and their genotypes of DCDC2 were studied by DNA sequencing or TaqMan Real Time PCR Assays. Results: The most significant marker is rs6940827 which is associated with DD with nominal p-value (0.011). However, this marker did not remain significant after multiple testing corrections and the adjusted p-value from permutation test was 0.1329. Using sliding window haplotype analysis, several haplotypes were found to be nominally associated with DD. The smallest nominal p values was 0.0036 (rs2996452-rs1318700, C-A). However, none of the p values could withstand the multiple testing corrections. Conclusion: Despite early findings that DCDC2 is a strong candidate for developmental dyslexia and that some of the genetic variants have been linked to brain structure and functions, our findings showed that DCDC2 is not strongly associated with dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Y Waye
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lim K Poo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Connie S-H Ho
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Kong R, Song RR. [Research advances in susceptible genes for developmental dyslexia in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:1308-1312. [PMID: 27974128 PMCID: PMC7403085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia in children is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders and is affected by various susceptible genes. In recent years, researchers have found some susceptible genes for dyslexia via chromosome analysis, genome-wide association studies, association analysis, gene function research, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological techniques. This article reviews the research advances in susceptible genes for developmental dyslexia, and with the study on susceptible genes for dyslexia, it lays a foundation for in-depth studies on the "gene-brain-behavior" level and provides scientific clues for exploring etiology and pathogenesis of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Kong R, Song RR. [Research advances in susceptible genes for developmental dyslexia in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:1308-1312. [PMID: 27974128 PMCID: PMC7403085 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia in children is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders and is affected by various susceptible genes. In recent years, researchers have found some susceptible genes for dyslexia via chromosome analysis, genome-wide association studies, association analysis, gene function research, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological techniques. This article reviews the research advances in susceptible genes for developmental dyslexia, and with the study on susceptible genes for dyslexia, it lays a foundation for in-depth studies on the "gene-brain-behavior" level and provides scientific clues for exploring etiology and pathogenesis of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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